1
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Guan F, Wen J. Flash Organometallic Catalysis Uncovered by Continuous Microfluidic Devices. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300646. [PMID: 38291001 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The flash organometallic catalysis is a new concept that refers to the study of fast and controlled organometallic catalytic reactions by using microfluidic devices. Flash reactions' kinetics (ms-s scale) is often ignored due to the lack of proper research tool in organometallic chemistry. The development of microfluidic systems offers the opportunity to discover under-studied mechanisms and new reactions. In this concept, the basic theory of kinetic measurement in a microreactor is briefly reviewed and then two examples on studying flash organometallic catalytic transformation are introduced. One example is the discovery of a highly active palladium catalytic species for Suzuki Coupling and the other example is the study of a neglected isomerization catalytic cycle with a time scale of seconds before isomerization-hydroformylation by customized microfluidic devices. The last part is summary and prospect of this new area. Customizing a microfluidic device with good engineering design for a target reaction supports flash reactions' kinetic experimentation and could become a general strategy in chemistry lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfu Guan
- Department of Chemical Process R&D, Lianyungang Institute of Research, Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 7 Kunlunshan Road, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Jialin Wen
- Department of Chemical Process R&D, Lianyungang Institute of Research, Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 7 Kunlunshan Road, Lianyungang, 222000, China
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2
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Takahashi R, Hu A, Gao P, Gao Y, Pang Y, Seo T, Jiang J, Maeda S, Takaya H, Kubota K, Ito H. Mechanochemical synthesis of magnesium-based carbon nucleophiles in air and their use in organic synthesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6691. [PMID: 34795265 PMCID: PMC8602241 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26962-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of Grignard reagents in 1900, the nucleophilic addition of magnesium-based carbon nucleophiles to various electrophiles has become one of the most powerful, versatile, and well-established methods for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds in organic synthesis. Grignard reagents are typically prepared via reactions between organic halides and magnesium metal in a solvent. However, this method usually requires the use of dry organic solvents, long reaction times, strict control of the reaction temperature, and inert-gas-line techniques. Despite the utility of Grignard reagents, these requirements still represent major drawbacks from both an environmental and an economic perspective, and often cause reproducibility problems. Here, we report the general mechanochemical synthesis of magnesium-based carbon nucleophiles (Grignard reagents in paste form) in air using a ball milling technique. These nucleophiles can be used directly for one-pot nucleophilic addition reactions with various electrophiles and nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions under solvent-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Takahashi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Anqi Hu
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Pan Gao
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yunpeng Gao
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yadong Pang
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Julong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hikaru Takaya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Division of Photo-Molecular Science III/Advanced Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.
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3
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Chauvier C, Finck L, Irran E, Oestreich M. Autocatalytic Carbonyl Arylation through In Situ Release of Aryl Nucleophiles from N-Aryl-N'-Silyldiazenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12337-12341. [PMID: 32030857 PMCID: PMC7383908 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A method for the catalytic generation of functionalized aryl alkali metals is reported. These highly reactive intermediates are liberated from silyl-protected aryl-substituted diazenes by the action of Lewis basic alkali metal silanolates, resulting in desilylation and loss of N2 . Catalytic quantities of these Lewis bases initiate the transfer of the aryl nucleophile from the diazene to carbonyl and carboxyl compounds with superb functional-group tolerance. The aryl alkali metal can be decorated with electrophilic substituents such as methoxycarbonyl or cyano as well as halogen groups. The synthesis of a previously unknown cyclophane-like [4]arene macrocycle from a 1,3-bisdiazene combined with a 1,4-dialdehyde underlines the potential of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Chauvier
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 11510623BerlinGermany
| | - Lucie Finck
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 11510623BerlinGermany
| | - Elisabeth Irran
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 11510623BerlinGermany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 11510623BerlinGermany
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4
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Chauvier C, Finck L, Irran E, Oestreich M. Autokatalytische Carbonylarylierung mittels lokaler Freisetzung von Arylnukleophilen ausgehend von
N
‐Aryl‐
N
′‐silyldiazenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Chauvier
- Institut für Chemie Technische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Lucie Finck
- Institut für Chemie Technische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Elisabeth Irran
- Institut für Chemie Technische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie Technische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
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5
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Berton M, Sheehan K, Adamo A, McQuade DT. Disposable cartridge concept for the on-demand synthesis of turbo Grignards, Knochel-Hauser amides, and magnesium alkoxides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1343-1356. [PMID: 32595782 PMCID: PMC7308606 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium organometallic reagents occupy a central position in organic synthesis. The freshness of these compounds is the key for achieving a high conversion and reproducible results. Common methods for the synthesis of Grignard reagents from metallic magnesium present safety issues and exhibit a batch-to-batch variability. Tubular reactors of solid reagents combined with solution-phase reagents enable the continuous-flow preparation of organomagnesium reagents. The use of stratified packed-bed columns of magnesium metal and lithium chloride for the synthesis of highly concentrated turbo Grignards is reported. A low-cost pod-style synthesizer prototype, which incorporates single-use prepacked perfluorinated cartridges and bags of reagents for the automated on-demand lab-scale synthesis of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen turbo magnesium bases is presented. This concept will provide access to fresh organomagnesium reagents on a discovery scale and will do so independent from the operator’s experience in flow and/or organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Berton
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Biotech Eight, 737 N. 5th St., Box 980100, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Kevin Sheehan
- Zaiput Flow Technologies, 300 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Andrea Adamo
- Zaiput Flow Technologies, 300 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - D Tyler McQuade
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Biotech Eight, 737 N. 5th St., Box 980100, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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6
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Katayama S, Koge T, Katsuragi S, Akai S, Oishi T. Flow Synthesis of (3 R)- and (3 S)-( E)-1-Iodohexa-1,5-dien-3-ol: Chiral Building Blocks for Natural Product Synthesis. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sota Katayama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Koge
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Satoko Katsuragi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuji Akai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tohru Oishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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7
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Wei XJ, Noël T. Visible-Light Photocatalytic Difluoroalkylation-Induced 1, 2-Heteroarene Migration of Allylic Alcohols in Batch and Flow. J Org Chem 2018; 83:11377-11384. [PMID: 30020781 PMCID: PMC6154216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A convenient method for the preparation
of sp3-rich
heterocycles is reported. The method comprises a photocatalytic difluoroalkylation-induced
1,2-heteroarene migration of allylic alcohols. Here we describe for
the first time the benefits of using flow to facilitate such migration
reactions, including shorter reaction times, higher selectivities,
and opportunities to scale the chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology , Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2 , 5612 AZ Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology , Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2 , 5612 AZ Eindhoven , The Netherlands
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8
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Fanelli F, Parisi G, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Contribution of microreactor technology and flow chemistry to the development of green and sustainable synthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:520-542. [PMID: 28405232 PMCID: PMC5372749 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microreactor technology and flow chemistry could play an important role in the development of green and sustainable synthetic processes. In this review, some recent relevant examples in the field of flash chemistry, catalysis, hazardous chemistry and continuous flow processing are described. Selected examples highlight the role that flow chemistry could play in the near future for a sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Fanelli
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari. Italy
| | - Giovanna Parisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari. Italy
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari. Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari. Italy
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9
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Kockmann N, Thenée P, Fleischer-Trebes C, Laudadio G, Noël T. Safety assessment in development and operation of modular continuous-flow processes. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Improved safety is one of the main drivers for microreactor application in chemical process development and small-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Kockmann
- Laboratory of Equipment Design
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering
- TU Dortmund
- Germany
| | | | | | - Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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10
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Degennaro L, Maggiulli D, Carlucci C, Fanelli F, Romanazzi G, Luisi R. A direct and sustainable synthesis of tertiary butyl esters enabled by flow microreactors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:9554-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04588j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward synthesis of tertiary butyl esters enabled by flow microreactors is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro”
- FLAME – Lab Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory
- Bari 70125
- Italy
| | - Daniela Maggiulli
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro”
- FLAME – Lab Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory
- Bari 70125
- Italy
| | - Claudia Carlucci
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro”
- FLAME – Lab Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory
- Bari 70125
- Italy
| | - Flavio Fanelli
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro”
- FLAME – Lab Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory
- Bari 70125
- Italy
| | | | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro”
- FLAME – Lab Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory
- Bari 70125
- Italy
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