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Morrow KA, Seifert R, Kaever V, Britain AL, Sayner SL, Ochoa CD, Cioffi EA, Frank DW, Rich TC, Stevens T. Heterogeneity of pulmonary endothelial cyclic nucleotide response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoY infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1199-207. [PMID: 26386118 PMCID: PMC4652153 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00165.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we tested the hypothesis that a promiscuous bacterial cyclase synthesizes purine and pyrimidine cyclic nucleotides in the pulmonary endothelium. To test this hypothesis, pulmonary endothelial cells were infected with a strain of the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa that introduces only exoenzyme Y (PA103 ΔexoUexoT::Tc pUCPexoY; ExoY(+)) via a type III secretion system. Purine and pyrimidine cyclic nucleotides were simultaneously detected using mass spectrometry. Pulmonary artery (PAECs) and pulmonary microvascular (PMVECs) endothelial cells both possess basal levels of four different cyclic nucleotides in the following rank order: cAMP > cUMP ≈ cGMP ≈ cCMP. Endothelial gap formation was induced in a time-dependent manner following ExoY(+) intoxication. In PAECs, intercellular gaps formed within 2 h and progressively increased in size up to 6 h, when the experiment was terminated. cGMP concentrations increased within 1 h postinfection, whereas cAMP and cUMP concentrations increased within 3 h, and cCMP concentrations increased within 4 h postinfection. In PMVECs, intercellular gaps did not form until 4 h postinfection. Only cGMP and cUMP concentrations increased at 3 and 6 h postinfection, respectively. PAECs generated higher cyclic nucleotide levels than PMVECs, and the cyclic nucleotide levels increased earlier in response to ExoY(+) intoxication. Heterogeneity of the cyclic nucleotide signature in response to P. aeruginosa infection exists between PAECs and PMVECs, suggesting the intracellular milieu in PAECs is more conducive to cNMP generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Morrow
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - R Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - V Kaever
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - A L Britain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - S L Sayner
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - C D Ochoa
- Physician-Scientist Training Program, Department of Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Physician-Scientist Training Program, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - E A Cioffi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - D W Frank
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Center for Infectious Disease Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - T C Rich
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - T Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Department of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama;
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Stevens TC, Ochoa CD, Morrow KA, Robson MJ, Prasain N, Zhou C, Alvarez DF, Frank DW, Balczon R, Stevens T. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme Y impairs endothelial cell proliferation and vascular repair following lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L915-24. [PMID: 24705722 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00135.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exoenzyme Y (ExoY) is a Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin that is introduced into host cells through the type 3 secretion system (T3SS). Once inside the host cell cytoplasm, ExoY generates cyclic nucleotides that cause tau phosphorylation and microtubule breakdown. Microtubule breakdown causes interendothelial cell gap formation and tissue edema. Although ExoY transiently induces interendothelial cell gap formation, it remains unclear whether ExoY prevents repair of the endothelial cell barrier. Here, we test the hypothesis that ExoY intoxication impairs recovery of the endothelial cell barrier following gap formation, decreasing migration, proliferation, and lung repair. Pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) were infected with P. aeruginosa strains for 6 h, including one possessing an active ExoY (PA103 exoUexoT::Tc pUCPexoY; ExoY(+)), one with an inactive ExoY (PA103ΔexoUexoT::Tc pUCPexoY(K81M); ExoY(K81M)), and one that lacks PcrV required for a functional T3SS (ΔPcrV). ExoY(+) induced interendothelial cell gaps, whereas ExoY(K81M) and ΔPcrV did not promote gap formation. Following gap formation, bacteria were removed and endothelial cell repair was examined. PMVECs were unable to repair gaps even 3-5 days after infection. Serum-stimulated growth was greatly diminished following ExoY intoxication. Intratracheal inoculation of ExoY(+) and ExoY(K81M) caused severe pneumonia and acute lung injury. However, whereas the pulmonary endothelial cell barrier was functionally improved 1 wk following ExoY(K81M) infection, pulmonary endothelium was unable to restrict the hyperpermeability response to elevated hydrostatic pressure following ExoY(+) infection. In conclusion, ExoY is an edema factor that chronically impairs endothelial cell barrier integrity following lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor C Stevens
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama;
| | - Cristhiaan D Ochoa
- Physician-Scientist Training Program, Department of Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - K Adam Morrow
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Matthew J Robson
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Nutan Prasain
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Chun Zhou
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Diego F Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Department of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Dara W Frank
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Center for Infectious Disease Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ron Balczon
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Troy Stevens
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Department of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
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Tanaka N, Kunihiro Y, Yujiri T, Ando T, Gondo T, Kido S, Matsunaga N. High-resolution computed tomography of chest complications in patients treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Jpn J Radiol 2011; 29:229-35. [PMID: 21607835 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-010-0544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has become a standard method for treating patients with hematological malignancies. Preconditioning chemotherapeutic drugs, total body irradiation (TBI), or chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) can cause several chest complications after HSCT. Because immunosuppression is marked after HSCT, it takes at least 1 year for the immune system to recover completely. Therefore, several infectious and noninfectious complications may occur within the year after HSCT. HSCT-specific complications occur in a characteristic temporal sequence associated with the period following HSCT. During the neutropenic phase, bacterial pneumonia, fungal infection, pulmonary edema, and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage may occur. During the early phase, pneumocystis pneumonia, cytomegalovirus pneumonia, engraftment syndrome, and idiopathic pneumonia syndrome are the common complications. During the late phase, constrictive bronchiolitis and organizing pneumonia may occur probably associated with chronic GVHD. Although high-resolution CT findings lack specificity, the frequency and likelihood of occurrence of certain complications in certain phases and sometimes characteristic features (such as a CT halo sign for fungal infection) facilitate early detection of a life-threatening complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Department of Radiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
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