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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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2
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Zhu C, Ang NWJ, Meyer TH, Qiu Y, Ackermann L. Organic Electrochemistry: Molecular Syntheses with Potential. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:415-431. [PMID: 33791425 PMCID: PMC8006177 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and selective molecular syntheses are paramount to inter alia biomolecular chemistry and material sciences as well as for practitioners in chemical, agrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Organic electrosynthesis has undergone a considerable renaissance and has thus in recent years emerged as an increasingly viable platform for the sustainable molecular assembly. In stark contrast to early strategies by innate reactivity, electrochemistry was recently merged with modern concepts of organic synthesis, such as transition-metal-catalyzed transformations for inter alia C-H functionalization and asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we highlight the unique potential of organic electrosynthesis for sustainable synthesis and catalysis, showcasing key aspects of exceptional selectivities, the synergism with photocatalysis, or dual electrocatalysis, and novel mechanisms in metallaelectrocatalysis until February of 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiju Zhu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nate W. J. Ang
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Youai Qiu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Daniel Little
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Liu J, Lu L, Wood D, Lin S. New Redox Strategies in Organic Synthesis by Means of Electrochemistry and Photochemistry. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1317-1340. [PMID: 32875074 PMCID: PMC7453421 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As the breadth of radical chemistry grows, new means to promote and regulate single-electron redox activities play increasingly important roles in driving modern synthetic innovation. In this regard, photochemistry and electrochemistry-both considered as niche fields for decades-have seen an explosive renewal of interest in recent years and gradually have become a cornerstone of organic chemistry. In this Outlook article, we examine the current state-of-the-art in the areas of electrochemistry and photochemistry, as well as the nascent area of electrophotochemistry. These techniques employ external stimuli to activate organic molecules and imbue privileged control of reaction progress and selectivity that is challenging to traditional chemical methods. Thus, they provide alternative entries to known and new reactive intermediates and enable distinct synthetic strategies that were previously unimaginable. Of the many hallmarks, electro- and photochemistry are often classified as "green" technologies, promoting organic reactions under mild conditions without the necessity for potent and wasteful oxidants and reductants. This Outlook reviews the most recent growth of these fields with special emphasis on conceptual advances that have given rise to enhanced accessibility to the tools of the modern chemical trade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York 14853, United States
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5
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Lu C, Shen F, Wang S, Wang Y, Liu J, Bai WJ, Wang X. An Engineered Self-Sufficient Biocatalyst Enables Scalable Production of Linear α-Olefins from Carboxylic Acids. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Fenglin Shen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Shuaibo Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Wen-Ju Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Xiqing Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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6
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemistry: Calling All Engineers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4149-4155. [PMID: 28834012 PMCID: PMC5823775 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Unmet potential: Electrochemistry is the most simple and basic way of altering the redox-states of organic molecules. Despite extensive studies and its demonstrated promise, it has yet to take off in mainstream synthesis. The reason is due to engineering challenges in instrument design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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7
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Yang QL, Fang P, Mei TS. Recent Advances in Organic Electrochemical C-H Functionalization. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201700740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu; Shanghai 200032 China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu; Shanghai 200032 China
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1865] [Impact Index Per Article: 266.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetisch-organische Elektrochemie: Ein Aufruf an alle Ingenieure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI); 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI); 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI); 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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10
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Fu N, Sauer GS, Saha A, Loo A, Lin S. Metal-catalyzed electrochemical diazidation of alkenes. Science 2017; 357:575-579. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aan6206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
This review defines symmetric molecules from a synthetic perspective and shows various strategies that take advantage of molecular symmetry to construct them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ju Bai
- Department of Chemistry
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
| | - Xiqing Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- China
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12
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Horn EJ, Rosen BR, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemistry: An Enabling and Innately Sustainable Method. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:302-8. [PMID: 27280164 PMCID: PMC4882743 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While preparative electrolysis of organic molecules has been an active area of research over the past century, modern synthetic chemists have generally been reluctant to adopt this technology. In fact, electrochemical methods possess many benefits over traditional reagent-based transformations, such as high functional group tolerance, mild conditions, and innate scalability and sustainability. In this Outlook we highlight illustrative examples of electrochemical reactions in the context of the synthesis of complex molecules, showcasing the intrinsic benefits of electrochemical reactions versus traditional reagent-based approaches. Our hope is that this field will soon see widespread adoption in the synthetic community.
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13
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Isse AA, Visonà G, Ghelfi F, Roncaglia F, Gennaro A. Electrochemical Approach to Copper-Catalyzed Reversed Atom Transfer Radical Cyclization. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Francke R, Little RD. Redox catalysis in organic electrosynthesis: basic principles and recent developments. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2492-521. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60464k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1071] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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CHIBA K, KIM S. Anodic Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation in Lithium Perchlorate/Nitromethane Electrolyte Solution. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.77.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Kim S, Noda S, Hayashi K, Chiba K. An Oxidative Carbon−Carbon Bond Formation System in Cycloalkane-Based Thermomorphic Multiphase Solution. Org Lett 2008; 10:1827-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol8004408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shokaku Kim
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Satoko Noda
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kanako Hayashi
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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18
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Manchanayakage R, Handy ST. Regioselective Barbier reactions of 2-bromomethylcyclohexenone. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.03.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Yee R, Mallory J, Parrish J, Carroll GL, Little RD. The influence of electrogenerated Sm(II), electrogenerated Yb(II), and magnesium ions produced at a sacrificial magnesium anode, upon the diastereoselectivity of electroreductive cyclization reactions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Miura T, Kim S, Kitano Y, Tada M, Chiba K. Electrochemical Enol Ether/Olefin Cross-Metathesis in a Lithium Perchlorate/Nitromethane Electrolyte Solution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Miura T, Kim S, Kitano Y, Tada M, Chiba K. Electrochemical Enol Ether/Olefin Cross-Metathesis in a Lithium Perchlorate/Nitromethane Electrolyte Solution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:1461-3. [PMID: 16440381 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Miura
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Kratschmer S, Schäfer HJ, Fröhlich R. Cathodically initiated cyclodimerization of trimethyl aconitate. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(01)00470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Courtois V, Barhdadi R, Troupel M, Périchon J. Electroreductive coupling of organic halides in alcoholic solvents. An example: The electrosynthesis of biaryls catalysed by nickel-2,2′ bipyridine complexes. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)00744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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