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Sun A, Yang H, Li T, Luo J, Zhou L, Chen R, Han L, Lin Y. Molecular mechanisms, targets and clinical potential of berberine in regulating metabolism: a review focussing on databases and molecular docking studies. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1368950. [PMID: 38957396 PMCID: PMC11217548 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1368950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Metabolic imbalance is the common basis of many diseases. As natural isoquinoline alkaloid, berberine (BBR) has shown great promise in regulating glucose and lipids metabolism and treating metabolic disorders. However, the related mechanism still lacks systematic research. Aim: To discuss the role of BBR in the whole body's systemic metabolic regulation and further explore its therapeutic potential and targets. Method: Based on animal and cell experiments, the mechanism of BBR regulating systemic metabolic processes is reviewed. Potential metabolism-related targets were summarized using Therapeutic Target Database (TTD), DrugBank, GeneCards, and cutting-edge literature. Molecular modeling was applied to explore BBR binding to the potential targets. Results: BBR regulates the whole-body metabolic response including digestive, circulatory, immune, endocrine, and motor systems through adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), sirtuin (SIRT)1/forkhead box O (FOXO)1/sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf) 2/heme oxygenase (HO)-1, and other signaling pathways. Through these reactions, BBR exerts hypoglycemic, lipid-regulating, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, and immune regulation. Molecular docking results showed that BBR could regulate metabolism targeting FOXO3, Nrf2, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) 4 and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA). Evaluating the target clinical effects, we found that BBR has the therapeutic potential of anti-aging, anti-cancer, relieving kidney disease, regulating the nervous system, and alleviating other chronic diseases. Conclusion: This review elucidates the interaction between potential targets and small molecular metabolites by exploring the mechanism of BBR regulating metabolism. That will help pharmacologists to identify new promising metabolites interacting with these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aru Sun
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Haoyu Yang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinli Luo
- China Traditional Chinese Medicine Holdings Co. Limited, Guangdong e-fong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Foshan, China
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqun Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital South Campus, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ferrante A, Tamma M, Agriesti F, Tucci F, Lopriore P, Amodio ML, Colelli G, Capitanio N, Piccoli C, Pacelli C. Characterization of the effect of pomegranate crude extract, and its post-harvesting preservation procedures, on redox tone, cellular growth and metabolic profile of MDA-MB-231 cell line. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:311. [PMID: 37684643 PMCID: PMC10485948 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pomegranate is known for its beneficial properties due to its high content in antioxidants and might constitute a natural option for preventing and treatment of different pathologies including cancer. Since mitochondria are involved in tumorigenesis through ROS production and modulation of oxidative metabolism, we investigated the biological effects of pomegranate on cellular redox state, proliferation and metabolism in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (MDA). METHODS MDA were treated for 24 h with graded concentration of filtered Pomegranate juice (PJ) and tested for metabolic Flux Analysis with XFe96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer, for proliferation using the xCELLigence System Real-Time Cell Analyzer and for intracellular ROS content by Confocal Microscopy Imaging. RESULTS Cells-treatment with freshly prepared pomegranate juice (PJ) resulted in a significant reduction of the intracellular ROS content already at the lower concentration of PJ tested. Additionally, it enhanced mitochondria respiration, and decreased glycolysis at high concentrations, inhibiting at the same time cell proliferation. As pomegranate is a seasonal fruit, assessment of optimum storage conditions preserving its bio-active properties was investigated. Our results indicated that storage conditions under controlled atmosphere for 30 days was able to enhance mitochondrial respiration at the same extent than freshly extracted PJ. Conversely, freezing procedure, though retaining the antioxidant and cell-growth inhibitory property, elicited an opposite effect on the metabolic profile as compared with fresh extract. CONCLUSION Overall, the results of our study, on the one hand, confirms the preventive/therapeutic potential of PJ, as well as of its post-harvested processing, for cancer management. On the other hand, it highlights the intrinsic difficulties in attaining mechanistic insights when a multiplicity of effects is elicited by a crude mixture of bio-active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristide Ferrante
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Mirko Tamma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesca Agriesti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Piervito Lopriore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Amodio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Colelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Capitanio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Claudia Piccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Consiglia Pacelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy.
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Nasr M, Naeem SA, El-Shenbaby I, Mohamed FMA, Mahmoud SM, Abuamara TMM, Abd-Elhay WM, Elbayoumy FMAE, Elkot A, Shikhon T, Abo-akrab M, Doma MA, Hasan A. Pomegranate Seeds and Peel Ethanolic Extracts Anticancer Potentials and Related Genetic, Histological, Immunohistochemical, Apoptotic and Oxidative Stress Profiles: In vitro Study. J Exp Pharmacol 2023; 15:191-205. [PMID: 37090425 PMCID: PMC10115208 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s404321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Owing to their great quantity of hydrolyzable anthocyanins and tannins, the peel and seeds of pomegranate are edible and possess potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics. This work aims to trace the pomegranate seed and peel ethanolic extracts' anticancer activity against liver cancer cell line, namely HepG2 and related histopathological, immunohistochemical, genetic and oxidative stress profile. Methods In vitro study for both seed and peel extract showed the prevalence of phenols, polyphenols and acids, those have anti-proliferative potential against liver cancer cell line (HepG2) with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of seed significantly reduced that of peel. Toxicity of test extracts was concentration dependent and accompanied with cell cycle arrest and cell death at theG0/G1 and S phases but not at the G2/M phase. Cell arrest was supplemented with raised ROS, MDA and decreased SOD, GSH and Catalase. Results and discussion Apoptosis-related genes showed significant up-expression of pro-apoptotic gene (P53), Cy-C, Bax, and casp-3 and down expression of anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl-2). Also, Casp-3 and P53 proteins were substantially expressed under the effect of test extracts. Histopathological study demonstrated that the untreated cells (control group) were regular cells with nuclear pleomorphism and hyperchromatic nuclei, while seed and peel extracts-treated cells showed necrosis, mixed euchromatin and heterochromatin, intra-nuclear eosinophilic structures, burst cell membranes, and the shrunken apoptotic cells with nuclear membranes and irregular cells. Finally, PCNA gene detected by immunohistochemistry was down regulated significantly under the effect of seed extract treatment than in case of cell medication with peel extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Nasr
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ibrahim El-Shenbaby
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | | | - Tamer M M Abuamara
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wagih M Abd-Elhay
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmad Elkot
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek Shikhon
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Abo-akrab
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Doma
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdulkarim Hasan
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Correspondence: Abdulkarim Hasan, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt, Tel/Fax +20224012932, Email
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Puppel K, Slósarz J, Grodkowski G, Solarczyk P, Kostusiak P, Kunowska-Slósarz M, Grodkowska K, Zalewska A, Kuczyńska B, Gołębiewski M. Comparison of Enzyme Activity in Order to Describe the Metabolic Profile of Dairy Cows during Early Lactation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179771. [PMID: 36077169 PMCID: PMC9456141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic diagnostics have practical applications in diseases of the liver, heart, pancreas, muscles, blood, and neoplastic diseases. This study aimed to compare enzyme activity to describe dairy cows’ metabolism during early lactation. Based on their general health symptoms, the cows were assigned to one of three groups: acidotic, healthy and ketotic. Samples of milk, blood and rumen fluid were collected at 12 ± 5 days postpartum. Ketotic cows were characterized by the highest malondialdehyde (MDA, 76.098 nM/mL), glutathione reductase (GluRed, 109.852 U/L), superoxide dismutase (SOD, 294.22 U/L) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP, 71.175 U/L) activity. In comparing ketotic and acidotic cows, MDA, GluRed, SOD and GGTP activity were higher by a factor of almost: 1.85, 1.89, 0.79 and 2.50, respectively. Acidotic cows were characterized by the highest aspartate aminotransferase activity (AspAT, 125.914 U/L). In comparing acidotic and ketotic cows, AspAT activity was higher by a factor of almost 1.90. The use of enzymatic markers could limit the frequency of sampling for laboratory analyses and may result in a faster diagnosis of metabolic disorders. AspAT activity in blood serum seems to be a good indicator of acidosis; GGTP may participate in the pathogenesis of ketosis.
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Prabhakar P. Role of Indian fruits in the prevention and management of hypertension. JOURNAL OF THE PRACTICE OF CARDIOVASCULAR SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jpcs.jpcs_63_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
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Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows: Insights into the Mechanistic Mode of Actions and Mitigating Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121918. [PMID: 34943022 PMCID: PMC8750585 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines several molecular mechanisms underpinning oxidative stress in ruminants and their effects on blood and milk oxidative traits. We also investigate strategies to alleviate or repair oxidative damages by improving animal immune functions using novel feed additives. Microbial pathogenic cells, feeding management, and body condition score were some of the studied factors, inducing oxidative stress in ruminants. The predominance of Streptococcus spp. (24.22%), Acinetobacter spp. (21.37%), Romboutsia spp. (4.99%), Turicibacter spp., (2.64%), Stenotrophomonas spp. (2.33%), and Enterococcus spp. (1.86%) was found in the microbiome of mastitis cows with a decrease of d-mannose and increase of xanthine:guanine ratio when Streptococcus increased. Diversity of energy sources favoring the growth of Fusobacterium make it a keystone taxon contributing to metritis. Ruminal volatile fatty acids rose with high-concentrate diets that decreased the ruminal pH, causing a lysis of rumen microbes and release of endotoxins. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased in high concentrate cows accompanied by a reduction of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activity. In addition, albumin and paraoxonase concentrations were inversely related to oxidative stress and contributed to the protection of low-density and high-density lipoproteins against lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl, and lactoperoxidase. High concentrate diets increased the expression of MAPK pro-inflammatory genes and decreased the expression of antioxidant genes and proteins in mammary epithelial tissues. The expression levels of NrF2, NQO1, MT1E, UGT1A1, MGST3, and MT1A were downregulated, whereas NF-kB was upregulated with a high-grain or high concentrate diet. Amino-acids, vitamins, trace elements, and plant extracts have shown promising results through enhancing immune functions and repairing damaged cells exposed to oxidative stress. Further studies comparing the long-term effect of synthetic feed additives and natural plant additives on animal health and physiology remain to be investigated.
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Benchagra L, Berrougui H, Islam MO, Ramchoun M, Boulbaroud S, Hajjaji A, Fulop T, Ferretti G, Khalil A. Antioxidant Effect of Moroccan Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L. Sefri Variety) Extracts Rich in Punicalagin against the Oxidative Stress Process. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092219. [PMID: 34574329 PMCID: PMC8469689 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural antioxidants products are widely distributed in food and medicinal plants. These natural antioxidants, especially polyphenols, exhibit a wide range of biological activities including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherosclerosis activities. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a rich source of polyphenolic components. The purpose of this study was to characterize the phenolic composition and flavonoids and anthocyanin content of different parts (peel and aril) of the Sefri variety of pomegranate. Our results showed that Peel extract was richer in these compounds than that of the Arils, especially in Punicalagin (A and B). DPPH free radical scavenging, reducing power (FRAP), β-carotene bleaching, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays revealed a greater dose-dependent activity of pomegranate peel phenolic extract (PPPE) compared to pomegranate aril phenolic extract (PAPE). PPPE was also more potent than PAPE concerning its ability to inhibit conjugated diene formation and to reduce α-tocopherol disappearance induced by CuSO4-mediated LDL peroxidation. Interestingly, both extracts (PPPE and PAPE) significantly inhibited lipid peroxidation and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in stressed J82 human bladder cancer cells. These results reflect the protective effects that this Moroccan variety of pomegranate can provide against the development of metabolic disorder, cancer, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Given these properties, further studies should be undertaken to investigate possible applications of Sefri pomegranate extracts in the fields of food preservation and health supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiae Benchagra
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal 23020, Morocco; (L.B.); (H.B.); (M.R.); (S.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Hicham Berrougui
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal 23020, Morocco; (L.B.); (H.B.); (M.R.); (S.B.); (A.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Service, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada; (M.O.I.); (T.F.)
| | - Mohamed Obaidul Islam
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Service, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada; (M.O.I.); (T.F.)
- Department of Clinical Science and Odontostomatology (DISCO), Polytechnic University of Marche, I-60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Mhamed Ramchoun
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal 23020, Morocco; (L.B.); (H.B.); (M.R.); (S.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Samira Boulbaroud
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal 23020, Morocco; (L.B.); (H.B.); (M.R.); (S.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Abdelouahed Hajjaji
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal 23020, Morocco; (L.B.); (H.B.); (M.R.); (S.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Service, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada; (M.O.I.); (T.F.)
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Science and Odontostomatology (DISCO), Polytechnic University of Marche, I-60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Service, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada; (M.O.I.); (T.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Zingg JM, Vlad A, Ricciarelli R. Oxidized LDLs as Signaling Molecules. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081184. [PMID: 34439432 PMCID: PMC8389018 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Levels of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDLs) are usually low in vivo but can increase whenever the balance between formation and scavenging of free radicals is impaired. Under normal conditions, uptake and degradation represent the physiological cellular response to oxLDL exposure. The uptake of oxLDLs is mediated by cell surface scavenger receptors that may also act as signaling molecules. Under conditions of atherosclerosis, monocytes/macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells highly exposed to oxLDLs tend to convert to foam cells due to the intracellular accumulation of lipids. Moreover, the atherogenic process is accelerated by the increased expression of the scavenger receptors CD36, SR-BI, LOX-1, and SRA in response to high levels of oxLDL and oxidized lipids. In some respects, the effects of oxLDLs, involving cell proliferation, inflammation, apoptosis, adhesion, migration, senescence, and gene expression, can be seen as an adaptive response to the rise of free radicals in the vascular system. Unlike highly reactive radicals, circulating oxLDLs may signal to cells at more distant sites and possibly trigger a systemic antioxidant defense, thus elevating the role of oxLDLs to that of signaling molecules with physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence: (J.-M.Z.); (R.R.); Tel.: +1-(305)-2433531 (J.-M.Z.); +39-010-3538831 (R.R.)
| | - Adelina Vlad
- Physiology Department, “Carol Davila” UMPh, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Roberta Ricciarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence: (J.-M.Z.); (R.R.); Tel.: +1-(305)-2433531 (J.-M.Z.); +39-010-3538831 (R.R.)
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Victoria-Montesinos D, Abellán Ruiz MS, Luque Rubia AJ, Guillén Martínez D, Pérez-Piñero S, Sánchez Macarro M, García-Muñoz AM, Cánovas García F, Castillo Sánchez J, López-Román FJ. Effectiveness of Consumption of a Combination of Citrus Fruit Flavonoids and Olive Leaf Polyphenols to Reduce Oxidation of Low-Density Lipoprotein in Treatment-Naïve Cardiovascular Risk Subjects: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040589. [PMID: 33920476 PMCID: PMC8069525 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess whether oral intake of a nutraceutical product (Citrolive™) could determine changes in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and other parameters of lipid metabolism and plasma atherogenic capacity. Citrolive™ is a commercial extract obtained from the combination of citrus fruit flavonoids and olive leaf extracts. Twenty-three untreated subjects (69.6% males, 30.4% females, mean age 41.9 ± 9.4 years) with cardiovascular risk factors and a total cholesterol level >200 mg/dL and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) > 130 mg/dL participated in a 3-month randomized double-blind controlled study. Participants in the intervention group (71.4% males, 28.6% females, mean age 42.7 ± 9.7 years) consumed Citrolive™ (500 mg, two capsules/day), and controls (66.7% males, 33.3% females, mean age 40.6 ± 9.4 years) received a matched placebo. At 3 months, oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) decreased significantly in the intervention group from 93.8 ± 19.1 U/L to 62.8 ± 28.7 U/L (p < 0.05), whereas the control group increased from 98.2 ± 23.5 U/L to 105.7 ± 21.9 U/L (p = 0.1). Between-group differences were also significant (p < 0.05). Similar findings in the ox-LDL/LDL-C ratio were observed. Serum paraoxonase activity (PON1) increased significantly in the intervention group from 64.5 ± 15.6 U/L to 78.7 ± 28.8 U/L (p < 0.05) but remained unchanged in controls. Consumption of Citrolive™ for 3 months in treatment-naïve subjects with moderate risk of atherosclerosis was associated with a reduction in oxidized LDL-C and LDL-oxidase/LDL-C ratio as compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée Victoria-Montesinos
- Health Sciences Department, Campus de los Jerónimos, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Carretera de Guadalupe s/n, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain; (D.V.-M.); (M.S.A.R.); (A.J.L.R.); (S.P.-P.); (M.S.M.); (A.M.G.-M.); (F.C.G.)
| | - María Salud Abellán Ruiz
- Health Sciences Department, Campus de los Jerónimos, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Carretera de Guadalupe s/n, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain; (D.V.-M.); (M.S.A.R.); (A.J.L.R.); (S.P.-P.); (M.S.M.); (A.M.G.-M.); (F.C.G.)
| | - Antonio J. Luque Rubia
- Health Sciences Department, Campus de los Jerónimos, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Carretera de Guadalupe s/n, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain; (D.V.-M.); (M.S.A.R.); (A.J.L.R.); (S.P.-P.); (M.S.M.); (A.M.G.-M.); (F.C.G.)
| | - Daniel Guillén Martínez
- Nursing Department, Campus de los Jerónimos, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Carretera de Guadalupe s/n, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain;
| | - Silvia Pérez-Piñero
- Health Sciences Department, Campus de los Jerónimos, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Carretera de Guadalupe s/n, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain; (D.V.-M.); (M.S.A.R.); (A.J.L.R.); (S.P.-P.); (M.S.M.); (A.M.G.-M.); (F.C.G.)
| | - Maravillas Sánchez Macarro
- Health Sciences Department, Campus de los Jerónimos, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Carretera de Guadalupe s/n, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain; (D.V.-M.); (M.S.A.R.); (A.J.L.R.); (S.P.-P.); (M.S.M.); (A.M.G.-M.); (F.C.G.)
| | - Ana María García-Muñoz
- Health Sciences Department, Campus de los Jerónimos, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Carretera de Guadalupe s/n, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain; (D.V.-M.); (M.S.A.R.); (A.J.L.R.); (S.P.-P.); (M.S.M.); (A.M.G.-M.); (F.C.G.)
| | - Fernando Cánovas García
- Health Sciences Department, Campus de los Jerónimos, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Carretera de Guadalupe s/n, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain; (D.V.-M.); (M.S.A.R.); (A.J.L.R.); (S.P.-P.); (M.S.M.); (A.M.G.-M.); (F.C.G.)
| | - Julián Castillo Sánchez
- Research and Development Department, iff-Murcia Natural Ingredients, Camino Viejo de Pliego s/n, 30820 Alcantarilla, Murcia, Spain;
- Food Technology & Nutrition Department, Campus de los Jerónimos, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Carretera de Guadalupe s/n, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier López-Román
- Health Sciences Department, Campus de los Jerónimos, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Carretera de Guadalupe s/n, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain; (D.V.-M.); (M.S.A.R.); (A.J.L.R.); (S.P.-P.); (M.S.M.); (A.M.G.-M.); (F.C.G.)
- Primary Care Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-968278757
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Hemdan DII, Abdulmaguid NYM. A Comparative of Nutritional Impacts of Pomegranate and Beetroot on Female Mice Bearing Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma. ARCHIVES OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.51847/sxv0cjyqdc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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11
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Ravi R, Ragavachetty Nagaraj N, Subramaniam Rajesh B. Effect of advanced glycation end product on paraoxonase 2 expression: Its impact on endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in HUVECs. Life Sci 2020; 246:117397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Vučić V, Grabež M, Trchounian A, Arsić A. Composition and Potential Health Benefits of Pomegranate: A Review. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:1817-1827. [PMID: 31298147 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190708183941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruits are widely consumed and used as preventive and therapeutic agents since ancient times. Pomegranate is a rich source of a variety of phytochemicals, which are responsible for its strong antioxidative and anti-inflammatory potential. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of chemical structure and potential health benefits of pomegranate. METHODS A comprehensive search of available literature. RESULTS The review of the literature confirms that juice and extracts obtained from different parts of this plant, including fruit peel, seeds, and leaves exert health benefits in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial and anti-tumour effects of pomegranate fruit are of particular scientific and clinical interest. CONCLUSION Further investigations are required to clarify the mechanism of action of the bioactive ingredients and to reveal full potential of pomegranate as both preventive and therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Vučić
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, studentskitry 1, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milkica Grabež
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska
| | - Armen Trchounian
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Aleksandra Arsić
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, studentskitry 1, Belgrade, Serbia
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Balsan G, Pellanda LC, Sausen G, Galarraga T, Zaffari D, Pontin B, Portal VL. Effect of yerba mate and green tea on paraoxonase and leptin levels in patients affected by overweight or obesity and dyslipidemia: a randomized clinical trial. Nutr J 2019; 18:5. [PMID: 30660196 PMCID: PMC6339368 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-018-0426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the intake of yerba mate (YM) and green tea (GT) on serum levels of leptin and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), compared to control. Methods Controlled, randomized clinical trial (RCT) that evaluated 142 men and women affected by overweight or obesity aged 35–60 years, untreated dyslipidemia and no history of coronary artery disease. Participants were randomized to ingest 1000 mL GT, YM or apple tea (AT, control group) daily, during eight weeks. Serum PON-1 and leptin levels were analyzed by ELISA immunoassay at the beginning (baseline) and after eight weeks of intervention. Results The intake of 1 l of YM/day resulted in significant increase in serum levels of PON-1 (9.7%; p = 0.005). The consumption of GT induced no significant difference in the levels of PON-1 (p = 0.154) and leptin (p = 0.783). Intergroup analysis showed a significant difference (p = 0.036) in the variation of PON-1 levels in the YM group when compared to GT and AT groups. In addition, the increase in PON-1 levels in the YM group was significantly associated with increased HDL-c (p = 0.004). Conclusions The intake of yerba mate increased the antioxidant capacity by increasing serum levels of PON-1 and was positively associated with increased HDL-c, stressing the protective role of this beverage against atherosclerotic diseases. GT intake had no significant effect on serum levels of PON-1 and leptin. Trial registration This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov under protocol number NCT00933647.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Balsan
- Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation - IC/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370/ 3 andar., Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-000, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Campos Pellanda
- Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation - IC/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370/ 3 andar., Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-000, Brazil
| | - Grasiele Sausen
- Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation - IC/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370/ 3 andar., Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-000, Brazil
| | - Thaís Galarraga
- Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation - IC/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370/ 3 andar., Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-000, Brazil
| | - Denise Zaffari
- Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation - IC/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370/ 3 andar., Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna Pontin
- Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation - IC/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370/ 3 andar., Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-000, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Portal
- Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation - IC/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370/ 3 andar., Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-000, Brazil.
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Dietary and circulating vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and risk of total cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Public Health Nutr 2019; 22:1872-1887. [PMID: 30630552 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018003725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present review aimed to quantify the association of dietary intake and circulating concentration of major dietary antioxidants with risk of total CVD mortality. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING Systematic search in PubMed and Scopus, up to October 2017.ParticipantsProspective observational studies reporting risk estimates of CVD mortality across three or more categories of dietary intakes and/or circulating concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E and β-carotene were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted. RESULTS A total of fifteen prospective cohort studies and three prospective evaluations within interventional studies (320 548 participants and 16 974 cases) were analysed. The relative risks of CVD mortality for the highest v. the lowest category of antioxidant intakes were as follows: vitamin C, 0·79 (95 % CI 0·68, 0·89; I 2=46 %, n 10); vitamin E, 0·91 (95 % CI 0·79, 1·03; I 2=51 %, n 8); β-carotene, 0·89 (95 % CI 0·73, 1·05; I 2=34 %, n 4). The relative risks for circulating concentrations were: vitamin C, 0·60 (95 % CI 0·42, 0·78; I 2=65 %, n 6); α-tocopherol, 0·82 (95 % CI 0·76, 0·88; I 2=0 %, n 5); β-carotene, 0·68 (95 % CI 0·52, 0·83; I 2=50 %, n 6). Dose-response meta-analyses demonstrated that the circulating biomarkers of antioxidants were more strongly associated with risk of CVD mortality than dietary intakes. CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis demonstrates that higher vitamin C intake and higher circulating concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E and β-carotene are associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality.
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Muhammad RS, Abu-Saleh N, Kinaneh S, Agbaria M, Sabo E, Grajeda-Iglesias C, Volkova N, Hamoud S. Heparanase inhibition attenuates atherosclerosis progression and liver steatosis in E 0 mice. Atherosclerosis 2018; 276:155-162. [PMID: 30075439 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increased oxidative stress is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. Emerging evidence highlights the role of heparanase in atherogenesis, where heparanase inhibitor PG545 reduces oxidative stress in apolipoprotein E deficient mice (E0 mice). Herein, we studied the effects of PG545 on atherosclerosis progression in E0 mice. METHODS Male E0 mice fed a high-fat diet (n = 20) were divided into 3 groups treated with weekly intraperitoneal injections of either low (0.2 mg/mouse) or high dose (0.4 mg/mouse)PG545 or normal saline (controls) for twelve weeks. Body weight and food intake were measured weekly. At the end of the treatment period, blood pressure was measured, animals were sacrificed and serum samples were collected and assessed for biochemical parameters and oxidative stress. Aortic vessels and livers were collected for atherosclerotic plaques and histopathological analysis, respectively. RESULTS Blood pressure decreased in mice treated with low, but not high dose of PG545. In addition, heparanase inhibition caused a dose-dependent reduction in serum oxidative stress, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, and aryl esterase activity. Although food intake was not reduced by PG545, body weight gain was significantly attenuated in PG545 treated groups. Both doses of PG545 caused a marked reduction in aortic wall thickness and atherosclerosis development, and liver steatosis. Liver enzymes and serum creatinine were not affected by PG545. CONCLUSIONS Heparanase inhibition by PG545 caused a significant reduction in lipid profile and serum oxidative stress along with attenuation of atherosclerosis, aortic wall thickness, and liver steatosis. Moreover, PG545 attenuated weight gain without reducing food intake. Collectively, these findings suggest that heparanase blockade is highly effective in slowing atherosclerosis formation and progression, and decreasing liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Shekh Muhammad
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Health Care Campus and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Haifa, Israel
| | - Niroz Abu-Saleh
- Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Safa Kinaneh
- Department of Physiology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mohammad Agbaria
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Edmond Sabo
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Nina Volkova
- Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shadi Hamoud
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Health Care Campus and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Haifa, Israel; Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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Joint Effects of PON1 Polymorphisms and Vegetable Intake on Ischemic Stroke: A Family-Based Case Control Study. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122652. [PMID: 29215590 PMCID: PMC5751254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 gene (PON1) polymorphisms and dietary vegetable and fruit intake are both established determinants of ischemic stroke (IS). However, little is known about whether these factors jointly influence the risk of IS. We analyzed the main effects of PON1, as well as the interactions between PON1 and dietary vegetable or fruit intake with the risk of total IS and its subtypes in a family-based case-control study conducted among 2158 Chinese participants (1007 IS cases and 1151 IS-free controls) from 918 families. Conditional logistic regression models, with each family as a stratum, were used to examine the association between rs662 and IS. Gene-diet interactions were tested by including a cross-product term of dietary vegetable or fruit intake by rs662_G allele count in the models. Each copy of the PON1 rs662_G allele was associated with 28% higher risk of total IS (p = 0.008) and 32% higher risk of large artery atherosclerosis subtype (LAA) (p = 0.01). We observed an interaction between rs662 and vegetable intake for both total IS (p = 0.006) and LAA (p = 0.02) after adjustment for covariates. Individuals who carry the rs662_A allele may benefit to a greater extent from intake of vegetables and thus be more effectively protected from ischemic stroke, whereas carriers of the G allele may still remain at greater risk for ischemic stroke due to their genetic backgrounds even when they consume a high level of vegetables. More studies are needed to replicate our findings among other populations.
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Sayılan Özgün G, Özgün E, Tabakçıoğlu K, Süer Gökmen S, Eskiocak S, Çakır E. Caffeine Increases Apolipoprotein A-1 and Paraoxonase-1 but not Paraoxonase-3 Protein Levels in Human-Derived Liver (HepG2) Cells. Balkan Med J 2017; 34:534-539. [PMID: 29215336 PMCID: PMC5785658 DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.2016.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Apolipoprotein A-1, paraoxonase-1 and paraoxonase-3 are antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic structural high-density lipoprotein proteins that are mainly synthesized by the liver. No study has ever been performed to specifically examine the effects of caffeine on paraoxonase enzymes and on liver apolipoprotein A-1 protein levels. Aims: To investigate the dose-dependent effects of caffeine on liver apolipoprotein A-1, paraoxonase-1 and paraoxonase-3 protein levels. Study Design: In vitro experimental study. Methods: HepG2 cells were incubated with 0 (control), 10, 50 and 200 μM of caffeine for 24 hours. Cell viability was evaluated by 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. Apolipoprotein A-1, paraoxonase-1 and paraoxonase-3 protein levels were measured by western blotting. Results: We observed a significant increase on apolipoprotein A-1 and paraoxonase-1 protein levels in the cells incubated with 50 µM of caffeine and a significant increase on paraoxonase-1 protein level in the cells incubated with 200 µM of caffeine. Conclusion: Our study showed that caffeine does not change paraoxonase-3 protein level, but the higher doses used in our study do cause an increase in both apolipoprotein A-1 and paraoxonase-1 protein levels in liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülben Sayılan Özgün
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Eray Özgün
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Kıymet Tabakçıoğlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Selma Süer Gökmen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Eskiocak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Erol Çakır
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
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Heparanase Inhibition Reduces Glucose Levels, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7357495. [PMID: 29226146 PMCID: PMC5684525 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7357495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial process. Emerging evidence highlights a role of the enzyme heparanase in various disease states, including atherosclerosis formation and progression. Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of heparanase inhibition on blood pressure, blood glucose levels, and oxidative stress in apoE−/− mice. Methods Male apoE−/− mice were divided into two groups: one treated by the heparanase inhibitor PG545, administered intraperitoneally weekly for seven weeks, and the other serving as control group (injected with saline). Blood pressure was measured a day before sacrificing the animals. Serum glucose levels and lipid profile were measured. Assessment of oxidative stress was performed as well. Results PG545 significantly lowered blood pressure and serum glucose levels in treated mice. It also caused significant reduction of the serum oxidative stress. For safety concerns, liver enzymes were assessed, and PG545 caused significant elevation only of alanine aminotransferase, but not of the other hepatic enzymes. Conclusion Heparanase inhibition by PG545 caused marked reduction of blood pressure, serum glucose levels, and oxidative stress in apolipoprotein E deficient mice, possibly via direct favorable metabolic and hemodynamic changes caused by the inhibitor. Possible hepatotoxic and weight wasting effects are subject for future investigation.
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Lixandru D, Alexandru P, Mihai A, Roşca A, Ionescu-Tîrgovişte C, Braşoveanu LI, Manuel-Y-Keenoy B. Decreased paraoxonase 2 enzymatic activity in monocyte/macrophages cells. A comparative in vivo and in vitro study for diabetes. Free Radic Res 2017. [PMID: 28637359 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1344983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mᴓ) paraoxonase 2 (PON2) in diabetes and the factors modulating its activity. METHODS One hundred and eighteen patients with newly diagnosed uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus were compared regarding clinical, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters with 80 healthy subjects. The capacity of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) to release pro-oxidants and to neutralise them was determined by measuring the respiratory burst (RB) and the intracellular antioxidant enzyme PON2. In vitro experiments were conducted on a differentiated monocytes cell line (dU937) that was exposed to serum deprivation followed by addition of isolated lipoproteins (VLDL or LDL). RESULTS Paraoxonase 2 activity in Mo/Mᴓ was significantly lower in type 2 diabetes patients (0.042 ± 0.044 vs 0.165 ± 0.133U lactonase activity/mg protein in controls, p < .0005) and decreased in the obese in all groups. It was inversely correlated to parameters of adiposity (BMI and Waist Circumference), of glucose control (blood glucose, fructosamine and HbA1c) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). In multivariate regression models, 15-34% of the PON2 variance was explained by diabetes. The in vitro addition of VLDL normalised the RB of serum deprived dU937 cells, S- (to 82 ± 18% of the cells incubated with serum, S+) and PON2 activity (from 0.524 ± 0.061 in S - to 0.298 ± 0.048 U/mg protein). In contrast, when LDL was added, the RB remained lower (61 ± 12% of S+, p = .03) and PON2 higher (0.580 ± 0.030 U/mg protein, p = .003). CONCLUSIONS The decrease in monocyte/macrophage PON2 enzymatic activity observed in type 2 diabetes cannot be totally explained by abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. The underlying molecular mechanisms need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lixandru
- a University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" , Bucharest , Romania.,b Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy , Bucharest , Romania
| | - P Alexandru
- b Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy , Bucharest , Romania
| | - A Mihai
- a University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" , Bucharest , Romania.,c National Institute of Diabetes , Nutrition and Metabolic Disease "Prof. N. Paulescu" , Bucharest , Romania
| | - A Roşca
- a University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" , Bucharest , Romania
| | - C Ionescu-Tîrgovişte
- a University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" , Bucharest , Romania.,c National Institute of Diabetes , Nutrition and Metabolic Disease "Prof. N. Paulescu" , Bucharest , Romania
| | - L I Braşoveanu
- d Center of Immunology, Romanian Academy , Bucharest , Romania
| | - B Manuel-Y-Keenoy
- e Department of Pharmacy , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
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Is there a relationship between serum ox-LDL, oxidative stress, and PON1 in knee osteoarthritis? Clin Rheumatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sharma P, McClees SF, Afaq F. Pomegranate for Prevention and Treatment of Cancer: An Update. Molecules 2017; 22:E177. [PMID: 28125044 PMCID: PMC5560105 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, and those who survive cancer may experience lasting difficulties, including treatment side effects, as well as physical, cognitive, and psychosocial struggles. Naturally-occurring agents from dietary fruits and vegetables have received considerable attention for the prevention and treatment of cancers. These natural agents are safe and cost efficient in contrast to expensive chemotherapeutic agents, which may induce significant side effects. The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit has been used for the prevention and treatment of a multitude of diseases and ailments for centuries in ancient cultures. Pomegranate exhibits strong antioxidant activity and is a rich source of anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and hydrolysable tannins. Studies have shown that the pomegranate fruit as well as its juice, extract, and oil exert anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-tumorigenic properties by modulating multiple signaling pathways, which suggest its use as a promising chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic agent. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical studies highlighting the role of pomegranate in prevention and treatment of skin, breast, prostate, lung, and colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Sarah F McClees
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Farrukh Afaq
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Gerardi C, Frassinetti S, Caltavuturo L, Leone A, Lecci R, Calabriso N, Carluccio MA, Blando F, Mita G. Anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and anti-mutagenic activities of a Prunus mahaleb L. anthocyanin-rich fruit extract. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Smeriglio A, Barreca D, Bellocco E, Trombetta D. Chemistry, Pharmacology and Health Benefits of Anthocyanins. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1265-86. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Smeriglio
- University of Messina; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- University of Messina; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Ersilia Bellocco
- University of Messina; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- University of Messina; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina Italy
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Polyphenolic compounds, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity of nineteen pomegranate fruits: A rich source of bioactive compounds. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Efe TH, Ertem AG, Altunoglu A, Koseoglu C, Erayman A, Bilgin M, Kurmuş Ö, Aslan T, Bilge M. Serum Paraoxonase Levels are Correlated with Impaired Aortic Functions in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. ACTA CARDIOLOGICA SINICA 2016; 32:75-80. [PMID: 27122934 DOI: 10.6515/acs20150429a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correlation between aortic functions and paraoxonase levels has been previously demonstrated by several earlier studies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between serum paraoxonase levels and aortic functions among patients with chronic kidney disease. METHODS Our study enrolled 46 chronic kidney disease patients and 45 healthy controls. From these patients, serum cholesterol, creatinine, hemoglobin, and paraoxonase-1 levels were analyzed. RESULTS Paraoxonase-1 levels were significantly lower in patients with chronic kidney disease compared to the controls (p < 0.001). Additionally, the extent of aortic stiffness index (%) was significantly higher in chronic kidney disease patients, but aortic strain and aortic distensibility were significantly higher in healthy controls (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). We further found that paraoxonase-1 levels were correlated with aortic stiffness index, aortic strain, and aortic distensibility (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that serum paraoxonase-1 levels were significantly correlated with impaired aortic functions. The results of this study highlight the impact of serum paraoxonase-1 activity on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular adverse events. KEY WORDS Aortic functions; Atherosclerosis; Chronic kidney disease; Echocardiography; Paraoxonase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga H Efe
- Department of Cardiology, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital
| | - Ahmet G Ertem
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara Penal Institution Campus State Hostital
| | | | - Cemal Koseoglu
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara
| | - Ali Erayman
- Department of Cardiology, Pazarcik State Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Murat Bilgin
- Department of Cardiology, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital
| | - Özge Kurmuş
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara
| | - Turgay Aslan
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara
| | - Mehmet Bilge
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara
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Chernyavskiy I, Veeranki S, Sen U, Tyagi SC. Atherogenesis: hyperhomocysteinemia interactions with LDL, macrophage function, paraoxonase 1, and exercise. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1363:138-54. [PMID: 26849408 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite great strides in understanding the atherogenesis process, the mechanisms are not entirely known. In addition to diet, cigarette smoking, genetic predisposition, and hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), an accumulation of the noncoding sulfur-containing amino acid homocysteine (Hcy), is a significant contributor to atherogenesis. Although exercise decreases HHcy and increases longevity, the complete mechanism is unclear. In light of recent evidence, in this review, we focus on the effects of HHcy on macrophage function, differentiation, and polarization. Though there is need for further evidence, it is most likely that HHcy-mediated alterations in macrophage function are important contributors to atherogenesis, and HHcy-countering strategies, such as nutrition and exercise, should be included in the combinatorial regimens for effective prevention and regression of atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, we also included a discussion on the effects of exercise on the HHcy-mediated atherogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Chernyavskiy
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sudhakar Veeranki
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Patil SG, Patil MP, Patil RH. In vitro anti-hypercholesterolemic activity of Calotropis procera (Aiton) using human erythrocytes. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hussein O, Izikson L, Bathish Y, Dabur E, Hanna A, Zidan J. Anti-atherogenic properties of high-density lipoproteins in psychiatric patients before and after two months of atypical anti-psychotic therapy. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:1262-70. [PMID: 26253619 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115598320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Some of the medications used for the management of schizophrenia are associated with clinically significant increases in weight and adverse alterations in serum lipid levels. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of short-term (two months) treatment with atypical anti-psychotics on coronary heart disease risk factors, including the functional properties of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), in psychiatric patients. Nineteen patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar disorder and ten healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. In the present study blood was drawn at baseline and after two months of atypical anti-psychotic treatment. Wilcoxon non-parametric-test was used to examine differences in the psychotic group before and two months after treatment.Waist circumference and oxidative stress in psychiatric patients were higher compared with the control group. Serum-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity was lower in psychotic patients compared to controls. Two months of anti-psychotic therapy was associated with increased abdominal obesity, decreased paraoxonase lactonase activity, but with no further change in serum-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Psychotic patients have low serum-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages as a parameter of HDL functionality. Atypical anti-psychotic treatment for two months increased metabolic derangements in these patients but without further decrement in serum-mediated cholesterol efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamah Hussein
- Internal Medicine Department A, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Lidia Izikson
- Department of Psychiatry, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Yunis Bathish
- Internal Medicine Department A, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel
| | - Enas Dabur
- Internal Medicine Department A, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel
| | - Alaa Hanna
- Internal Medicine Department A, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel
| | - Jamal Zidan
- Department of Oncology, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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Ströher DJ, Escobar Piccoli JDC, Güllich AADC, Pilar BC, Coelho RP, Bruno JB, Faoro D, Manfredini V. 14 Days of supplementation with blueberry extract shows anti-atherogenic properties and improves oxidative parameters in hypercholesterolemic rats model. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:559-68. [PMID: 26171628 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1064870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of supplementation with blueberry (BE) extract (Vaccinium ashei Reade) for 14 consecutive days on biochemical, hematological, histopathological and oxidative parameters in hypercholesterolemic rats were investigated. After supplementation with lyophilized extract of BE, the levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were decreased. Histopathological analysis showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) of aortic lesions in hypercholesterolemic rats. Oxidative parameters showed significant reductions (p < 0.05) in oxidative damage to lipids and proteins and an increase in activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The BE extract showed an important cardioprotective effect by the improvements in the serum lipid profile, antioxidant system, particularly in reducing oxidative stress associated with hypercholesterolemia and anti-atherogenic effect in rats.
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Tedesco I, Carbone V, Spagnuolo C, Minasi P, Russo GL. Identification and Quantification of Flavonoids from Two Southern Italian Cultivars of Allium cepa L., Tropea (Red Onion) and Montoro (Copper Onion), and Their Capacity to Protect Human Erythrocytes from Oxidative Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5229-38. [PMID: 25965971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Onions (Allium cepa) are consumed worldwide and represent an important source of dietary phytochemicals with proven antioxidant properties, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, thiosulfinates, and anthocyanins. Epidemiological and experimental data suggest that regular consumption of onions is associated with a reduced risk of degenerative disorders. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the biological properties of different varieties of onions. Here, we characterized for the first time a variety of onion, called Ramata di Montoro (coppery onion from Montoro), grown in a niche area in southern Italy, and compared its phenolic profile and antioxidant properties to a commercial ecotype of red onion, Tropea, also present in southern Italy. An analytical method based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detection and mass spectrometry was used to separate and characterize the phenolic fraction (anthocyanins and flavonols) extracted from both coppery and red types. The main compounds detected in the two ecotypes were quercetin and quercetin glucosides, isorhamnetin glucosides, kaempferol glucoside, and, among anthocyanins, cyanidin glucosides. Tropea ecotype onion showed a higher content of flavonols (632.82 mg/kg fresh weight) than Montoro type onion (252.91 mg/kg fresh weight). Accordingly, the antioxidant activity of the former was 2.8-fold higher compared to the latter. More pronounced were the differences existing between the four anthocyanins detected in the two ecotypes, with those in the Tropea ecotype onion present at concentrations 20-230-fold higher than in the Montoro type onion. Both extracts reduced LDL oxidation about 6-fold and protected human erythrocytes from oxidative damage induced by HClO by about 40%. In addition, as a consequence of HClO treatment, glutathione concentration in erythrocytes was reduced about 50% and pretreatment with onion extracts induced a recovery of glutathione level by about 15-22%. Qualitative differences highlighted in the chemical composition of the two phenolic extracts, especially the total content of anthocyanins, which was 30-fold higher in Montoro type onion compared to Tropea ecotype, can be associated with the protective effects measured against oxidative damage induced in human erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idolo Tedesco
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Virginia Carbone
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Carmela Spagnuolo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Paola Minasi
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
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Scherrer DZ, Zago VHDS, Vieira IC, Parra ES, Panzoldo NB, Alexandre F, Secolin R, Baracat J, Quintão ECR, Faria ECD. p.Q192R SNP of PON1 seems not to be Associated with Carotid Atherosclerosis Risk Factors in an Asymptomatic and Normolipidemic Brazilian Population Sample. Arq Bras Cardiol 2015; 105:45-52. [PMID: 26039660 PMCID: PMC4523287 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20150053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidences suggest that paraoxonase 1 (PON1) confers important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties when associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationships between p.Q192R SNP of PON1, biochemical parameters and carotid atherosclerosis in an asymptomatic, normolipidemic Brazilian population sample. METHODS We studied 584 volunteers (females n = 326, males n = 258; 19-75 years of age). Total genomic DNA was extracted and SNP was detected in the TaqMan® SNP OpenArray® genotyping platform (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins were determined and PON1 activity was measured using paraoxon as a substrate. High-resolution β-mode ultrasonography was used to measure cIMT and the presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques in a subgroup of individuals (n = 317). RESULTS The presence of p.192Q was associated with a significant increase in PON1 activity (RR = 12.30 (11.38); RQ = 46.96 (22.35); QQ = 85.35 (24.83) μmol/min; p < 0.0001), HDL-C (RR= 45 (37); RQ = 62 (39); QQ = 69 (29) mg/dL; p < 0.001) and apo A-I (RR = 140.76 ± 36.39; RQ = 147.62 ± 36.92; QQ = 147.49 ± 36.65 mg/dL; p = 0.019). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that heterozygous and p.192Q carriers influenced by 58% PON1 activity towards paraoxon. The univariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that p.Q192R SNP was not associated with mean cIMT; as a result, in the multiple regression analysis, no variables were selected with 5% significance. In logistic regression analysis, the studied parameters were not associated with the presence of carotid plaques. CONCLUSION In low-risk individuals, the presence of the p.192Q variant of PON1 is associated with a beneficial plasma lipid profile but not with carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zanetti Scherrer
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Vanessa Helena de Souza Zago
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Isabela Calanca Vieira
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Eliane Soler Parra
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Natália Baratella Panzoldo
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Fernanda Alexandre
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Rodrigo Secolin
- Departamento de Genética Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Jamal Baracat
- Departamento de Radiologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
| | | | - Eliana Cotta de Faria
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, BR
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Environmental carcinogens and mutational pathways in atherosclerosis. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:293-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Borochov-Neori H, Judeinstein S, Greenberg A, Volkova N, Rosenblat M, Aviram M. Antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties of phenolic acid and flavonol fractions of fruits of 'Amari' and 'Hallawi' date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:3189-3195. [PMID: 25765921 DOI: 10.1021/jf506094r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit phenolic-acid or flavonol fractions were examined in vitro for antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties. Two fractions of each subgroup were prepared from two date varieties, 'Amari' and 'Hallawi', by solid phase extraction on C18. The fractions were analyzed for phenolics composition by RP-HPLC and tested for ferric-reducing antioxidant power, free radical scavenging capacity, inhibition of Cu(2+)-induced LDL oxidation, and enhancement of HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages. All four fractions exhibited variable capacities to reduce ferric ions, scavenge radicals, and inhibit LDL oxidation. Flavonol fractions were considerably better inhibitors of LDL oxidation compared to phenolic acid fractions, with IC50's of 9-31 nmol GAE mL(-1) compared to 85-116 nmol GAE mL(-1), respectively. Only the flavonol fractions stimulated cholesterol removal from macrophages. Within each subgroup, the levels of all the activities varied with fraction composition. The results demonstrated strong structure-activity relationships for date phenolics and identified date flavonols as potential antiatherogenic bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvie Judeinstein
- †Southern Arava Research and Development, M. P. Hevel Eilot 88820, Israel
| | - Amnon Greenberg
- †Southern Arava Research and Development, M. P. Hevel Eilot 88820, Israel
| | - Nina Volkova
- ‡The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and the Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Mira Rosenblat
- ‡The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and the Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Michael Aviram
- ‡The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and the Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Modulating reconstituted high density lipoprotein functionality to target the Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing system. Life Sci 2014; 112:68-73. [PMID: 25086378 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The synthetic counterparts of serum high density lipoproteins (HDL; reconstituted HDL, reHDL) are assuming increasing importance as a therapeutic vector. They circulate not only in blood, but also outside the vascular compartment giving access to all body tissues. Presently, the therapeutic use of reHDL exploits inherent HDL functions. Our aim was to determine if HDL functionality could be modulated by attaching peptides not normally associated with the complex. MAIN METHODS A peptide chimera was designed by linking the signal peptide of the HDL-associated enzyme paraoxonase-1 (PON1) to the coding region for the intracellular enzyme paraoxonase-2 (PON2). KEY FINDINGS The signal peptide modified the properties of PON2, promoting its secretion from cells and binding to HDL. Enzyme activity of the chimera protein was highly stable. Conditioned HDL showed the functions of PON2 in its ability to hydrolyse typical PON2 substrates, namely homoserine lactones. Further in vitro studies showed that conditioned HDL was able to reduce the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both biofilm formation and the activation of the quorum sensing systems las and rhl, responsible for bacterial virulence, were significantly reduced. SIGNIFICANCE The study provides proof of principal that the signal peptide of PON1 can be used to attach peptides to HDL and thus modulate HDL function. They may provide a vector that is ubiquitously distributed in extracellular body fluids for designing therapeutic strategies to address different pathophysiological states.
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Li YR, Zhu H, Kauffman M, Danelisen I, Misra HP, Ke Y, Jia Z. Paraoxonases function as unique protectors against cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: Updated experimental and clinical data. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:899-906. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370214535897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase (PON) refers to a family of three enzymes, namely PON1, PON2, and PON3. PON1 and PON3 are found in circulation bound to high-density lipoprotein, whereas PON2 is an intracellular protein. PON1 was first discovered as an enzyme to hydrolyze the organophosphate pesticide paraoxon, an activity that both PON2 and PON3 lack. All three PON enzymes are able to degrade oxidized lipids and protect against oxidative stress. PON enzymes also act to suppress inflammation. Animal studies show a critical role for PON enzymes, especially PON1 in protecting against cardiovascular diseases and related disorders, including diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In line with the findings in experimental animals, accumulating evidence from clinical research also indicates that PON enzymes function as potential protectors in human cardiovascular diseases and related disorders. Identification of PON enzymes as important players in cardiovascular health will facilitate the development of novel preventive and therapeutic modalities targeting PON enzymes to combat cardiovascular diseases and related disorders, which collectively constitute the chief contributors to the global burden of disease. This review describes the biochemical properties and molecular regulation of PON and summarizes the major recent findings on the functions of PON in protecting against cardiovascular diseases and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Robert Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
- Virginia-Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineers and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
| | | | - Igor Danelisen
- Department of Pharmacology, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
| | - Hara P Misra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Yuebin Ke
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhenquan Jia
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
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Syed DN, Chamcheu JC, Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. Pomegranate extracts and cancer prevention: molecular and cellular activities. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2014; 13:1149-61. [PMID: 23094914 DOI: 10.2174/1871520611313080003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is increased appreciation by the scientific community that dietary phytochemicals can be potential weapons in the fight against cancer. Emerging data has provided new insights into the molecular and cellular framework needed to establish novel mechanism-based strategies for cancer prevention by selective bioactive food components. The unique chemical composition of the pomegranate fruit, rich in antioxidant tannins and flavonoids has drawn the attention of many investigators. Polyphenol rich fractions derived from the pomegranate fruit have been studied for their potential chemopreventive and/or cancer therapeutic effects in several animal models. Although data from in vitro and in vivo studies look convincing, well designed clinical trials in humans are needed to ascertain whether pomegranate can become part of our armamentarium against cancer. This review summarizes the available literature on the effects of pomegranate against various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeba N Syed
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Medical Sciences Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Hamoud S, Hayek T, Volkova N, Attias J, Moscoviz D, Rosenblat M, Aviram M. Pomegranate extract (POMx) decreases the atherogenicity of serum and of human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) in simvastatin-treated hypercholesterolemic patients: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized, prospective pilot study. Atherosclerosis 2014; 232:204-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Effects on transcriptional regulation and lipid droplet characteristics in the liver of female juvenile pigs after early postnatal feed restriction and refeeding are dependent on birth weight. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76705. [PMID: 24260100 PMCID: PMC3834034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental data indicate that caloric restriction in early postnatal life may improve liver lipid metabolism in low birth weight individuals. The present study investigated transcriptional and metabolic responses to low (U) and normal (N) birth weight (d 75, T1) and postnatal feed restriction (R, 60% of controls, d 98, T2) followed by subsequent refeeding until d 131 of age (T3). Liver tissue studies were performed with a total of 42 female pigs which were born by multiparous German landrace sows. Overall, 194 genes were differentially expressed in the liver of U vs. N (T1) animals with roles in lipid metabolism. The total mean area and number of lipid droplets (LD) was about 4.6- and 3.7 times higher in U compared to N. In U, the mean LD size (µm2) was 24.9% higher. 3-week feed restriction reduced total mean area of LDs by 58.3 and 72.7% in U and N, respectively. A functional role of the affected genes in amino acid metabolism was additionally indicated. This was reflected by a 17.0% higher arginine concentration in the liver of UR animals (vs. NR). To evaluate persistency of effects, analyses were also done after refeeding period at T3. Overall, 4 and 22 genes show persistent regulation in U and N animals after 5 weeks of refeeding, respectively. These genes are involved in e.g. processes of lipid and protein metabolism and glucose homeostasis. Moreover, the recovery of total mean LD area in U and N animals back to the previous T1 level was observed. However, when compared to controls, the mean LD size was still reduced by 23.3% in UR, whereas it was increased in NR (+24.7%). The present results suggest that short-term postnatal feed restriction period programmed juvenile U animals for an increased rate of hepatic lipolysis in later life.
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Borochov-Neori H, Judeinstein S, Greenberg A, Volkova N, Rosenblat M, Aviram M. Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit soluble phenolics composition and anti-atherogenic properties in nine Israeli varieties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4278-4286. [PMID: 23587027 DOI: 10.1021/jf400782v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit soluble phenolics composition and anti-atherogenic properties were examined in nine diverse Israeli grown varieties. Ethanol and acetone extracts of 'Amari', 'Barhi', 'Deglet Noor', 'Deri', 'Hadrawi', 'Hallawi', 'Hayani', 'Medjool', and 'Zahidi' fruit were analyzed for phenolics composition by RP-HPLC and tested for anti-atherogenicity by measuring their effects on LDL susceptibility to copper ion- and free radical-induced oxidation, and on serum-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages. The most frequently detected phenolics were hydroxybenzoates, hydroxycinnamates, and flavonols. Significant differences in phenolics composition were established between varieties as well as extraction solvents. All extracts inhibited LDL oxidation, and most extracts also stimulated cholesterol removal from macrophages. Considerable varietal differences were measured in the levels of the bioactivities. Also, acetone extracts exhibited a significantly higher anti-atherogenic potency for most varieties. The presence of soluble ingredients with anti-atherogenic capacities in dates and the possible involvement of phenolics are discussed.
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Huen K, Harley K, Beckman K, Eskenazi B, Holland N. Associations of PON1 and genetic ancestry with obesity in early childhood. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62565. [PMID: 23658746 PMCID: PMC3643931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity in children has become an epidemic in the U.S. and is particularly prominent in minority populations such as Mexican-Americans. In addition to physical activity and diet, genetics also plays a role in obesity etiology. A few studies in adults and adolescents suggest a link between obesity and paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a multifunctional enzyme that can metabolize organophosphate pesticides and also has antioxidant properties. We determined PON1192 genotype and arylesterase levels (ARYase, measure of PON1 enzyme quantity), to characterize the relationship between PON1 and obesity in young Mexican-American children (n = 373) living in an agricultural community in California. Since PON1 polymorphisms and obesity both vary between ethnic groups, we estimated proportional genetic ancestry using 106 ancestral informative markers (AIMs). Among children, PON1192 allele frequencies were 0.5 for both alleles, and the prevalence of obesity was high (15% and 33% at ages two and five, respectively). The average proportion of European, African, and Native American ancestry was 0.40, 0.09, and 0.51, yet there was wide inter-individual variation. We found a significantly higher odds of obesity (9.3 and 2.5- fold) in PON1192QQ children compared to PON1192RR children at ages two and five, respectively. Similar relationships were seen with BMI Z-scores at age two and waist circumference at age five. After adjusting for genetic ancestry in models of PON1 and BMI Z-score, effect estimates for PON1192 genotype changed 15% and 9% among two and five year old children, respectively, providing evidence of genetic confounding by population stratification. However even after adjustment for genetic ancestry, the trend of increased BMI Z-scores with increased number of PON1192 Q alleles remained. Our findings suggest that PON1 may play a role in obesity independent of genetic ancestry and that studies of PON1 and health outcomes, especially in admixed populations, should account for differences due to population stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Huen
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
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Niacin administration significantly reduces oxidative stress in patients with hypercholesterolemia and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Med Sci 2013; 345:195-9. [PMID: 22990043 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e3182548c28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders, including atherosclerosis. In pharmacological doses, niacin (vitamin B3) was proven to reduce total cholesterol, triglyceride, very-low-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein levels, and to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of niacin treatment in patients with low levels of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C; <40 mg%) on their lipid profile and oxidative stress status. Seventeen patients with hypercholesterolemia and low HDL-C and 8 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the study. The patients were treated with niacin for 12 weeks. Lipid profile, oxidative stress and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were determined at the time of enrollment, and 2 and 12 weeks after initiation of niacin treatment. Subjects with lower HDL-C levels exhibited higher oxidative stress compared with subjects with normal HDL-C levels. Niacin treatment in hypercholesterolemic patients caused a significant increase in HDL-C and apolipoprotein A1 levels, and a decrease in triglyceride levels. Niacin also significantly reduced oxidative stress, as measured by a significant decrease in the serum content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, lipid peroxides and paraoxonase activity, compared with the levels before treatment. Although serum CRP levels were not affected by niacin treatment, a correlation between CRP and HDL levels was obtained when computing the results. Niacin treatment in hypercholesterolemic patients with low HDL levels caused a significant decrease in their oxidative stress status. These results indicate an additional beneficial effect of niacin beyond its ability to affect the lipid profile.
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Aharoni S, Aviram M, Fuhrman B. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) reduces macrophage inflammatory responses. Atherosclerosis 2013; 228:353-61. [PMID: 23582715 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) was suggested to play an anti-inflammatory role. In the present study we questioned whether PON1 has a direct impact on macrophage inflammatory responses, and the possible functional implications of such effects. METHODS AND RESULTS Ex-vivo studies were performed with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) harvested from C57BL/6 and human-PON1 transgenic (PON1-Tg) mice, and for the in vitro studies the J774.A1 macrophage-like cell line was used. Pro-inflammatory (M1) activation was induced by LPS and INFγ. The spontaneous and M1-induced TNFα and IL-6 secretion were significantly reduced in BMDM derived from PON1-Tg vs. C57BL/6 mice. In vitro, PON1 dose-dependently attenuated both the spontaneous and M1-induced TNFα and IL-6 secretion, and contributed to the anti-inflammatory activity of HDL. Functionally, PON1 attenuated M1-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytosis, and necrotic macrophage death. PON1 anti-inflammatory activity was mediated, at least in part, via binding to SR-BI, but was independent of the enzyme catalytic activity or of cholesterol efflux stimulation, and did not involve binding to ABCA1. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that PON1 directly suppresses macrophage pro-inflammatory responses. These findings suggest that PON1 decreases sustained pro-inflammatory reactions, which subsequently can attenuate plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saar Aharoni
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion Faculty of Medicine, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Rahimi-Ardabili B, Argani H, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Rashtchizadeh N, Naghavi-Behzad M, Ghorashi S, Nezami N. Paraoxonase Enzyme Activity Is Enhanced by Zinc Supplementation in Hemodialysis Patients. Ren Fail 2012; 34:1123-8. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2012.717479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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The Past and Present of Paraoxonase Enzyme: Its Role in the Cardiovascular System and Some Diseases. J Med Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/v10011-012-0006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Past and Present of Paraoxonase Enzyme: Its Role in the Cardiovascular System and Some DiseasesAlthough paraoxonase is synthesized in many tissues including the heart, colon, kidneys, lungs, small intestines and brain, its major locus of synthesis is the liver. PON1 is in close association with apolipoproteins and protects LDL against oxidation. It was reported that PON1 quantities dropped to 40 times lower than normal in cardiovascular diseases and diseases like diabetes, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, chronic renal failure, SLE, Behcet's disease, cancer, hepatitis B, obesity, metabolic syndrome, Alzheimer's and dementia. It is speculated that the concerning decline in serum PON1 amount results from single nucleotide polymorphism in the coding (Q192R, L55M) and promoter (T-108C) sites of the PON1 gene. Additionally, circulating amounts of PON1 are affected by vitamins, antioxidants, fatty acids, dietary factors, drugs, age and lifestyle. This collection attempts to review and examine the past and present studies of paraoxonase and its relation with the cardiovascular system and some relevant diseases.
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Rocha JC, Martins MJ. Oxidative stress in phenylketonuria: future directions. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:381-98. [PMID: 22116469 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-011-9417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria represents the most prevalent inborn error of amino acid metabolism. In early diagnosed patients adequate and continued dietary treatment results in a good neurologic outcome. Natural protein and phenylalanine-restricted diet, even if rich in fruits and vegetables, represents a serious risk for nutritional deficiencies, albeit universally accepted. In the last few years, a growing number of reports have been describing oxidative stress as a concern in phenylketonuric patients. The diet itself includes good sources of dietary antioxidants (phytochemicals, some vitamins and minerals) but also a risk factor for some deficiencies (selenium, zinc, ubiquinone-10 and L-carnitine). Additionally, the extreme stringency of the diet may impose a reduced synthesis of endogenous antioxidants (like ubiquinone-10 and glutathione). Furthermore, increased phenylalanine levels, and its metabolites, may enhance the endogenous synthesis of reactive species and free radicals and/or interfere with the endogenous synthesis of enzymatic antioxidants (like glutathione peroxidase). Therefore, oxidative stress will probably increase, mainly in late diagnosed patients or in those with bad metabolic control. Considering the known association between oxidative stress, obesity and cardiovascular disease, it seems advisable to look further to the impact of oxidative stress on body macromolecules and structures (like lipoprotein oxidation), especially in phenylketonuric patients with late diagnosis or bad metabolic control, in order to prevent future increased risks. Recommendations for PKU patient's clinical follow-up improvement and educational goals are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio César Rocha
- Centro de Genética Médica Jacinto de Magalhães - INSA, IP, Praça Pedro Nunes, 88, 4099-028 Porto, Portugal.
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Riccioni G, Speranza L, Pesce M, Cusenza S, D'Orazio N, Glade MJ. Novel phytonutrient contributors to antioxidant protection against cardiovascular disease. Nutrition 2012; 28:605-10. [PMID: 22480801 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The associations linking endothelial inflammation, endothelial oxidative stress, and atherogenesis and the potential for dietary phytonutrients to decrease the impact of these associations were assessed. A detailed literature review was conducted and summarized. A large body of scientific evidence describes the interactions among endothelial inflammation, endothelial oxidative stress, and atherogenesis. A growing body of research indicates that several dietary phytonutrients (astaxanthin, lycopene, lutein, and glabridin) can decrease the risk for atherosclerosis by decreasing endothelial inflammation and oxidative stress. The consumption of foods or dietary supplements that provide astaxanthin, lycopene, lutein, and glabridin can ameliorate endothelial inflammation and oxidative stress, retard atherogenesis, and decrease the risk for atherogenic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Riccioni
- Cardiology Unit, San Camillo de Lellis Hospital, Manfredonia, Foggia, Italy.
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Regulation of hepatic paraoxonase-1 expression. J Lipids 2012; 2012:684010. [PMID: 22548179 PMCID: PMC3324161 DOI: 10.1155/2012/684010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a member of the paraoxonases family (PON1, PON2, and PON3). PON1 is synthesized and secreted by the liver, and in circulation it is associated with HDL. PON1 has antioxidative properties, which are associated with the enzyme's capability to decrease oxidative stress in atherosclerotic lesions and to attenuate atherosclerosis development. Epidemiological evidence demonstrates that low PON1 activity is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events and cardiovascular disease and is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. Therefore, pharmacological modulation of PON1 activity or PON1 gene expression could constitute a useful approach for preventing atherosclerosis. A primary determinant of serum PON1 levels is the availability of the enzyme for release by the liver, the principal site of PON1 production. Together with the enzyme secretion rate, enzymatic turnover, and protein stability, the level of PON1 gene expression is a major determinant of PON1 status. This paper summarizes recent progress in understanding the regulation of PON1 expression in hepatocytes.
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Visioli F, De La Lastra CA, Andres-Lacueva C, Aviram M, Calhau C, Cassano A, D'Archivio M, Faria A, Favé G, Fogliano V, Llorach R, Vitaglione P, Zoratti M, Edeas M. Polyphenols and human health: a prospectus. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 51:524-46. [PMID: 21929330 DOI: 10.1080/10408391003698677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lay press often heralds polyphenols as panacea for all sorts of diseases. The rationale is that their antioxidant activity would prevent free radical damage to macromolecules. However, basic and clinical science is showing that the reality is much more complex than this and that several issues, notably content in foodstuff, bioavailability, or in vivo antioxidant activity are yet to be resolved. We summarize the recent findings concerning the effects of polyphenols on human health, analyze the current limitations at pitfalls, and propose future directions for research.
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