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Eltokhi A, Kurpiers B, Pitzer C. Baseline Depression-Like Behaviors in Wild-Type Adolescent Mice Are Strain and Age but Not Sex Dependent. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:759574. [PMID: 34690714 PMCID: PMC8529326 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.759574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a major neuropsychiatric disorder, decreasing the ability of hundreds of millions of individuals worldwide to function in social, academic, and employment settings. Beyond the alarming public health problem, depression leads to morbidity across the entire age including adolescence and adulthood. Modeling depression in rodents has been used to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms behind this disorder and create new therapeutics. Although women are two times more likely to be diagnosed with depression compared to men, behavioral experiments on rodent models of depression are mainly performed in males based on the assumption that the estrous cycles in females may affect the behavioral outcome and cause an increase in the intrinsic variability compared to males. Still, the inclusion of female rodents in the behavioral analysis is mandatory to establish the origin of sex bias in depression. Here, we investigated the baseline depression-like behaviors in male and female mice of three adolescent wild-type inbred strains, C57BL/6N, DBA/2, and FVB/N, that are typically used as background strains for mouse models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Our experiments, performed at two different developmental stages during adolescence (P22-P26 and P32-P36), revealed strain but no sex differences in a set of depression-related tests, including tail suspension, sucrose preference and forced swim tests. Additionally, the 10-day interval during this sensitive period uncovered a strong impact on the behavioral outcome of C57BL/6N and FVB/N mice, highlighting a significant effect of maturation on behavioral patterns. Since anxiety-related behavioral tests are often performed together with depression tests in mouse models of neuropsychiatric disorders, we extended our study and included hyponeophagia as an anxiety test. Consistent with a previous study revealing sex differences in other anxiety tests in adolescent mice, male and females mice behaved differently in the hyponeophagia test at P27. Our study gives insight into the behavioral experiments assessing depression and stresses the importance of considering strain, age and sex when evaluating neuropsychiatric-like traits in rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Eltokhi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Barbara Kurpiers
- Interdisciplinary Neurobehavioral Core, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Pitzer
- Interdisciplinary Neurobehavioral Core, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Becker M, Pinhasov A, Ornoy A. Animal Models of Depression: What Can They Teach Us about the Human Disease? Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:123. [PMID: 33466814 PMCID: PMC7830961 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is apparently the most common psychiatric disease among the mood disorders affecting about 10% of the adult population. The etiology and pathogenesis of depression are still poorly understood. Hence, as for most human diseases, animal models can help us understand the pathogenesis of depression and, more importantly, may facilitate the search for therapy. In this review we first describe the more common tests used for the evaluation of depressive-like symptoms in rodents. Then we describe different models of depression and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. These models can be divided into several categories: genetic models, models induced by mental acute and chronic stressful situations caused by environmental manipulations (i.e., learned helplessness in rats/mice), models induced by changes in brain neuro-transmitters or by specific brain injuries and models induced by pharmacological tools. In spite of the fact that none of the models completely resembles human depression, most animal models are relevant since they mimic many of the features observed in the human situation and may serve as a powerful tool for the study of the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of depression, especially since only few patients respond to acute treatment. Relevance increases by the fact that human depression also has different facets and many possible etiologies and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Becker
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Albert Pinhasov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Asher Ornoy
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
- Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
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3
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Carvalho FR, Nóbrega CDR, Martins AT. Mapping gene expression in social anxiety reveals the main brain structures involved in this disorder. Behav Brain Res 2020; 394:112808. [PMID: 32707139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is characterized by emotional and attentional biases as well as distorted negative self-beliefs. According this, we proposed to identify the brain structures and hub genes involved in SAD. An analysis in Pubmed and TRANSFAC was conducted and 72 genes were identified. Using Microarray data, from Allen Human Brain Atlas, it was possible to identify three modules of co-expressed genes from our gene set (R package WGCNA). Higher mean gene expression was found in cortico-medial group, basomedial nucleus, ATZ in amygdala and in head and tail of the caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens and putamen in striatum. Our enrichment analysis identified the followed hub genes: DRD2, HTR1A, JUN, SP1 and HDAC4. We suggest that SAD is explained by delayed extinction of circuitry for conditioned fear. Caused by reduced activation of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems,due diminished expectation of reward during social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Ricardo Carvalho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Portugal; University of Algarve Campus De Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Clévio David Rodrigues Nóbrega
- Center for Biomedicine Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC); University of Algarve Campus De Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Martins
- Center for Biomedicine Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Portugal; Department of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Algarve, Portugal; University of Algarve Campus De Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Dripps IJ, Chen R, Shafer AM, Livingston KE, Disney A, Husbands SM, Traynor JR, Rice KC, Jutkiewicz EM. Pharmacological Properties of δ-Opioid Receptor-Mediated Behaviors: Agonist Efficacy and Receptor Reserve. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:319-330. [PMID: 32467352 PMCID: PMC7372918 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.262717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
δ-Opioid receptor (δ-receptor) agonists produce antihyperalgesia, antidepressant-like effects, and convulsions in animals. However, the role of agonist efficacy in generating different δ-receptor-mediated behaviors has not been thoroughly investigated. To this end, efficacy requirements for δ-receptor-mediated antihyperalgesia, antidepressant-like effects, and convulsions were evaluated by comparing the effects of the partial agonist BU48 and the full agonist SNC80 and changes in the potency of SNC80 after δ-receptor elimination. Antihyperalgesia was measured in a nitroglycerin-induced thermal hyperalgesia assay. An antidepressant-like effect was evaluated in the forced swim test. Mice were observed for convulsions after treatment with SNC80 or the δ-opioid receptor partial agonist BU48. Ligand-induced G protein activation was measured by [35S]guanosine 5'-O-[γ-thio]triphosphate binding in mouse forebrain tissue, and δ-receptor number was measured by [3H]D-Pen2,5-enkephalin saturation binding. BU48 produced antidepressant-like effects and convulsions but antagonized SNC80-induced antihyperalgesia and G protein activation. The potency of SNC80 was shifted to the right in δ-receptor heterozygous knockout mice and naltrindole-5'-isothiocyanate-treated mice, and the magnitude of potency shift differed across assays, with the largest shift occurring in the thermal hyperalgesia assay, followed by the forced swim test and then convulsion observation. Naltrindole antagonized these SNC80-induced behaviors with similar potencies, suggesting that these effects are mediated by the same type of δ-receptor. These data suggest that δ-receptor-mediated behaviors display a rank order of efficacy requirement, with antihyperalgesia having the highest requirement, followed by antidepressant-like effects and then convulsions. These findings further our understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms mediating the in vivo effects of δ-opioid receptor agonists. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: δ-Opioid receptor (δ-receptor) agonists produce antihyperalgesia, antidepressant-like effects, and convulsions in animal models. This study evaluates pharmacological properties, specifically the role of agonist efficacy and receptor reserve, underlying these δ-receptor-mediated behaviors. These data suggest that δ-receptor-mediated behaviors display a rank order of efficacy requirement, with antihyperalgesia having the highest requirement, followed by antidepressant-like effects and then convulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Dripps
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan (I.J.D., R.C., A.M.S., K.E.L., J.R.T., E.M.J.); Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (A.D., S.M.H.); and Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C.R.)
| | - Ruizhuo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan (I.J.D., R.C., A.M.S., K.E.L., J.R.T., E.M.J.); Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (A.D., S.M.H.); and Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C.R.)
| | - Amanda M Shafer
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan (I.J.D., R.C., A.M.S., K.E.L., J.R.T., E.M.J.); Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (A.D., S.M.H.); and Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C.R.)
| | - Kathryn E Livingston
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan (I.J.D., R.C., A.M.S., K.E.L., J.R.T., E.M.J.); Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (A.D., S.M.H.); and Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C.R.)
| | - Alexander Disney
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan (I.J.D., R.C., A.M.S., K.E.L., J.R.T., E.M.J.); Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (A.D., S.M.H.); and Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C.R.)
| | - Stephen M Husbands
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan (I.J.D., R.C., A.M.S., K.E.L., J.R.T., E.M.J.); Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (A.D., S.M.H.); and Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C.R.)
| | - John R Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan (I.J.D., R.C., A.M.S., K.E.L., J.R.T., E.M.J.); Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (A.D., S.M.H.); and Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C.R.)
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan (I.J.D., R.C., A.M.S., K.E.L., J.R.T., E.M.J.); Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (A.D., S.M.H.); and Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C.R.)
| | - Emily M Jutkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan (I.J.D., R.C., A.M.S., K.E.L., J.R.T., E.M.J.); Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (A.D., S.M.H.); and Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C.R.)
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Chronic corticosterone aggravates behavioral and neuronal symptomatology in a mouse model of alpha-synuclein pathology. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 83:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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6
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Batchelor V, Pang TY. HPA axis regulation and stress response is subject to intergenerational modification by paternal trauma and stress. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 280:47-53. [PMID: 30981703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that one's risk for psychiatric disturbances and metabolic syndromes is influenced by their parents' own health history, lifestyle and living environment. For example, paternal high fat diet is strongly linked to neuroendocrine dysregulation in offspring and increased risk for diabetes. The potential intergenerational impact of paternal stress has only just begun to emerge, with the initial evidence suggestive of greater risk for anxiety-related disorders. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis is a key neuroendocrine signalling system involved in physiological homeostasis and stress response. In individuals, dysregulation of this system is closely associated with behavioral deficits and mood disorders. Various preclinical models of paternal stress have demonstrated robust behavioral shifts but little is known about the intergenerational modification of HPA axis function. This review will present evidence drawn from a range of laboratory mouse and rat models that the intergenerational influence of paternal stress on offspring behavioral phenotypes involve some level of HPA axis dysregulation. It makes the case that further investigations to comprehensively profile HPA axis function in offspring generations is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Batchelor
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Terence Y Pang
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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7
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Cox DA, Gottschalk MG, Stelzhammer V, Wesseling H, Cooper JD, Bahn S. Evaluation of molecular brain changes associated with environmental stress in rodent models compared to human major depressive disorder: A proteomic systems approach. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 19:S63-S74. [PMID: 27784204 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1252465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rodent models of major depressive disorder (MDD) are indispensable when screening for novel treatments, but assessing their translational relevance with human brain pathology has proved difficult. METHODS Using a novel systems approach, proteomics data obtained from post-mortem MDD anterior prefrontal cortex tissue (n = 12) and matched controls (n = 23) were compared with equivalent data from three commonly used preclinical models exposed to environmental stressors (chronic mild stress, prenatal stress and social defeat). Functional pathophysiological features associated with depression-like behaviour were identified in these models through enrichment of protein-protein interaction networks. A cross-species comparison evaluated which model(s) represent human MDD pathology most closely. RESULTS Seven functional domains associated with MDD and represented across at least two models such as "carbohydrate metabolism and cellular respiration" were identified. Through statistical evaluation using kernel-based machine learning techniques, the social defeat model was found to represent MDD brain changes most closely for four of the seven domains. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to apply a method for directly evaluating the relevance of the molecular pathology of multiple animal models to human MDD on the functional level. The methodology and findings outlined here could help to overcome translational obstacles of preclinical psychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alan Cox
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Michael Gerd Gottschalk
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Viktoria Stelzhammer
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik Wesseling
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Jason David Cooper
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Bahn
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
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8
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Dripps IJ, Boyer BT, Neubig RR, Rice KC, Traynor JR, Jutkiewicz EM. Role of signalling molecules in behaviours mediated by the δ opioid receptor agonist SNC80. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:891-901. [PMID: 29278419 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE GPCRs exist in multiple conformations that can engage distinct signalling mechanisms which in turn may lead to diverse behavioural outputs. In rodent models, activation of the δ opioid receptor (δ-receptor) has been shown to elicit antihyperalgesia, antidepressant-like effects and convulsions. We recently showed that these δ-receptor-mediated behaviours are differentially regulated by the GTPase-activating protein regulator of G protein signalling 4 (RGS4), which facilitates termination of G protein signalling. To further evaluate the signalling mechanisms underlying δ-receptor-mediated antihyperalgesia, antidepressant-like effects and convulsions, we observed how changes in Gαo or arrestin proteins in vivo affected behaviours elicited by the δ-receptor agonist SNC80 in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Transgenic mice with altered expression of various signalling molecules were used in the current studies. Antihyperalgesia was measured in a nitroglycerin-induced thermal hyperalgesia assay. Antidepressant-like effects were evaluated in the forced swim test. Mice were also observed for convulsive activity following SNC80 treatment. KEY RESULTS In Gαo RGS-insensitive heterozygous knock-in mice, the potency of SNC80 to produce antihyperalgesia and antidepressant-like effects was enhanced with no change in SNC80-induced convulsions. Conversely, in Gαo heterozygous knockout mice, SNC80-induced antihyperalgesia was abolished while antidepressant-like effects and convulsions were unaltered. No changes in SNC80-induced behaviours were observed in arrestin 3 knockout mice. SNC80-induced convulsions were potentiated in arrestin 2 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that different signalling molecules may underlie the convulsive effects of the δ-receptor relative to its antihyperalgesic and antidepressant-like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Dripps
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brett T Boyer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard R Neubig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, North Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emily M Jutkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Holl K, He H, Wedemeyer M, Clopton L, Wert S, Meckes JK, Cheng R, Kastner A, Palmer AA, Redei EE, Solberg Woods LC. Heterogeneous stock rats: a model to study the genetics of despair-like behavior in adolescence. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 17:139-148. [PMID: 28834208 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex illness caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Antidepressant resistance also has a genetic component. To date, however, very few genes have been identified for major depression or antidepressant resistance. In this study, we investigated whether outbred heterogeneous stock (HS) rats would be a suitable model to uncover the genetics of depression and its connection to antidepressant resistance. The Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat, one of the eight founders of the HS, is a recognized animal model of juvenile depression and is resistant to fluoxetine antidepressant treatment. We therefore hypothesized that adolescent HS rats would exhibit variation in both despair-like behavior and response to fluoxetine treatment. We assessed heritability of despair-like behavior and response to sub-acute fluoxetine using a modified forced swim test (FST) in 4-week-old HS rats. We also tested whether blood transcript levels previously identified as depression biomarkers in adolescent human subjects are differentially expressed in HS rats with high vs. low FST immobility. We demonstrate heritability of despair-like behavior in 4-week-old HS rats and show that many HS rats are resistant to fluoxetine treatment. In addition, blood transcript levels of Amfr, Cdr2 and Kiaa1539, genes previously identified in human adolescents with MDD, are differentially expressed between HS rats with high vs. low immobility. These data demonstrate that FST despair-like behavior will be amenable to genetic fine-mapping in adolescent HS rats. The overlap between human and HS blood biomarkers suggest that these studies may translate to depression in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Holl
- Department of pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - H He
- Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - M Wedemeyer
- Department of pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - L Clopton
- Department of pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - S Wert
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J K Meckes
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R Cheng
- University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - A Kastner
- Department of pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - A A Palmer
- University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - E E Redei
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L C Solberg Woods
- Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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Headrick JP, Peart JN, Budiono BP, Shum DH, Neumann DL, Stapelberg NJ. The heartbreak of depression: ‘Psycho-cardiac’ coupling in myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 106:14-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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11
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Animal models of major depression and their clinical implications. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 64:293-310. [PMID: 25891248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a common, complex, and potentially life-threatening mental disorder that imposes a severe social and economic burden worldwide. Over the years, numerous animal models have been established to elucidate pathophysiology that underlies depression and to test novel antidepressant treatment strategies. Despite these substantial efforts, the animal models available currently are of limited utility for these purposes, probably because none of the models mimics this complex disorder fully. It is presumable that psychiatric illnesses, such as affective disorders, are related to the complexity of the human brain. Here, we summarize the animal models that are used most commonly for depression, and discuss their advantages and limitations. We discuss genetic models, including the recently developed optogenetic tools and the stress models, such as the social stress, chronic mild stress, learned helplessness, and early-life stress paradigms. Moreover, we summarize briefly the olfactory bulbectomy model, as well as models that are based on pharmacological manipulations and disruption of the circadian rhythm. Finally, we highlight common misinterpretations and often-neglected important issues in this field.
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12
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Wang L, Almeida LEF, de Souza Batista CM, Khaibullina A, Xu N, Albani S, Guth KA, Seo JS, Quezado M, Quezado ZMN. Cognitive and behavior deficits in sickle cell mice are associated with profound neuropathologic changes in hippocampus and cerebellum. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:60-72. [PMID: 26462816 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Strokes are perhaps the most serious complications of sickle cell disease (SCD) and by the fifth decade occur in approximately 25% of patients. While most patients do not develop strokes, mounting evidence indicates that even without brain abnormalities on imaging studies, SCD patients can present profound neurocognitive dysfunction. We sought to evaluate the neurocognitive behavior profile of humanized SCD mice (Townes, BERK) and to identify hematologic and neuropathologic abnormalities associated with the behavioral alterations observed in these mice. Heterozygous and homozygous Townes mice displayed severe cognitive deficits shown by significant delays in spatial learning compared to controls. Homozygous Townes also had increased depression- and anxiety-like behaviors as well as reduced performance on voluntary wheel running compared to controls. Behavior deficits observed in Townes were also seen in BERKs. Interestingly, most deficits in homozygotes were observed in older mice and were associated with worsening anemia. Further, neuropathologic abnormalities including the presence of large bands of dark/pyknotic (shrunken) neurons in CA1 and CA3 fields of hippocampus and evidence of neuronal dropout in cerebellum were present in homozygotes but not control Townes. These observations suggest that cognitive and behavioral deficits in SCD mice mirror those described in SCD patients and that aging, anemia, and profound neuropathologic changes in hippocampus and cerebellum are possible biologic correlates of those deficits. These findings support using SCD mice for studies of cognitive deficits in SCD and point to vulnerable brain areas with susceptibility to neuronal injury in SCD and to mechanisms that potentially underlie those deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's Research Institute, United States
| | - Luis E F Almeida
- The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's Research Institute, United States
| | | | - Alfia Khaibullina
- The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's Research Institute, United States
| | - Nuo Xu
- The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's Research Institute, United States
| | - Sarah Albani
- The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's Research Institute, United States
| | - Kira A Guth
- The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's Research Institute, United States
| | - Ji Sung Seo
- The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's Research Institute, United States
| | - Martha Quezado
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Zenaide M N Quezado
- The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's Research Institute, United States; Divisions of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Children's National Health System, United States; Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, United States.
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Abstract
All living organisms must maintain equilibrium in response to internal and external challenges within their environment. Changes in neural plasticity (alterations in neuronal populations, dendritic remodeling, and synaptic turnover) are critical components of the homeostatic response to stress, which has been strongly implicated in the onset of affective disorders. However, stress is differentially perceived depending on the type of stress and its context, as well as genetic background, age and sex; therefore, an individual's maintenance of neuronal homeostasis must differ depending upon these variables. We established Drosophila as a model to analyze homeostatic responses to stress. Sexually immature and mature females and males from an isogenic wild-type strain raised under controlled environmental conditions were exposed to four reproducible and high-throughput translatable stressors to facilitate the analysis of a large number of animals for direct comparisons. These animals were assessed in an open-field arena, in a light-dark box, and in a forced swim test, as well as for sensitivity to the sedative effects of ethanol. These studies establish that immature and mature females and males represent behaviorally distinct populations under control conditions as well as after exposure to different stressors. Therefore, the neural substrates mediating the stress response must be differentially expressed depending upon the hormonal status of the brain. In addition, an adaptive response to a given stressor in one paradigm was not predictive for outcomes in other paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendi S. Neckameyer
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis MO 63104 USA
| | - Andres Nieto
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis MO 63104 USA
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14
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Barth L, Sütterlin R, Nenniger M, Vogt KE. Functional differentiation of stem cell-derived neurons from different murine backgrounds. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:49. [PMID: 24600351 PMCID: PMC3929830 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine stem cell-derived neurons have been used to study a wide variety of neuropsychiatric diseases with a hereditary component, ranging from autism to Alzheimer's. While a significant amount of data on their molecular biology has been generated, there is little data on the physiology of these cultures. Different mouse strains show clear differences in behavioral and other neurobiologically relevant readouts. We have studied the physiology of early differentiation and network formation in neuronal cultures derived from three different mouse embryonic stem cell lines. We have found largely overlapping patterns with some significant differences in the timing of the functional milestones. Neurons from R1 showed the fastest development of intrinsic excitability, while E14Tg2a and J1 were slower. This was also reflected in an earlier appearance of synaptic activity in R1 cultures, while E14Tg2a and J1 were delayed by up to 2 days. In conclusion, stem cells from all backgrounds could be successfully differentiated into functioning neural networks with similar developmental patterns. Differences in the timing of specific milestones, suggest that control cell lines and time-points should be carefully chosen when investigating genetic alterations that lead to subtle deficits in neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Barth
- Department of Neurobiology/Pharmacology, Biozentrum, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rosmarie Sütterlin
- Department of Neurobiology/Pharmacology, Biozentrum, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Nenniger
- Department of Neurobiology/Pharmacology, Biozentrum, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar E Vogt
- Department of Neurobiology/Pharmacology, Biozentrum, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Animal models for depression associated with HIV-1 infection. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 9:195-208. [PMID: 24338381 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has greatly extended the lifespan of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). As a result, the long-term effects of HIV infection, in particular those originating in the central nervous system (CNS), such as HIV associated depression, have gained importance. Animal models for HIV infection have proved very useful for understanding the disease and developing treatment strategies. However, HIV associated depression remains poorly understood and so far there is neither a fully satisfactory animal model, nor a pathophysiologically guided treatment for this condition. Here we review the neuroimmunological, neuroendocrine, neurotoxic and neurodegenerative basis for HIV depression and discuss strategies for employing HIV animal models, in particular humanized mice which are susceptible to HIV infection, for the study of HIV depression.
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