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Thunström S, Wide U, Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Berntorp K, Bryman I, Krantz E, Wahlberg J, Ekman B, Isakson M, Karlsson A, Bergström I, Naessén S. Psychiatric disorders and comorbidity in women with Turner Syndrome: a retrospective national cohort study. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:355. [PMID: 39227579 PMCID: PMC11372165 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02937-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic condition characterized by partial or complete monosomy X. A reduced life expectancy has been shown in TS, depending on an increased risk of aortic dissection, and ischemic heart disease. Studies covering the occurrence of psychiatric conditions are sparse within TS. Several case reports describe concomitant TS and neuropsychiatric abnormalities that may represent a pathogenetic link to genetics, as well as feature correlates of TS. The aim of this study was to determine the presence, and the frequency of psychiatric diagnosis in women with TS in a Swedish cohort followed during 25 years' time. Statistics from the entire female population in Sweden of corresponding age was used as reference. Data were retrieved from clinical examinations and validated from the National Board of Health and Welfare registries for women with TS (n = 487), aged 16 to 84 years, with respect to mental health disorders. The most common diagnoses in TS were mood and anxiety disorders. There was no increase in psychiatric diagnosis within the group with time, nor correlation to specific karyotype or somatic comorbidity as congenital heart disease and hypothyroidism, hormonal treatment, or childbirth. In addition, the frequency of psychiatric diagnosis in TS was lower than in the population-based data. Further investigations are needed in the view of the fact that women with Turner syndrome should not be burdened with more severe diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Thunström
- The Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulla Wide
- Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Landin-Wilhelmsen
- The Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Section of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Berntorp
- Genetics and Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Inger Bryman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emily Krantz
- The Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Wahlberg
- Department of Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bertil Ekman
- Department of Endocrinology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Isakson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Karlsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Bergström
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sabine Naessén
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Academic Primary Health Care Centre, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Rathod S, Jajoo S, Shanoo A, Dande A, Kaplish D. Solving the Dilemma: Van Wyk-Grumbach Syndrome. Cureus 2024; 16:e61382. [PMID: 38947684 PMCID: PMC11214647 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome (VWGS) (hypothyroidism, ovarian mass, and precocious puberty) has been extensively documented in the literature as long-term hypothyroidism manifesting as an ovarian mass. The authors of this study describe this entity in a young girl, aged 10, who presented with abdominal pain with a multiloculated ovarian cyst. She was evaluated, and it was discovered that she had delayed bone age, precocious puberty, and a small height. Following her diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis and the initiation of thyroxine replacement therapy, the ovarian cysts spontaneously regressed. To avoid needless assessment and surgical mishaps, this entity should be considered in situations of ovarian mass, particularly those with precocious puberty and thyroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Rathod
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Shubhada Jajoo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Amardeep Shanoo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Anubha Dande
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Divyanshi Kaplish
- Department of Pediatrics, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Fernandez-Gonzalez SM, Perez Vila MM, Prado-Carro AM. Precocious Puberty in Hypothyroidism: Mini-Review of Van Wyk-Grumbach Syndrome. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad135. [PMID: 38024650 PMCID: PMC10652332 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe hypothyroidism can affect a variety of organs and can develop atypical manifestations. Peripheral precocious puberty may be secondary to other endocrinological diseases, which must be taken into account in the differential diagnosis in order to avoid unnecessary additional tests. Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome is an infrequent manifestation characterized by severe hypothyroidism and incomplete precocious puberty. Diagnosis is made by clinical and complementary tests, and the main treatment goal is to achieve euthyroidism through hormone replacement. Prognosis is good once the treatment is established. The aim of this study is to review the available literature about Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome following the PRISMA statement, and to present the first clinical case published in Spain. We have included the articles published during the period from 1905 to week 40 of 2022. A total of 68 articles have been selected for study and analysis, within which there are 99 published clinical cases. Girls accounted for 92.1% of cases (median age at the diagnosis 8.5 years). Metrorrhagia was the most prevalent symptom, present in 80.5% of the girls. Abdominal ultrasound was performed in 93.3% of the girls and 97.8% of them had at least one ovarian cyst. All cases were treated with levothyroxine, responding satisfactorily after the first doses of treatment. To conclude, Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome is characterized by severe hypothyroidism and incomplete precocious puberty, which is important to keep in mind in order to avoid complementary exams and unnecessary surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Maria Prado-Carro
- Endocrinology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
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Lee YL, Zaini AA, Idris AN, Abdullah RA, Wong JS, Hong JS, Hussain S, Lim PG, Lim SH, Nor NS, Wu LL, Jalaludin MY. Thyroid autoimmunity and autoimmune thyroid disease in Malaysian girls with Turner syndrome: An understudied population. J Paediatr Child Health 2023; 59:879-884. [PMID: 37066819 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Knowledge on the spectrum of thyroid disorders amongst Turner syndrome (TS) patients in Southeast Asia is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity, the spectrum of autoimmune thyroid disease and association with age and karyotype amongst Malaysian TS girls. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at 11 paediatric endocrine units in Malaysia. Blood samples for antithyroglobulin antibodies, antithyroid peroxidase antibodies and thyroid function test were obtained. In patients with pre-existing thyroid disease, information on clinical and biochemical thyroid status was obtained from medical records. RESULTS Ninety-seven TS patients with a mean age of 13.4 ± 4.8 years were recruited. Thyroid autoimmunity was found in 43.8% of TS patients. Nineteen per cent of those with thyroid autoimmunity had autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto thyroiditis in 7.3% and hyperthyroidism in 1% of total population). Patients with isochromosome X and patients with 45,X mosaicism or other X chromosomal abnormalities were more prone to have thyroid autoimmunity compared to those with 45,X karyotype (OR 5.09, 95% CI 1.54-16.88, P = 0.008 and OR 3.41, 95% CI 1.32-8.82, P = 0.01 respectively). The prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity increased with age (33.3% for age 0-9.9 years; 46.8% for age 10-19.9 years and 57.1% age for 20-29.9 years) with autoimmune thyroid disease detected in 14.3% during adulthood. CONCLUSION Thyroid autoimmunity was significantly associated with the non 45,X karyotype group, particularly isochromosome X. Annual screening of thyroid function should be carried out upon diagnosis of TS until adulthood with more frequent monitoring recommended in the presence of thyroid autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee L Lee
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Azriyanti A Zaini
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Arini N Idris
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Tunku Azizah, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Raja A Abdullah
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Pulau Pinang, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Jeanne Sl Wong
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Putrajaya Hospital, Putrajaya, Malaysia
- Sunway Specialist Centre, Kota Damansara, Malaysia
| | - Joyce Ss Hong
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Pakar Kanak-kanak, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suhaimi Hussain
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Poi G Lim
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Tunku Azizah, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Song H Lim
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Sabah Women and Children's Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Noor Sm Nor
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Malaysia
- Institute for Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Loo L Wu
- Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Y Jalaludin
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Witkowska-Krawczak E, Erazmus M, Majcher A, Pyrżak B, Kucharska AM. Predicted health care profile after transition to adult care in Turner syndrome children-experience of single center. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1173419. [PMID: 37325345 PMCID: PMC10266229 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1173419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Turner Syndrome (TS) is caused by the complete or partial loss of one of the X chromosomes in all or some female cell lines. The variable genotypes are responsible for a large phenotypic diversity, nevertheless most studies emphasize a weak correlation between genotype and phenotype. The study aimed to assess the occurrence of defects and diseases depending on the karyotype in patients with TS and correlation with the predicted health care profile after the transition to adulthood. Materials and methods 45 patients of the Department of Endocrinology and Pediatrics of the Medical University of Warsaw in 1990-2002 were analyzed. Girls were divided into 2 subgroups: "A", which included 16 patients with the karyotype 45,X, and "B", which included 29 girls with mosaic karyotypes. Based on the literature data, characteristic phenotypic features and the typical defects or diseases accompanying TS were selected, and the frequency of their occurrence was compared in both subgroups. Accordingly to this data, the predicted medical care profile was determined. Results In our study, patients with complete monosomy of the X chromosome had more characteristic phenotypic features. They needed sex hormone replacement therapy more often and started to menstruate spontaneously much less frequently (only 18.18% in monosomy vs. 73.91% in mosaic patients, p = 0.006). In patients with monosomy, congenital defects of the circulatory system were found more often (46.67% vs. 30.77%). The diagnosis in patients with mosaic karyotype was more often delayed, therefore the optimal time of growth hormone therapy was shorter. In our study, the X isochromosome determined the higher prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis (83.33% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.049). We didn't find a correlation between the type of karyotype and health care profile after the transition, most of the patients needed more than 2 specialists. Most often, they required: gynecologists, cardiologists, and orthopedics. Conclusions After the transition from pediatric to adulthood, patients with TS need multidisciplinary care, but not all need the same kind of assistance. The phenotype and comorbidities determine the profile of patients' health care, however it wasn't directly related to the type of karyotype in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michał Erazmus
- Correspondence: Michał Erazmus Anna Małgorzata Kucharska
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Al-Bluwi GSM, AlNababteh AH, Östlundh L, Al-Shamsi S, Al-Rifai RH. Prevalence of Celiac Disease in Patients With Turner Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:674896. [PMID: 34222285 PMCID: PMC8247446 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.674896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Celiac disease (CD) is a multifactorial autoimmune disorder, and studies have reported that patients with Turner syndrome (TS) are at risk for CD. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the weighted prevalence of CD among patients with TS and determine the weighted strength of association between TS and CD. Methods: Studies published between January 1991 and December 2019 were retrieved from four electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. Eligible studies were identified and relevant data were extracted by two independent reviewers following specific eligibility criteria and a data extraction plan. Using the random-effects model, the pooled, overall and subgroup CD prevalence rates were determined, and sources of heterogeneity were investigated using meta-regression. Results: Among a total of 1,116 screened citations, 36 eligible studies were included in the quantitative synthesis. Nearly two-thirds of the studies (61.1%) were from European countries. Of the 6,291 patients with TS who were tested for CD, 241 were diagnosed with CD, with a crude CD prevalence of 3.8%. The highest and lowest CD prevalence rates of 20.0 and 0.0% were reported in Sweden and Germany, respectively. The estimated overall weighted CD prevalence was 4.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3–5.9, I2, 67.4%). The weighted serology-based CD prevalence in patients with TS (3.4%, 95% CI, 1.0–6.6) was similar to the weighted biopsy-based CD prevalence (4.8%; 95% CI, 3.4–6.5). The strength of association between TS and CD was estimated in only four studies (odds ratio 18.1, 95% CI, 1.82–180; odds ratio 4.34, 95% CI, 1.48–12.75; rate ratio 14, 95% CI, 1.48–12.75; rate ratio 42.5, 95% CI, 12.4–144.8). Given the lack of uniformity in the type of reported measures of association and study design, producing a weighted effect measure to evaluate the strength of association between TS and CD was unfeasible. Conclusion: Nearly 1 in every 22 patients with TS had CD. Regular screening for CD in patients with TS might facilitate early diagnosis and therapeutic management to prevent adverse effects of CD such as being underweight and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada S M Al-Bluwi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asma H AlNababteh
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Linda Östlundh
- National Medical Library, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saif Al-Shamsi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rami H Al-Rifai
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Graves' Disease in Genetic Syndromes in Pediatric Age. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020222. [PMID: 33557156 PMCID: PMC7913917 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), including Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD), are the most common cause of acquired thyroid disorder during childhood and adolescence. Our purpose was to assess the main features of AITDs when they occur in association with genetic syndromes. We conducted a systematic review of the literature, covering the last 20 years, through MEDLINE via PubMed and EMBASE databases, in order to identify studies focused on the relation between AITDs and genetic syndromes in children and adolescents. From the 1654 references initially identified, 90 articles were selected for our final evaluation. Turner syndrome, Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, Prader–Willi syndrome, Williams syndrome and 18q deletion syndrome were evaluated. Our analysis confirmed that AITDs show peculiar phenotypic patterns when they occur in association with some genetic disorders, especially chromosomopathies. To improve clinical practice and healthcare in children and adolescents with genetic syndromes, an accurate screening and monitoring of thyroid function and autoimmunity should be performed. Furthermore, maintaining adequate thyroid hormone levels is important to avoid aggravating growth and cognitive deficits that are not infrequently present in the syndromes analyzed.
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Santos LO, Laranjeira R, Borborema MEBDA, Sotero-Caio CG, Duarte ADR, Araújo J, de Azevedo Silva J, Santos N. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and expression profile influence upon the immunological imbalance in Turner syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:505-513. [PMID: 31686401 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Turner syndrome (TS) patients display considerable immune misregulation, and it is hypothesized that Vitamin D (VTD) activity may fluctuate according to Vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and/or expression profile. To uncover a possible relationship between VDR genotype and clinical conditions in TS patients, we investigated two functional VDR variants (Cdx-2 and FokI) for allele and genotype frequencies, as well as expression profile in TS individuals versus healthy controls (HC). METHODS We performed a genetic association study including 100 TS patients and 116 HC. Genotyping for VDR Cdx-2 G > A (rs11568820) and FokI C > T (rs2228570) was performed using Taqman Genotyping Assays. VDR gene expression was also evaluated in 15 TS and 15 HC, using fluorogenic probes by qPCR. Statistical analyses were performed using nonparametric Mann-Whitney test, with a 5% significance level (p < 0.05) to uncover differences between groups. In addition, we investigated whether shifted VDR mRNA levels were associated with Cdx-2 and FokI variants in TS patients. RESULTS We detected a significantly higher frequency of T allele (p = 0.006) as well as T/T genotype (p = 0.01) for FokI in TS patients when compared to HC. When assessing VDR expression, we identified a downregulation in TS woman (- 2.84 FC) versus HC (p < 0.001). Furthermore, C/T (11.24 FC; p = 0.01) and T/T (9.20 FC; p = 0.01) FokI genotypes were upregulated when compared to C/C reference genotype. CONCLUSION TS patients show different distribution of FokI polymorphism. Downregulation of VDR gene expression may contribute to immunological imbalance in TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Santos
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-600, Brazil
| | - R Laranjeira
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-600, Brazil
| | - M E B de A Borborema
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-600, Brazil
| | - C G Sotero-Caio
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-600, Brazil
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Praha 2, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A de R Duarte
- Medical Genetic Service, Institute of Integral Medicine Professor Fernando Figueira, Rua dos Coelhos, 300, Boa Vista, Recife, Pernambuco, 50070-050, Brazil
| | - J Araújo
- Pediatric Endocrinology Service at Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-600, Brazil
| | - J de Azevedo Silva
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-600, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, LIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-011, Brazil
| | - N Santos
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-600, Brazil.
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Abstract
Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme that participates in thyroid hormone biosynthesis. TPO is also a major autoantigen in autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). In this review, we summarize the latest developments in the field of TPO research. We present the current understanding of immunodominant serologic determinants, frequency of TPO-specific autoantibodies in the population, as well as genetic and environmental factors contributing to their development. Moreover, we report recent progress in the clinical utilities of TPO autoantibody testing, including thyroid dysfunctions and extra-thyroidal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Godlewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Damian Gawel
- Department of Immunohematology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunohematology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ashley M Buckle
- Department of Immunohematology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
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De Sanctis V, Khater D. Autoimmune diseases in Turner syndrome: an overview. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2019; 90:341-344. [PMID: 31580326 PMCID: PMC7233727 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v90i3.8737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) results from a sex-chromosomal anomaly characterized by presence of one normal X chromosome and the loss of the second X-chromosome in phenotypic females. Autoimmunity has been recognized as one of the more prominent characteristics of TS. The risk of autoimmune diseases in patients with TS is approximately twice as high as in the general female population. The spectrum includes, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, coeliac disease (CD), type 1 diabetes (T1DM), alopecia areata, inflammatory bowel disease, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and some cutaneous disorders as vitiligo and Halo nevus. This review will address the autoimmune disorders associated with TS, their pathophysiologic mechanisms and clinical characteristics. (www.actabiomedica.it)
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11
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Barrientos-Rios R, Frias S, Velázquez-Aragón JA, Villaroel CE, Sánchez S, Molina B, Martínez A, Carnevale A, García-de-Teresa B, Bonilla E, Alvarado-Araiza CD, Valderrama-Hernández A, Ríos-Gallardo PT, Calzada-León R, Altamirano-Bustamante N, Torres L. Low bone mineral density and renal malformation in Mexican patients with Turner syndrome are associated with single nucleotide variants in vitamin D-metabolism genes. Gynecol Endocrinol 2019; 35:772-776. [PMID: 30887870 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2019.1582626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is a common genetic disorder. TS-phenotype includes short stature, gonadal dysgenesis, cardiac and kidney malformations, low bone mineral density (low-BMD) and thyroiditis. TS-phenotype varies from patient to patient and the cause is not clear, the genomic background may be an important contributor for this variability. Our aim was to identify the association of specific single nucleotide variants in the PTPN22, VDR, KL, and CYP27B1 genes and vitamin D-metabolism, heart malformation, renal malformation, thyroiditis, and low-BMD in 61 Mexican TS-patients. DNA samples were genotyped for SNVs: rs7975232 (VDR), rs9536282 (KL), rs4646536 (CYP27B1), and rs1599971 (PTPN22) using the KASP assay. Chi-square test under a recessive model and multifactorial dimensionality reduction method were used for analysis. We found a significant association between renal malformation and the rs9536282 (KL) variant and between rs4646536 (CYP27B1) and low-BMD, these variants may have modest effects on these characteristics but contribute to the variability of the TS phenotype. In addition, we identified gene-gene interactions between variants in genes KL, CYP27B1 and VDR related to vitamin D-metabolism and low-BMD in TS-patients. Our results support the idea that the genetic background of TS-patients contributes to the clinical variability seen in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehotbevely Barrientos-Rios
- a Laboratorio de Citogenética, Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría , Ciudad de México , Mexico
- b Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - Sara Frias
- a Laboratorio de Citogenética, Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría , Ciudad de México , Mexico
- c Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - José A Velázquez-Aragón
- d Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - Camilo E Villaroel
- e Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - Silvia Sánchez
- a Laboratorio de Citogenética, Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - Bertha Molina
- a Laboratorio de Citogenética, Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - Angélica Martínez
- f Departamento de Inmunogenómica y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - Alessandra Carnevale
- g Laboratorio de Enfermedades Mendelianas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - Benilde García-de-Teresa
- a Laboratorio de Citogenética, Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - Edmundo Bonilla
- b Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Raúl Calzada-León
- h Servicio de Endocrinología, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | | | - Leda Torres
- a Laboratorio de Citogenética, Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría , Ciudad de México , Mexico
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Green T, Flash S, Reiss AL. Sex differences in psychiatric disorders: what we can learn from sex chromosome aneuploidies. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:9-21. [PMID: 30127341 PMCID: PMC6235860 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The study of sexual dimorphism in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders is challenging due to the complex interplay of diverse biological, psychological, and social factors. Males are more susceptible to neurodevelopmental disorders including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit activity disorder. Conversely, after puberty, females are more prone to major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders compared to males. One major biological factor contributing to sex differences is the sex chromosomes. First, the X and Y chromosomes have unique and specific genetic effects as well as downstream gonadal effects. Second, males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. Thus, sex chromosome constitution also differs between the sexes. Due to this complexity, determining genetic and downstream biological influences on sexual dimorphism in humans is challenging. Sex chromosome aneuploidies, such as Turner syndrome (X0) and Klinefelter syndrome (XXY), are common genetic conditions in humans. The study of individuals with sex chromosome aneuploidies provides a promising framework for studying sexual dimorphism in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Here we will review and contrast four syndromes caused by variation in the number of sex chromosomes: Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, XYY syndrome, and XXX syndrome. Overall we describe an increased rate of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder, along with the increased rates of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders in one or more of these conditions. In addition to contributing unique insights about sexual dimorphism in neuropsychiatric disorders, awareness of the increased risk of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in sex chromosome aneuploidies can inform appropriate management of these common genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Green
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Shira Flash
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Witkowska-Sędek E, Borowiec A, Majcher A, Sobol M, Rumińska M, Pyrżak B. Thyroid function in children with growth hormone deficiency during long-term growth hormone replacement therapy. Cent Eur J Immunol 2018; 43:255-261. [PMID: 30588169 PMCID: PMC6305607 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2018.80043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of growth hormone (GH) therapy on thyroid function in a group of euthyroid children with isolated idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (GHD). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was retrospective and included 117 children treated with GH for 1-4 years. Anthropometric measurements and serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and free thyroxine (fT4) were analysed at baseline and during GH therapy. RESULTS TSH levels did not change significantly after the initiation of GH treatment, while fT4 levels decreased after the second year of GH treatment (p < 0.01) and remained lower than baseline until the end of observation (p < 0.01, after both the third and fourth year of therapy) in the whole group. Analysis according to baseline pubertal status revealed significant changes in TSH and fT4 levels during GH treatment, but only in the prepubertal children. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that mean GH doses administered in the first two years of GH therapy were independently (R = 0.218, p < 0.05) associated with changes in fT4 levels in this period (∆fT42 years - baseline), even when taking into account changes in height SDS and bone age. CONCLUSIONS FT4 levels decreased during GH replacement therapy, while TSH levels appeared to be unaffected by GH therapy. Prepubertal children seem to be more predisposed to thyroid function alterations during such therapy in comparison to pubertal children. Changes in fT4 levels during GH replacement therapy are related to GH doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ada Borowiec
- Department of Paediatrics and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Majcher
- Department of Paediatrics and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Sobol
- Department of Biophysics and Human Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rumińska
- Department of Paediatrics and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Pyrżak
- Department of Paediatrics and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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