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Rho JH, Lee JH, Kwon I. AlbuCatcher for Long-Acting Therapeutics. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22990-23000. [PMID: 38826564 PMCID: PMC11137731 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins, pivotal for treating diverse human diseases due to their biocompatibility and high selectivity, often face challenges such as rapid serum clearance, enzymatic degradation, and immune responses. To address these issues and enable prolonged therapeutic efficacy, techniques to extend the serum half-life of therapeutic proteins are crucial. The AlbuCatcher, a conjugate of human serum albumin (HSA) and SpyCatcher, was proposed as a general technique to extend the serum half-life of diverse therapeutic proteins. HSA, the most abundant blood protein, exhibits a long intrinsic half-life through Fc receptor (FcRn)-mediated recycling. The SpyTag/SpyCatcher (ST/SC) system, known for forming irreversible isopeptide bonds, was employed to conjugate HSA and therapeutic proteins. Site-specific HSA conjugation to SC was achieved using an inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction, minimizing activity loss. Using urate oxidase (Uox) as a model protein with a short half-life, the small ST was fused to generate Uox-ST. Then, HSA-conjugated Uox (Uox-HSA) was successfully prepared via the Uox-ST/AlbuCatcher reaction. In vitro enzyme assays demonstrated that the impact of ST fusion and HSA conjugation on Uox enzymatic activity is negligible. Pharmacokinetics studies in mice revealed that Uox-HSA exhibits a significantly longer serum half-life (about 18 h) compared to Uox-WT (about 2 h). This extended half-life is attributed to FcRn-mediated recycling of HSA-conjugated Uox, demonstrating the effectiveness of the AlbuCatcher strategy in enhancing the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Rho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hun Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Inchan Kwon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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2
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Kawakami T, Murakami H, Suga H. Messenger RNA-Programmed Incorporation of Multiple N-Methyl-Amino Acids into Linear and Cyclic Peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 11/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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3
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Taki M, Tokuda Y, Ohtsuki T, Sisido M. Design of carrier tRNAs and selection of four-base codons for efficient incorporation of various nonnatural amino acids into proteins in Spodoptera frugiperda 21 (Sf21) insect cell-free translation system. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 102:511-7. [PMID: 17270715 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.102.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda 21 (Sf21) insect cell-free protein synthesizing system was expanded to include nonnatural amino acids. Orthogonal tRNAs that work as carriers of nonnatural amino acids in the insect system were explored. Four-base codons for assigning the positions of nonnatural amino acids were also selected. Mutated streptavidin mRNAs that contained different four-base codons were prepared and added to the insect cell-free system in the presence of various tRNAs possessing the corresponding four-base anticodons. The tRNAs were chemically aminoacylated with various types of nonnatural amino acids to examine their incorporation efficiencies. Using p-nitrophenylalanine as the nonnatural amino acid and streptavidin as the target protein, tRNA sequences and the types of four-base codons were optimized to maximize the yield of the nonnatural mutant and to minimize production of full-length proteins that do not contain the nonnatural amino acid. Among the tRNA sequences taken from a variety of tRNAs of nonstandard structures, the tRNA derived from Methanosarcina acetivorans tRNA(Pyl) was the most efficient and orthogonal tRNA. Of the CGGN-type four-base codons, CGGA and CGGG were the most efficient ones for assigning the positions of nonnatural amino acids. p-Nitrophenylalanine and 2-naphthylalanine were efficiently incorporated as in the case of Escherichia coli and rabbit reticulocyte cell-free systems. Much less efficient incorporation was observed, however, for other nonnatural amino acids, indicating that the insect system is less tolerant to the structural diversity of amino acids than the E. coli cell-free system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Taki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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4
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Taira H, Fukushima M, Hohsaka T, Sisido M. Four-base codon-mediated incorporation of non-natural amino acids into proteins in a eukaryotic cell-free translation system. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 99:473-6. [PMID: 16233819 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.99.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Various four-base codons have been shown to work for the introduction of non-natural amino acids into proteins in an Escherichia coli cell-free translation system. Here, a four-base codon-mediated non-natural mutagenesis was applied to a eukaryotic rabbit reticulocyte cell-free translation system. Mutated streptavidin mRNAs containing four-base codons were prepared and added to a rabbit reticulocyte lysate in the presence of tRNAs that were aminoacylated with a non-natural amino acid and had the corresponding four-base anticodons. A Western blot analysis of translation products indicated that the four-base codons CGGU, CGCU, CCCU, CUCU, CUAU, and GGGU were efficiently decoded by the aminoacyl-tRNAs having the corresponding four-base anticodons. In contrast, the four-base codons AGGU, AGAU, CGAU, UUGU, UCGU, and ACGU were not decoded. The stop codon-derived four-base codons UAGU, UAAU, and UGAU were found to be inefficient, whereas the amber codon UAG and opal codon UGA were efficient for the incorporation of non-natural amino acids. The application of the expanded genetic code in a eukaryotic cell-free system opens the possibility of a four-base codon-mediated incorporation of non-natural amino acids into proteins in living eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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5
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Agafonov DE, Huang Y, Grote M, Sprinzl M. Efficient suppression of the amber codon in E. coli in vitro translation system. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:2156-60. [PMID: 15811334 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An mRNA encoding the esterase from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius with catalytically essential serine codon (ACG) replaced by an amber (UAG) codon was used to study the suppression in in vitro translation system. Suppression of UAG by tRNA(Ser(CUA)) was monitored by determination of the full-length and active esterase. It was shown that commonly used increase of suppressor tRNA concentration inhibits protein production and therefore limits suppression. In situ deactivation of release factor by specific antibodies leads to efficient suppression already at low suppressor tRNA concentration and allows an in vitro synthesis of fully active enzyme in high yield undistinguishable from wild-type protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry E Agafonov
- Laboratorium für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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6
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Röhrig CH, Retz OA, Meergans T, Schmidt RR. In vitro non-natural amino acid mutagenesis using a suppressor tRNA generated by the cis-acting hepatitis delta virus ribozyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 325:731-8. [PMID: 15541351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In vitro non-natural amino acid mutagenesis requires aminoacyl-charged suppressor transfer RNAs which read an internal stop codon. For the synthesis of aminoacyl-tRNAs loaded with non-natural amino acids, T4 RNA ligase is used to ligate a chemically synthesised aminoacyl-dinucleotide to a truncated 74mer tRNA(-CA) lacking the two 3' end nucleotides. The 74mer tRNA(-CA) in turn is generated by run-off transcription from a linearised plasmid encoding the tRNA sequence under control of the T7 promoter. Transcripts with heterogeneous ends are commonly obtained, which interfere with subsequent reactions such as ligation or translation. Here we report an improved procedure for the generation and chromatographic purification of large amounts of homogeneous 3' end tRNA(-CA) by hepatitis delta virus ribozyme cis-cleavage and the first application of this tRNA to in vitro non-natural amino acid mutagenesis. Stop codon suppression is increased compared to conventionally synthesised suppressor tRNA; 2.5 microg of mutated protein was synthesised in a 50 microl batch reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph H Röhrig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Fach M 725, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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7
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Abstract
Conventional display libraries are generally limited to the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. Here, we demonstrate that novel unnatural amide-linked oligomers can be constructed and encoded in an attached RNA for the purpose of mRNA display library design. To do this, we translated templates of various lengths in a protein synthesis system modified to promote sense codon suppression. Unnatural residues were escorted to the ribosome as chemically acylated tRNAs added to the translation mixture. Our experiments reveal that unnatural peptide oligomers ("encodamers") consisting of an N-substituted amino acid are readily generated as mRNA-peptide fusions with excellent stepwise efficiency. The N-substituted polyamides have strikingly improved proteolytic stability relative to their naturally encoded counterparts. Overall, our work indicates that the ribosome can be used as a synthesis platform to generate encoded combinatorial chemistry outside the universal genetic code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Frankel
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 147-75, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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8
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Hohsaka T. Incorporation of Nonnatural Amino Acids into Proteins through Extension of the Genetic Code. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.77.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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9
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Hohsaka T, Muranaka N, Komiyama C, Matsui K, Takaura S, Abe R, Murakami H, Sisido M. Position-specific incorporation of dansylated non-natural amino acids into streptavidin by using a four-base codon. FEBS Lett 2004; 560:173-7. [PMID: 14988018 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel non-natural amino acids carrying a dansyl fluorescent group were designed, synthesized, and incorporated into various positions of streptavidin by using a CGGG four-base codon in an Escherichia coli in vitro translation system. 2,6-Dansyl-aminophenylalanine (2,6-dnsAF) was found to be incorporated into the protein more efficiently than 1,5-dansyl-lysine, 2,6-dansyl-lysine, and 1,5-dansyl-aminophenylalanine. Fluorescence measurements indicate that the position-specific incorporation of the 2,6-dnsAF is a useful technique to probe protein structures. These results also indicate that well-designed non-natural amino acids carrying relatively large side chains can be accepted as substrates of the translation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hohsaka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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10
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Abstract
Combinatorial peptide and protein libraries have now been developed to accommodate unnatural amino acids in a genetically encoded format via in vitro nonsense and sense suppression. General translation features and specific regioselective and stereoselective properties of the ribosome endow these libraries with a broad chemical diversity. Alternatively, amino acid residues can be chemically derivatized post-translationally to add preferred functionality to the encoded peptide. All of these efforts are advancing combinatorial peptide and protein libraries for enhanced ligands against biological targets of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Frankel
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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11
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Monahan SL, Lester HA, Dougherty DA. Site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into receptors expressed in Mammalian cells. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2003; 10:573-80. [PMID: 12837390 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(03)00124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe an approach to achieve unnatural amino acid incorporation into channels and receptors expressed in mammalian cells. We show that microelectroporation provides a general method to deliver DNA, mRNA, and tRNA simultaneously. In both CHO cells and cultured neurons, microelectroporation efficiently delivers an in vitro transcribed, serine amber suppressor tRNA, leading to nonsense suppression in a mutant EGFP gene. In CHO cells, both natural and unnatural amino acids chemically appended to a suppressor tRNA are site specifically incorporated into the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Electrophysiology confirms the expected functional consequences of the unnatural residue. The microelectroporation strategy described here is more general, less tedious, and less damaging to mammalian neuronal and nonneuronal cells than previous approaches to nonsense suppression in small cells and provides the first example of unnatural amino acid incorporation in mammalian cells using chemically aminoacylated tRNA.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/metabolism
- Amino Acids/chemistry
- Amino Acids/genetics
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Cells, Cultured
- Codon, Nonsense
- Cricetinae
- Electroporation/methods
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Suppressor
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics
- Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Monahan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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12
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Beene DL, Dougherty DA, Lester HA. Unnatural amino acid mutagenesis in mapping ion channel function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2003; 13:264-70. [PMID: 12850209 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-4388(03)00068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unnatural amino acid mutagenesis makes possible the site-specific incorporation of synthetic amino acids, enabling detailed structure-function studies as well as the incorporation of biophysical probes. This method has been adapted for use with heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes, allowing experiments on ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren L Beene
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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13
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Petersson EJ, Brandt GS, Zacharias NM, Dougherty DA, Lester HA. Caging proteins through unnatural amino acid mutagenesis. Methods Enzymol 2003; 360:258-73. [PMID: 12622154 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)60114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The caging of specific residues of proteins is a powerful tool. This discussion attempts to alert the reader to the considerations that must be made in preparing and analyzing a caged protein through nonsense suppression. Although the suppression methodology is conceptually straightforward, it not possible to provide a failsafe "cook book" method for using caged unnaturals. We have emphasized the preparation of caged receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes, but these approaches can clearly be adapted to many other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E James Petersson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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14
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Manabe S, Sakamoto K, Nakahara Y, Sisido M, Hohsaka T, Ito Y. Preparation of glycosylated amino acid derivatives for glycoprotein synthesis by in vitro translation system. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:573-81. [PMID: 11814845 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
General preparation of glycosylated amino acylated nucleotide for in vitro peptide synthesis was described. Both O-glycosylated amino acyl nucleotides and C-glycosylated amino acyl nucleotide were synthesized by choosing the appropriate protecting group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Manabe
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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