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Ma CY, Zhai Y, Li CT, Liu J, Xu X, Chen H, Tse HF, Lian Q. Translating mesenchymal stem cell and their exosome research into GMP compliant advanced therapy products: Promises, problems and prospects. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:919-938. [PMID: 38095832 DOI: 10.1002/med.22002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the few stem cell types used in clinical practice as therapeutic agents for immunomodulation and ischemic tissue repair, due to their unique paracrine capacity, multiple differentiation potential, active components in exosomes, and effective mitochondria donation. At present, MSCs derived from tissues such as bone marrow and umbilical cord are widely applied in preclinical and clinical studies. Nevertheless, there remain challenges to the maintenance of consistently good quality MSCs derived from different donors or tissues, directly impacting their application as advanced therapy products. In this review, we discuss the promises, problems, and prospects associated with translation of MSC research into a pharmaceutical product. We review the hurdles encountered in translation of MSCs and MSC-exosomes from the research bench to an advanced therapy product compliant with good manufacturing practice (GMP). These difficulties include how to set up GMP-compliant protocols, what factors affect raw material selection, cell expansion to product formulation, establishment of quality control (QC) parameters, and quality assurance to comply with GMP standards. To avoid human error and reduce the risk of contamination, an automatic, closed system that allows real-time monitoring of QC should be considered. We also highlight potential advantages of pluripotent stem cells as an alternative source for MSC and exosomes generation and manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui-Yan Ma
- Center for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuqing Zhai
- Center for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chung Tony Li
- Center for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Medicine, HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Cord Blood Bank Centre, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- Center for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Shenzhen Hong Kong University Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qizhou Lian
- Center for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Cord Blood Bank Centre, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Roberts EL, Dang T, Lepage SIM, Alizadeh AH, Walsh T, Koch TG, Kallos MS. Improved expansion of equine cord blood derived mesenchymal stromal cells by using microcarriers in stirred suspension bioreactors. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:25. [PMID: 30949237 PMCID: PMC6429778 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are increasingly investigated for their clinical therapeutic utility. Such cell-based treatments can require cell numbers in the millions or billions, with conventional expansion methods using static T-flasks typically inefficient in achieving these cell numbers. Equine cord blood-derived MSCs (eCB-MSCs), are promising cell candidates owing to their capacity for chondrogenic differentiation and immunomodulation. Expansion of eCB-MSCs in stirred suspension bioreactors with microcarriers as an attachment surface has the potential to generate clinically relevant numbers of cells while decreasing cost, time and labour requirements and increasing reproducibility and yield when compared to static expansion. As eCB-MSCs have not yet been expanded in stirred suspension bioreactors, a robust protocol was required to expand these cells using this method. This study outlines the development of an expansion bioprocess, detailing the inoculation phase, expansion phase, and harvesting phase, followed by phenotypic and trilineage differentiation characterization of two eCB-MSC donors. The process achieved maximum cell densities up to 75,000 cells/cm2 corresponding to 40 million cells in a 100 mL bioreactor, with a harvesting efficiency of up to 80%, corresponding to a yield of 32 million cells from a 100 mL bioreactor. When compared to cells grown in static T-flasks, bioreactor-expanded eCB-MSC cultures did not change in surface marker expression or trilineage differentiation capacity. This indicates that the bioreactor expansion process yields large quantities of eCB-MSCs with similar characteristics to conventionally grown eCB-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Roberts
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Tiffany Dang
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Sarah I. M. Lepage
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Gordon St, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Amir Hamed Alizadeh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Gordon St, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Tylor Walsh
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Thomas G. Koch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Gordon St, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Michael S. Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
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Pham H, Tonai R, Wu M, Birtolo C, Chen M. CD73, CD90, CD105 and Cadherin-11 RT-PCR Screening for Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Cryopreserved Human Cord Tissue. Int J Stem Cells 2018; 11:26-38. [PMID: 29843192 PMCID: PMC5984056 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc17015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are self-renewing, non-specialized cells used clinically in tissue regeneration and sourced from bone marrow, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood and umbilical cord tissue (UCT). To demonstrate an alternative method for MSC detection, cryopreserved UCT and expanded MSC were screened for MSC markers CD73, CD90, CD105 and CDH-11 by RT-PCR. Methods and Results Human UCT were washed, sectioned, cryopreserved with 10% DMSO and stored in the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen. Fresh and frozen UCT samples were expanded for MSC. UCT and MSC were processed for RNA and screened for CD73, CD90, CD105 and CDH-11 mRNA by RT-PCR. CD73, CD90 and CD105 were detected by flow cytometry and CDH-11 was detected by Western blotting. Short and long-term frozen UCT shows a loss of mRNA expression for CD73 at 33.2±34.0%, CD90 at 6.2±8.2%, CD105 at 17.7±21.6% and CDH-11 at 30.1±26.7% but was not statistically significant to indicate the deterioration. Expanded MSCs from fresh UCT expressed 0.09±0.07-fold CD73, 0.17±0.11-fold CD90, 0.04±0.06-fold CD105 and 0.14±0.08-fold CDH-11. Expanded MSCs from frozen UCTs expressed 0.09±0.06-fold CD73, 0.13±0.06-fold CD90, 0.04±0.05-fold CD105 and 0.11±0.06-fold CDH-11 and confirmed by flow cytometry and Western blotting. Conclusion CD73, CD90, CD105 and CDH-11 were detected by RT-PCR in cryopreserved UCT and MSC expansion. CDH-11 appears as a useful single target MSC marker for quick screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Pham
- Processing Laboratory, StemCyte International Cord Blood Therapeutic Company, Baldwin Park, CA.,Department of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Affair, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Richard Tonai
- Processing Laboratory, StemCyte International Cord Blood Therapeutic Company, Baldwin Park, CA
| | - Miya Wu
- Tissue Laboratory, StemCyte, New Taipei City Linkou District, Taiwan
| | - Chiara Birtolo
- University of Bologna, Sant' Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Chen
- Processing Laboratory, StemCyte International Cord Blood Therapeutic Company, Baldwin Park, CA
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Park JS, Lim HJ, Yi SW, Park KH. Stem cell differentiation-related protein-loaded PLGA microspheres as a novel platform micro-typed scaffold for chondrogenesis. Biomed Mater 2016; 11:055003. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/5/055003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Mousavinejad M, Andrews PW, Shoraki EK. Current Biosafety Considerations in Stem Cell Therapy. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 18:281-7. [PMID: 27540533 PMCID: PMC4988427 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells can be valuable model systems for drug discovery and modelling human diseases as well as to investigate cellular interactions and molecular events in the early stages of development. Controlling the differentiation of stem cells into specific germ layers provides a potential source of highly specialized cells for therapeutic applications. In recent years, finding individual properties of stem cells such as their ultimate self-renewal capacity and the generation of particular cell lines by differentiation under specific culture conditions underpins the development of regenerative therapies. These futures make stem cells a leading candidate to treat a wide range of diseases. Nevertheless, as with all novel treatments, safety issues are one of the barriers that should be overcome to guarantee the quality of a patient's life after stem cell therapy. Many studies have pointed to a large gap in our knowledge about the therapeutic applications of these cells. This gap clearly shows the importance of biosafety concerns for the current status of cell-based therapies, even more than their therapeutic efficacy. Currently, scientists report that tumorigenicity and immunogenicity are the two most important associated cell-based therapy risks. In principle, intrinsic factors such as cell characteristics and extrinsic elements introduced by manufacturing of stem cells can result in tumor formation and immunological reactions after stem cell transplantation. Therapeutic research shows there are many biological questions regarding safety issues of stem cell clinical applications. Stem cell therapy is a rapidly advancing field that needs to focus more on finding a comprehensive technology for assessing risk. A variety of risk factors (from intrinsic to extrinsic) should be considered for safe clinical stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Mousavinejad
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology (CSCB), Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Peter W Andrews
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology (CSCB), Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Elham Kargar Shoraki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tehran Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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Van Pham P, Truong NC, Le PTB, Tran TDX, Vu NB, Bui KHT, Phan NK. Isolation and proliferation of umbilical cord tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells for clinical applications. Cell Tissue Bank 2015; 17:289-302. [PMID: 26679929 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-015-9541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Umbilical cord (UC) is a rich source of rapidly proliferating mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that are easily cultured on a large-scale. Clinical applications of UC-MSCs include graft-versus-host disease, and diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2. UC-MSCs should be isolated and proliferated according to good manufacturing practice (GMP) with animal component-free medium, quality assurance, and quality control for their use in clinical applications. This study developed a GMP standard protocol for UC-MSC isolation and culture. UC blood and UC were collected from the same donors. Blood vasculature was removed from UC. UC blood was used as a source of activated platelet rich plasma (aPRP). Small fragments (1-2 mm(2)) of UC membrane and Wharton's jelly were cut and cultured in DMEM/F12 medium containing 1 % antibiotic-antimycotic, aPRP (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 %) at 37 °C in 5 % CO2. The MSC properties of UC-MSCs at passage 5 such as osteoblast, chondroblast and adipocyte differentiation, and markers including CD13, CD14, CD29, CD34, CD44, CD45, CD73, CD90, CD105, and HLA-DR were confirmed. UC-MSCs also were analyzed for karyotype, expression of tumorigenesis related genes, cell cycle, doubling time as well as in vivo tumor formation in NOD/SCID mice. Control cells consisted of UC-MSCs cultured in DMEM/F12 plus 1 % antibiotic-antimycotic, and 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS). All UC-MSC (n = 30) samples were successfully cultured in medium containing 7.5 and 10 % aPRP, 92 % of samples grew in 5.0 % aPRP, 86 % of samples in 2.5 % aPRP, and 72 % grew in 10 % FBS. UC-MSCs in these four groups exhibited similar marker profiles. Moreover, the proliferation rates in medium with PRP, especially 7.5 and 10 %, were significantly quicker compared with 2.5 and 5 % aPRP or 10 % FBS. These cells maintained a normal karyotype for 15 sub-cultures, and differentiated into osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and adipocytes. The analysis of pluripotent cell markers showed UC-MSCs maintained the expression of the oncogenes Nanog and Oct4 after long term culture but failed to transfer tumors in NOD/SCID mice. Replacing FBS with aPRP in the culture medium for UC tissues allowed the successful isolation of UC-MSCs that satisfy the minimum standards for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc Van Pham
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Nhat Chau Truong
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Ngoc Bich Vu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Khanh Hong-Thien Bui
- University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Kim Phan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Damien P, Allan DS. Regenerative Therapy and Immune Modulation Using Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Cells. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015; 21:1545-54. [PMID: 26079441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the first cord blood transplantation in 1988, umbilical cord blood has become an important option as a source of cells for hematopoietic transplantation. Beyond its role in regenerating the blood and immune systems to treat blood diseases and inherited metabolic disorders, the role of nonhematopoietic progenitor cells in cord blood has led to new and emerging uses of umbilical cord blood in regenerative therapy and immune modulation. In this review, we provide an update on the clinical and preclinical studies using cord blood-derived cells such as mesenchymal stromal cells, endothelial-like progenitor cells, and others. We also provide insight on the use of cord blood cells as vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic agents through gene therapy and microvesicle-associated strategies. Moreover, cord blood can provide essential reagents for regenerative applications. Clinical activity using cord blood cells is increasing rapidly and this review aims to provide an important update on the tremendous potential within this fast-moving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Damien
- Centre for Transfusion Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David S Allan
- Centre for Transfusion Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Unit, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine (Hematology), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Van Pham P, Vu NB, Phan NLC, Le DM, Truong NC, Truong NH, Bui KHT, Phan NK. Good manufacturing practice-compliant isolation and culture of human adipose derived stem cells. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPY 2014. [DOI: 10.7603/s40730-014-0021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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