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Al Salhi Y, Sequi MB, Valenzi FM, Fuschi A, Martoccia A, Suraci PP, Carbone A, Tema G, Lombardo R, Cicione A, Pastore AL, De Nunzio C. Cancer Stem Cells and Prostate Cancer: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097746. [PMID: 37175453 PMCID: PMC10178135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small and elusive subpopulation of self-renewing cancer cells with the remarkable ability to initiate, propagate, and spread malignant disease. In the past years, several authors have focused on the possible role of CSCs in PCa development and progression. PCa CSCs typically originate from a luminal prostate cell. Three main pathways are involved in the CSC development, including the Wnt, Sonic Hedgehog, and Notch signaling pathways. Studies have observed an important role for epithelial mesenchymal transition in this process as well as for some specific miRNA. These studies led to the development of studies targeting these specific pathways to improve the management of PCa development and progression. CSCs in prostate cancer represent an actual and promising field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Al Salhi
- Urology Unit, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences & Biotechnologies, Faculty of Pharmacy & Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Manfredi Bruno Sequi
- Urology Unit, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences & Biotechnologies, Faculty of Pharmacy & Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Fabio Maria Valenzi
- Urology Unit, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences & Biotechnologies, Faculty of Pharmacy & Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Andrea Fuschi
- Urology Unit, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences & Biotechnologies, Faculty of Pharmacy & Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Alessia Martoccia
- Urology Unit, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences & Biotechnologies, Faculty of Pharmacy & Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Paolo Pietro Suraci
- Urology Unit, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences & Biotechnologies, Faculty of Pharmacy & Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Antonio Carbone
- Urology Unit, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences & Biotechnologies, Faculty of Pharmacy & Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Giorgia Tema
- Urology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Lombardo
- Urology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Cicione
- Urology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Luigi Pastore
- Urology Unit, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences & Biotechnologies, Faculty of Pharmacy & Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Cosimo De Nunzio
- Urology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
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Enzalutamide Induces Apoptotic Insults to Human Drug-Resistant and -Sensitive Glioblastoma Cells via an Intrinsic Bax-Mitochondrion-Cytochrome C Caspase Cascade Activation Pathway. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196666. [PMID: 36235203 PMCID: PMC9572438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and malignant brain tumor. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the first-line chemotherapeutic drug for treating GBM. However, drug resistance is still a challenging issue in GBM therapy. Our preliminary results showed upregulation of androgen receptor (AR) gene expression in human GBM tissues. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of enzalutamide, a specific inhibitor of the AR, on killing drug-resistant and -sensitive glioblastoma cells and the possible mechanisms. Data mining from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database revealed upregulation of AR messenger (m)RNA and protein expressions in human GBM tissues, especially in male patients, compared to normal human brains. In addition, expressions of AR mRNA and protein in human TMZ-sensitive U87 MG and -resistant U87 MG-R glioblastoma cells were elevated compared to normal human astrocytes. Exposure of human U87 MG and U87 MG-R cells to enzalutamide concentration- and time-dependently decreased cell viability. As to the mechanism, enzalutamide killed these two types of glioblastoma cells via an apoptotic mechanism. Specifically, exposure to enzalutamide augmented enzyme activities of caspase-9 rather than those of caspase-8. Moreover, enzalutamide successively triggered an elevation in levels of the proapoptotic Bax protein, a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c, cascade activation of caspases-3 and -6, DNA fragmentation, and cell apoptosis in human TMZ-sensitive and -resistant glioblastoma cells. Pretreatment with Z-VEID-FMK, an inhibitor of caspase-6, caused significant attenuations in enzalutamide-induced morphological shrinkage, DNA damage, and apoptotic death. Taken together, this study showed that enzalutamide could significantly induce apoptotic insults to human drug-resistant and -sensitive glioblastoma cells via an intrinsic Bax-mitochondrion-cytochrome c-caspase cascade activation pathway. Enzalutamide has the potential to be a drug candidate for treating GBM by targeting the AR signaling axis.
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Yehya A, Ghamlouche F, Zahwe A, Zeid Y, Wakimian K, Mukherji D, Abou-Kheir W. Drug resistance in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: an update on the status quo. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2022; 5:667-690. [PMID: 36176747 PMCID: PMC9511807 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in men globally. Despite improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of PCa, a significant proportion of patients with high-risk localized disease and all patients with advanced disease at diagnosis will experience progression to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Multiple drugs are now approved as the standard of care treatments for patients with mCRPC that have been shown to prolong survival. Although the majority of patients will respond initially, primary and secondary resistance to these therapies make mCRPC an incurable disease. Several molecular mechanisms underlie the development of mCRPC, with the androgen receptor (AR) axis being the main driver as well as the key drug target. Understanding resistance mechanisms is crucial for discovering novel therapeutic strategies to delay or reverse the progression of the disease. In this review, we address the diverse mechanisms of drug resistance in mCRPC. In addition, we shed light on emerging targeted therapies currently being tested in clinical trials with promising potential to overcome mCRPC-drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Yehya
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Equally contributing authors
| | - Fatima Ghamlouche
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Equally contributing authors
| | - Amin Zahwe
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Equally contributing authors
| | - Yousef Zeid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Kevork Wakimian
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Deborah Mukherji
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
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4
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Peng Y, Song Y, Wang H. Systematic Elucidation of the Aneuploidy Landscape and Identification of Aneuploidy Driver Genes in Prostate Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:723466. [PMID: 35127694 PMCID: PMC8814427 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.723466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is widely identified as a remarkable feature of malignancy genomes. Increasing evidences suggested aneuploidy was involved in the progression and metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa). Nevertheless, no comprehensive analysis was conducted in PCa about the effects of aneuploidy on different omics and, especially, about the driver genes of aneuploidy. Here, we validated the association of aneuploidy with the progression and prognosis of PCa and performed a systematic analysis in mutation profile, methylation profile, and gene expression profile, which detailed the molecular process aneuploidy implicated. By multi-omics analysis, we managed to identify 11 potential aneuploidy driver genes (GSTM2, HAAO, C2orf88, CYP27A1, FAXDC2, HFE, C8orf88, GSTP1, EFS, HIF3A, and WFDC2), all of which were related to the development and metastasis of PCa. Meanwhile, we also found aneuploidy and its driver genes were correlated with the immune microenvironment of PCa. Our findings could shed light on the tumorigenesis of PCa and provide a better understanding of the development and metastasis of PCa; additionally, the driver genes could be promising and actionable therapeutic targets pointing to aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Peng
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, the 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxuan Song
- Department of Urology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Department of Oncology, the 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Haitao Wang,
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Egeli U, Eryilmaz I, Eskiler G, Cecener G. The regulatory effect of cabazitaxel on epithelial-mesenchymal transition in metastatic prostate cancer. J Cancer Res Ther 2021; 19:S0. [PMID: 37147949 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_364_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction : Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical mechanism that promotes cancer cells to metastasis. Therefore, EMT regulation has become an important target in anticancer therapy approaches in recent years. However, in metastatic prostate cancer (PC), the EMT regulatory effect has not fully understood for cabazitaxel (Cbx), a third line taxane-based chemotherapeutic for metastatic castration-resistant PC. Aim In this study, we investigated the antimetastatic and EMT-regulatory effects of Cbx on hormone-sensitive metastatic PC cells. Materials and Methods The anticancer effects of Cbx were assessed by WST-1 and Annexin V analysis. The antimetastatic effect of Cbx was evaluated by wound healing and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction through EMT-mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) markers as well as EMT-repressor microRNAs (miRNAs) in Cbx-treated LNCaP cells. Results Our results showed that, in addition to its apoptotic and anti-migratory activities, Cbx exhibited the EMT-repressor effects through the prominent downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and Snail levels as EMT-promoting factors, and the significant upregulation of the certain miRNAs, including miR-205, miR-524, and miR-124, which play a role in EMT-repressing by targeting regulators of the EMT-associated genes. Conclusion Although further evaluations are needed to improve the findings, we showed that, in addition to its classical taxane function, Cbx has a regulatory effect on EMT-MET cycling in hormone-sensitive metastatic PC.
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6
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Begemann D, Wang Y, Yang W, Kyprianou N. Androgens modify therapeutic response to cabazitaxel in models of advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 2020; 80:926-937. [PMID: 32542812 PMCID: PMC7880610 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of the phenotypic landscape via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) enables prostate cancer cells to metastasize and acquire therapeutic resistance. Our previous studies demonstrated that cabazitaxel (CBZ) (second-generation Food and Drug Administration-approved taxane chemotherapy), used for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), causes reversal of EMT to mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) and reduces expression of kinesin motor protein KIFC1 (HSET). The present study examined the effect of sequencing CBZ chemotherapy mediated MET on prostate tumor redifferentiation overcoming therapeutic resistance in models of advanced prostate cancer. METHODS To examine the impact of androgens on the antitumor effect of CBZ, we used human prostate cancer cell lines with different sensitivity to androgens and CBZ, in vitro, and two human prostate cancer xenograft models in vivo. Tumor-bearing male mice (with either the androgen-sensitive LNCaP or the CRPC 22Rv1 xenografts) were treated with CBZ (3 mg/kg) alone, or in combination with castration-induced androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) for 14 days. RESULTS Cell viability assays indicate that the presence of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (1 nM) confers resistance to CBZ in vitro. CBZ treatment in vivo induced MET in LNCaP-derived tumors as shown by increased E-cadherin and decreased N-cadherin levels. Sequencing CBZ after ADT improves tumor response in androgen-sensitive LNCaP, but not in CRPC 22Rv1 xenografts. Mechanistic dissection revealed a novel association between the androgen receptor and HSET in prostate cancer cells that is inhibited by CBZ in an androgen-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new insights into the phenotypic reprogramming of prostate cancer cells to resensitize tumors to CBZ action. This evidence is of translational significance in treatment sequencing (CBZ and ADT) towards improved therapeutic benefit in patients with lethal CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Begemann
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Urology and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
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7
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Yang Z, Wang D, Johnson JK, Pascal LE, Takubo K, Avula R, Chakka AB, Zhou J, Chen W, Zhong M, Song Q, Ding H, Wu Z, Chandran UR, Maskrey TS, Nelson JB, Wipf P, Wang Z. A Novel Small Molecule Targets Androgen Receptor and Its Splice Variants in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 19:75-88. [PMID: 31554654 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of androgen receptor (AR) appears to be the major mechanism driving the resistance of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) to second-generation antiandrogens and involves AR overexpression, AR mutation, and/or expression of AR splice variants lacking ligand-binding domain. There is a need for novel small molecules targeting AR, particularly those also targeting AR splice variants such as ARv7. A high-throughput/high-content screen was previously reported that led to the discovery of a novel lead compound, 2-(((3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)methyl)thio)-1-(4-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethan-1-one (IMTPPE), capable of inhibiting nuclear AR level and activity in CRPC cells, including those resistant to enzalutamide. A novel analogue of IMTPPE, JJ-450, has been investigated with evidence for its direct and specific inhibition of AR transcriptional activity via a pulldown assay and RNA-sequencing analysis, PSA-based luciferase, qPCR, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and xenograft tumor model 22Rv1. JJ-450 blocks AR recruitment to androgen-responsive elements and suppresses AR target gene expression. JJ-450 also inhibits ARv7 transcriptional activity and its target gene expression. Importantly, JJ-450 suppresses the growth of CRPC tumor xenografts, including ARv7-expressing 22Rv1. Collectively, these findings suggest JJ-450 represents a new class of AR antagonists with therapeutic potential for CRPC, including those resistant to enzalutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Yang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James K Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura E Pascal
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Keita Takubo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Raghunandan Avula
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anish Bhaswanth Chakka
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mingming Zhong
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Qiong Song
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zeyu Wu
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Uma R Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Taber S Maskrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joel B Nelson
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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8
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Chinese Herbal Medicine Ganoderma tsugae Displays Potential Anti-Cancer Efficacy on Metastatic Prostate Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184418. [PMID: 31500366 PMCID: PMC6770323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to the current therapies is the main clinical challenge in the treatment of lethal metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa). Developing novel therapeutic approaches with effective regimes and minimal side effects for this fatal disease remain a priority in prostate cancer study. In the present study, we demonstrated that a traditional Chinese medicine, quality-assured Ganoderma tsugae ethanol extract (GTEE), significantly suppressed cell growth and metastatic capability and caused cell cycle arrest through decreasing expression of cyclins in mPCa cells, PC-3 and DU145 cells. GTEE also induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in mPCa cells. We further showed the potent therapeutic efficacy of GTEE by inhibiting subcutaneous PC-3 tumor growth in a xenograft model. The in vitro and in vivo efficacies on mPCa cells were due to blockade of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways associated with cancer cell growth, survival and apoptosis. These preclinical data provide the molecular basis for a new potential therapeutic approach toward the treatment of lethal prostate cancer progression.
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9
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Begemann D, Anastos H, Kyprianou N. Cell death under epithelial-mesenchymal transition control in prostate cancer therapeutic response. Int J Urol 2018; 25:318-326. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Begemann
- Department of Urology; University of Kentucky College of Medicine; Lexington Kentucky USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology; University of Kentucky College of Medicine; Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Harry Anastos
- Department of Urology; University of Kentucky College of Medicine; Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Urology; University of Kentucky College of Medicine; Lexington Kentucky USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology; University of Kentucky College of Medicine; Lexington Kentucky USA
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry; University of Kentucky College of Medicine; Lexington Kentucky USA
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10
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Johnston PA, Nguyen MM, Dar JA, Ai J, Wang Y, Masoodi KZ, Shun T, Shinde S, Camarco DP, Hua Y, Huryn DM, Wilson GM, Lazo JS, Nelson JB, Wipf P, Wang Z. Development and Implementation of a High-Throughput High-Content Screening Assay to Identify Inhibitors of Androgen Receptor Nuclear Localization in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2017; 14:226-39. [PMID: 27187604 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2016.716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) can be treated with abiraterone, a potent inhibitor of androgen synthesis, or enzalutamide, a second-generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, both targeting AR signaling. However, most patients relapse after several months of therapy and a majority of patients with relapsed CRPC tumors express the AR target gene prostate-specific antigen (PSA), suggesting that AR signaling is reactivated and can be targeted again to inhibit the relapsed tumors. Novel small molecules capable of inhibiting AR function may lead to urgently needed therapies for patients resistant to abiraterone, enzalutamide, and/or other previously approved antiandrogen therapies. Here, we describe a high-throughput high-content screening (HCS) campaign to identify small-molecule inhibitors of AR nuclear localization in the C4-2 CRPC cell line stably transfected with GFP-AR-GFP (2GFP-AR). The implementation of this HCS assay to screen a National Institutes of Health library of 219,055 compounds led to the discovery of 3 small molecules capable of inhibiting AR nuclear localization and function in C4-2 cells, demonstrating the feasibility of using this cell-based phenotypic assay to identify small molecules targeting the subcellular localization of AR. Furthermore, the three hit compounds provide opportunities to develop novel AR drugs with potential for therapeutic intervention in CRPC patients who have relapsed after treatment with antiandrogens, such as abiraterone and/or enzalutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Johnston
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Minh M Nguyen
- 3 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Javid A Dar
- 3 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Central Laboratory, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Junkui Ai
- 3 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yujuan Wang
- 3 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Khalid Z Masoodi
- 3 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,5 Transcriptomics and Proteomics Lab, Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K) , Shalimar, Srinagar, India
| | - Tongying Shun
- 6 Pittsburgh Specialized Application Center, University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sunita Shinde
- 6 Pittsburgh Specialized Application Center, University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel P Camarco
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yun Hua
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna M Huryn
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,7 University of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gabriela Mustata Wilson
- 8 Department of Health Services and Health Administration, College of Nursing and Health Professions, University of Southern Indiana , Evansville, Indiana
| | - John S Lazo
- 9 Departments of Pharmacology and Chemistry, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Joel B Nelson
- 2 University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Wipf
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,7 University of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,10 Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhou Wang
- 2 University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,11 Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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11
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Masoodi KZ, Eisermann K, Yang Z, Dar JA, Pascal LE, Nguyen M, O’Malley K, Parrinello E, Feturi FG, Kenefake AN, Nelson JB, Johnston PA, Wipf P, Wang Z. Inhibition of Androgen Receptor Function and Level in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells by 2-[(isoxazol-4-ylmethyl)thio]-1-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethanone. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3152-3161. [PMID: 28977599 PMCID: PMC5659684 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) as well as in the resistance to the second-generation AR antagonist enzalutamide and the selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) abiraterone. Novel agents targeting AR may inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells resistant to enzalutamide and/or abiraterone. Through a high-throughput/high-content screening of a 220,000-member small molecule library, we have previously identified 2-[(isoxazol-4-ylmethyl)thio]-1-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethanone (IMTPPE) (SID 3712502) as a novel small molecule capable of inhibiting AR transcriptional activity and protein level in C4-2 prostate cancer cells. In this study, we show that IMTPPE inhibits AR-target gene expression using real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and luciferase assays. IMTPPE inhibited proliferation of AR-positive, but not AR-negative, prostate cancer cells in culture. IMTPPE inhibited the transcriptional activity of a mutant AR lacking the ligand-binding domain (LBD), indicating that IMTPPE inhibition of AR is independent of the LBD. Furthermore, animal studies showed that IMTPPE inhibited the growth of 22Rv1 xenograft tumor, a model for enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer. These findings suggest that IMTPPE is a potential lead compound for developing clinical candidates for the treatment of CRPC, including those resistant to enzalutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Z. Masoodi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- Transcriptomics Laboratory, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190025, India
| | - Kurtis Eisermann
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Javid A. Dar
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- Central Laboratory College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh KSA-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura E. Pascal
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Minh Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Katherine O’Malley
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Erica Parrinello
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Firuz G. Feturi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Alex N. Kenefake
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Joel B. Nelson
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Paul A. Johnston
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
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12
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Abstract
The androgen-signaling axis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Since the landmark discovery by Huggins and Hodges, gonadal depletion of androgens has remained a mainstay of therapy for advanced disease. However, progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) typically follows and is largely the result of restored androgen signaling. Efforts to understand the mechanisms behind CRPC have revealed new insights into dysregulated androgen signaling and intratumoral androgen synthesis, which has ultimately led to the development of several novel androgen receptor (AR)-directed therapies for CRPC. However, emergence of resistance to these newer agents has also galvanized new directions in investigations of prereceptor and postreceptor AR regulation. Here, we review our current understanding of AR signaling as it pertains to the biology and natural history of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Dai
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Hannelore Heemers
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Hematology & Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Hematology & Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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13
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Dai C, Chung YM, Kovac E, Zhu Z, Li J, Magi-Galluzzi C, Stephenson AJ, Klein EA, Sharifi N. Direct Metabolic Interrogation of Dihydrotestosterone Biosynthesis from Adrenal Precursors in Primary Prostatectomy Tissues. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6351-6362. [PMID: 28733443 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: A major mechanism of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) involves intratumoral biosynthesis of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from adrenal precursors. We have previously shown that adrenal-derived androstenedione (AD) is the preferred substrate over testosterone (T) for 5α-reductase expressed in metastatic CRPC, bypassing T as an obligate precursor to DHT. However, the metabolic pathway of adrenal-derived DHT biosynthesis has not been rigorously investigated in the setting of primary disease in the prostate.Experimental Design: Seventeen patients with clinically localized prostate cancer were consented for fresh tissues after radical prostatectomy. Prostate tissues were cultured ex vivo in media spiked with an equimolar mixture of AD and T, and stable isotopic tracing was employed to simultaneously follow the enzymatic conversion of both precursor steroids into nascent metabolites, detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CRPC cell line models and xenograft tissues were similarly assayed for comparative analysis. A tritium-labeled steroid radiotracing approach was used to validate our findings.Results: Prostatectomy tissues readily 5α-reduced both T and AD. Furthermore, 5α-reduction of AD was the major directionality of metabolic flux to DHT. However, AD and T were comparably metabolized by 5α-reductase in primary prostate tissues, contrasting the preference exhibited by CRPC in which AD was favored over T. 5α-reductase inhibitors effectively blocked the conversion of AD to DHT.Conclusions: Both AD and T are substrates of 5α-reductase in prostatectomy tissues, resulting in two distinctly nonredundant metabolic pathways to DHT. Furthermore, the transition to CRPC may coincide with a metabolic switch toward AD as the favored substrate. Clin Cancer Res; 23(20); 6351-62. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Dai
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yoon-Mi Chung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Evan Kovac
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ziqi Zhu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jianneng Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Andrew J Stephenson
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Eric A Klein
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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14
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Masoodi KZ, Xu Y, Dar JA, Eisermann K, Pascal LE, Parrinello E, Ai J, Johnston PA, Nelson JB, Wipf P, Wang Z. Inhibition of Androgen Receptor Nuclear Localization and Castration-Resistant Prostate Tumor Growth by Pyrroloimidazole-based Small Molecules. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2120-2129. [PMID: 28655783 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that controls the expression of androgen-responsive genes. A key step in androgen action, which is amplified in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), is AR nuclear translocation. Small molecules capable of inhibiting AR nuclear localization could be developed as novel therapeutics for CRPC. We developed a high-throughput screen and identified two structurally-related pyrroloimidazoles that could block AR nuclear localization in CRPC cells. We show that these two small molecules, 3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole (EPPI) and 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole (CPPI) can inhibit the nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of AR and reduce the proliferation of AR-positive but not AR-negative prostate cancer cell lines. EPPI and CPPI did not inhibit nuclear localization of the glucocorticoid receptor or the estrogen receptor, suggesting they selectively target AR. In LNCaP tumor xenografts, CPPI inhibited the proliferation of relapsed LNCaP tumors. These findings suggest that EPPI and CPPI could serve as lead structures for the development of therapeutic agents for CRPC. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(10); 2120-9. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Z Masoodi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Transcriptomics Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Yadong Xu
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan 410011, China.,The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Javid A Dar
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Central Laboratory College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kurtis Eisermann
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura E Pascal
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Erica Parrinello
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Junkui Ai
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul A Johnston
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joel B Nelson
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Wipf
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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15
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Chattopadhyay I, Wang J, Qin M, Gao L, Holtz R, Vessella RL, Leach RW, Gelman IH. Src promotes castration-recurrent prostate cancer through androgen receptor-dependent canonical and non-canonical transcriptional signatures. Oncotarget 2017; 8:10324-10347. [PMID: 28055971 PMCID: PMC5354662 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of prostate cancer (PC) to castration-recurrent growth (CRPC) remains dependent on sustained expression and transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor (AR). A major mechanism contributing to CRPC progression is through the direct phosphorylation and activation of AR by Src-family (SFK) and ACK1 tyrosine kinases. However, the AR-dependent transcriptional networks activated by Src during CRPC progression have not been elucidated. Here, we show that activated Src (Src527F) induces androgen-independent growth in human LNCaP cells, concomitant with its ability to induce proliferation/survival genes normally induced by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in androgen-dependent LNCaP and VCaP cells. Src induces additional gene signatures unique to CRPC cell lines, LNCaP-C4-2 and CWR22Rv1, and to CRPC LuCaP35.1 xenografts. By comparing the Src-induced AR-cistrome and/or transcriptome in LNCaP to those in CRPC and LuCaP35.1 tumors, we identified an 11-gene Src-regulated CRPC signature consisting of AR-dependent, AR binding site (ARBS)-associated genes whose expression is altered by DHT in LNCaP[Src527F] but not in LNCaP cells. The differential expression of a subset (DPP4, BCAT1, CNTNAP4, CDH3) correlates with earlier PC metastasis onset and poorer survival, with the expression of BCAT1 required for Src-induced androgen-independent proliferation. Lastly, Src enhances AR binding to non-canonical ARBS enriched for FOXO1, TOP2B and ZNF217 binding motifs; cooperative AR/TOP2B binding to a non-canonical ARBS was both Src- and DHT-sensitive and correlated with increased levels of Src-induced phosphotyrosyl-TOP2B. These data suggest that CRPC progression is facilitated via Src-induced sensitization of AR to intracrine androgen levels, resulting in the engagement of canonical and non-canonical ARBS-dependent gene signatures.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Antagonists/pharmacology
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology
- Disease Progression
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Phosphorylation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/enzymology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Receptors, Androgen/drug effects
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcriptome
- Transfection
- src-Family Kinases/genetics
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Chattopadhyay
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Science, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Maochun Qin
- Department of Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lingqiu Gao
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Renae Holtz
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Robert W. Leach
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Irwin H. Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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16
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Regis L, Planas J, Carles J, Maldonado X, Comas I, Ferrer R, Morote J. Free Testosterone During Androgen Deprivation Therapy Predicts Castration-Resistant Progression Better Than Total Testosterone. Prostate 2017; 77:114-120. [PMID: 27800640 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal degree of testosterone suppression in patients with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy remains in question. Furthermore, serum free testosterone, which is the active form of testosterone, seems to correlate with intraprostatic testosterone. Here we compared free and total serum testosterone as predictors of survival free of castration resistance. METHODS Total testosterone (chemiluminescent assay, lower sensitivity 10 ng/dl) and free testosterone (analogue-ligand radioimmunoassay, lower sensitivity 0.05 pg/ml) were determined at 6 months of LHRH agonist treatment in a prospective cohort of 126 patients with prostate cancer. During a mean follow-up of 67 months (9-120), 75 (59.5%) events of castration-resistant progression were identified. Multivariate analysis and survival analysis according to total testosterone cutoffs of 50, 32, and 20 ng/dl, and free testosterone cutoffs of 1.7, 1.1, and 0.7 pg/ml were performed. RESULTS Metastatic spread was the most powerful predictor of castration resistance, HR: 2.09 (95%CI: 1.18-3.72), P = 0.012. Gleason score, baseline PSA and PSA at 6 months were also independents predictors, but not free and total testosterone. Stratified analysis was conducted on the basis of the status of metastatic diseases and free testosterone was found to be an independent predictor of survival free of castration resistance in the subgroup of patients without metastasis, HR: 2.12 (95%CI: 1.16-3.85), P = 0.014. The lowest threshold of free testosterone which showed significant differences was 1.7 pg/ml, P = 0.003. CONCLUSIONS Free testosterone at 6 months of LHRH agonist treatment seems to be a better surrogate than total testosterone to predict castration resistance in no metastatic prostate cancer patients. Prostate 77:114-120, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Regis
- Department of Urology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacques Planas
- Department of Urology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Maldonado
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inma Comas
- Department of Biochemistry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Ferrer
- Department of Biochemistry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Morote
- Department of Urology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Abstract
The use of exogenous testosterone to treat hypogonadism in the men with a history of prostate cancer (CaP) remains controversial due to fears of cancer recurrence or progression. Due to the detrimental impact of hypogonadism on patient quality of life, recent work has examined the safety of testosterone therapy (TTh) in men with a history of CaP. In this review, we evaluate the literature with regards to the safety of TTh in men with a history of CaP. TTh results in improvements in quality of life with little evidence of biochemical recurrence or progression in men with a history of CaP, or de novo cancer in unaffected men. An insufficient amount of evidence is currently available to truly demonstrate the safe use of TTh in men with low risk CaP. In men with high-risk cancer, more limited data suggest that TTh may be safe, but these findings remain inconclusive. Despite the historic avoidance of TTh in men with a history of CaP, the existing body of evidence largely supports the safe and effective use of testosterone in these men, although additional study is needed before unequivocal safety can be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Pastuszak
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA;; Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Mohit Khera
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Corfield J, Crozier J, Joshua AM, Bolton D, Lawrentschuk N. Understanding the role of new systemic agents in the treatment of prostate cancer. BJU Int 2016; 118 Suppl 3:8-13. [PMID: 27709828 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the current literature and identify key consensus findings from the available studies to better educate urologists and medical oncologists on agents used in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer (mPC). METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of the available literature on reported trials of systemic therapies for mPC. Two search terms were used: 'metastatic prostate cancer' and 'treatment'. RESULTS A variety of agents have demonstrated improved overall survival in patients with mPC. Twenty recently documented trials were reported in the literature with a focus on enzalutamide, abiraterone acetate, docetaxel and other newer agents. These studies were grouped based on patient populations. CONCLUSION The increasing number of high-quality clinical trials, with overlapping patient populations has made defining the correct therapy for men with mPC challenging for urologists and medical oncologists. The data suggests that the optimal sequence of drugs is not only unknown but also not necessarily the same for each patient. As such, we suggest a more individualized approach to the treatment of prostate cancer depending on patient and disease factors.
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19
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Nguyen TM, Pastuszak AW. Testosterone Therapy Among Prostate Cancer Survivors. Sex Med Rev 2016; 4:376-88. [PMID: 27474995 PMCID: PMC5026903 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of testosterone in men with a history of prostate cancer remains controversial in light of established findings linking androgens to prostate cancer growth. However, hypogonadism significantly affects quality of life and has negative sequelae, and the risks and benefits of testosterone therapy might be worthwhile to consider in all men, even those with a history of high-risk prostate cancer. AIM To discuss the effects of testosterone on the prostate and the use of testosterone therapy in hypogonadal men with a history of prostate cancer. METHODS Review of the literature examining the effects of testosterone on the prostate and the efficacy and safety of exogenous testosterone in men with a history of prostate cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Summary of effects of exogenous and endogenous testosterone on prostate tissue in vitro and in vivo, with a focus on effects in men with a history of prostate cancer. RESULTS Testosterone therapy ameliorates the symptoms of hypogonadism, decreases the risk for its negative sequelae, and can significantly improve quality of life. Recent studies do not support an increased risk for de novo prostate cancer, progression of the disease, or biochemical recurrence in hypogonadal men with a history of non-high-risk prostate cancer treated with testosterone therapy. Evidence supporting the use of testosterone in the setting of high-risk prostate cancer is less clear. CONCLUSION Despite the historical reluctance toward the use of testosterone therapy in men with a history of prostate cancer, modern evidence suggests that testosterone replacement is a safe and effective treatment option for hypogonadal men with non-high-risk prostate cancer. Additional work to definitively demonstrate the efficacy and safety of testosterone therapy in men with prostate cancer is needed, and persistent vigilance and surveillance of treated men remains necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander W Pastuszak
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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20
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Sakai M, Martinez-Arguelles DB, Aprikian AG, Magliocco AM, Papadopoulos V. De novo steroid biosynthesis in human prostate cell lines and biopsies. Prostate 2016; 76:575-87. [PMID: 26841972 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intratumoral androgen formation may be a factor in the development of prostate cancer (PCa), particularly castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). To evaluate the ability of the human prostate to synthesize de novo steroids, we examined the expression of key enzymes and proteins involved in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism. METHODS Using TissueScan™ Cancer qPCR Arrays and quantitative RT-PCR, we performed comparative gene expression analyses between various prostate cell lines and biopsies, including normal, hyperplastic, cancerous, and androgen-deprived prostate cells lines, as well as normal, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), PCa, and CRPC human specimens. These studies were complemented with steroid biosynthesis studies in normal and BPH cells. RESULTS Normal human prostate WPMY-1 and WPE1-NA22, benign prostate hyperplasia BPH-1, and cancer PC-3, LNCaP, and VCaP cell lines, as well as normal, BPH, PCa, and CRPC specimens, were used. Although all cell lines express mRNA encoding for hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), the mitochondrial translocator protein TSPO and cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme CYP11A1 were only observed in WPMY-1, BPH-1, and LNCaP cells. HSD3B1, HSD3B2, and CYP17A1 are involved in androgen formation and were not found in most cell lines. WPE1-NA22 and BPH-1 cells were unable to synthesize de novo steroids from mevalonate. Moreover, androgen-deprived cells did not have alterations in the expression of enzymes that could lead to de novo steroid formation. All prostate specimens expressed TSPO and CYP11A1. HSD3B1/2, CYP17A1, HSD17B5, and CYP19A1 mRNA expression was distinct to the profile observed in cells lines. The majority of BPH (90.9%) and PCa (83.1%) specimens contained CYP17A1, compared to control (normal) specimens (46.7%). BPH (82%), PCa (59%), normal (40%), and CRPC (34%) specimens expressed the four key enzymes that metabolize cholesterol to androgens. CONCLUSION These studies question the use of prostate cell lines to study steroid biosynthesis and demonstrate that human prostate samples contain transcripts encoding for key steroidogenic enzymes and proteins indicating that they have the potential to synthesize de novo steroids. We propose CYP17A1 as a candidate enzyme that can be used for patient stratification and treatment in BPH and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sakai
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel B Martinez-Arguelles
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Armen G Aprikian
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Florida, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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21
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Martin SK, Pu H, Penticuff JC, Cao Z, Horbinski C, Kyprianou N. Multinucleation and Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition Alleviate Resistance to Combined Cabazitaxel and Antiandrogen Therapy in Advanced Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2016; 76:912-26. [PMID: 26645563 PMCID: PMC4755804 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) frequently develop therapeutic resistance to taxane chemotherapy and antiandrogens. Cabazitaxel is a second-line taxane chemotherapeutic agent that provides additional survival benefits to patients with advanced disease. In this study, we sought to identify the mechanism of action of combined cabazitaxel and androgen receptor (AR) targeting in preclinical models of advanced prostate cancer. We found that cabazitaxel induced mitotic spindle collapse and multinucleation by targeting the microtubule depolymerizing kinesins and inhibiting AR. In androgen-responsive tumors, treatment with the AR inhibitor, enzalutamide, overcame resistance to cabazitaxel. Combination treatment of human CRPC xenografts with cabazitaxel and enzalutamide reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) and led to multinucleation, while retaining nuclear AR. In a transgenic mouse model of androgen-responsive prostate cancer, cabazitaxel treatment induced MET, glandular redifferentiation, and AR nuclear localization that was inhibited by androgen deprivation. Collectively, our preclinical studies demonstrate that prostate tumor resistance to cabazitaxel can be overcome by antiandrogen-mediated EMT-MET cycling in androgen-sensitive tumors but not in CRPC. Moreover, AR splice variants may preclude patients with advanced disease from responding to cabazitaxel chemotherapy and antiandrogen combination therapy. This evidence enables a significant insight into therapeutic cross-resistance to taxane chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Hong Pu
- Department of Urology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - Zheng Cao
- Department of Urology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky. Department of Urology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
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22
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Austrian recommendations on Targeted Hormone Therapy for metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2016; 128:156-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-015-0945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tucci M, Scagliotti GV, Vignani F. Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: time for innovation. Future Oncol 2015; 11:91-106. [PMID: 25572785 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation is the mainstay of advanced prostate cancer treatment. Despite initial responses, almost all patients progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The understanding of the biology of CRPC and the evidence that CRPC still remains driven by androgen receptor signaling led to the discovery of new therapeutic targets. In the last few years, large Phase III trials showed improvements in survival and outcomes and led to the approval of a CYP17 inhibitor (abiraterone), an androgen receptor antagonist (enzalutamide), the taxane cabazitaxel, an α-emitter (radium-223), the bone resorption-targeting drug denosumab and an immunotherapy (sipuleucel-T). This article describes the molecular mechanisms underlying castration resistance, discusses recent and ongoing trials and offers some insights into identifying the best sequence of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Tucci
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, S Luigi Hospital, Division of Medical Oncology, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043 - Orbassano (Torino), Italy
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YAP1 and AR interactions contribute to the switch from androgen-dependent to castration-resistant growth in prostate cancer. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8126. [PMID: 28230103 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional co-activator Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), a key nuclear effector of the Hippo pathway, is a potent oncogene, and yet, the interaction between YAP1 and androgen receptor (AR) remains unexplored. Here we identify YAP1 as a physiological binding partner and positive regulator of AR in prostate cancer. YAP1 and AR co-localize and interact with each other predominantly within cell nuclei by an androgen-dependent mechanism in a hormone naive and an androgen-independent mechanism in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. The growth suppressor MST1 kinase modulates androgen-dependent and -independent nuclear YAP1-AR interactions through directly regulating YAP1 nuclear accumulation. Disruption of YAP1 signalling by genetic (RNAi) and pharmacological (Verteporfin) approaches suppresses AR-dependent gene expression and prostate cancer cell growth. These findings indicate that the YAP1-AR axis may have a critical role in prostate cancer progression and serves as a viable drug target.
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Buttigliero C, Tucci M, Bertaglia V, Vignani F, Bironzo P, Di Maio M, Scagliotti GV. Understanding and overcoming the mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide in castration resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:884-92. [PMID: 26342718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), several new drugs have been approved that prolong overall survival, including enzalutamide and abiraterone, two new-generation hormonal therapies. Despite the demonstrated benefit of these agents, not all patients with CRPC are responsive to treatment, the gain in median progression-free survival with these therapies compared to standard of care is, rather disappointingly, still less than six months and the appearance of acquired resistance is almost universal. Approximately one third of patients treated with abiraterone and 25% of those treated with enzalutamide show primary resistance to these agents. Even if the mechanisms of resistance to these agents are not fully defined, many hypotheses are emerging, including systemic and intratumoral androgen biosynthesis up-regulation, androgen receptor (AR) gene mutations and amplifications, alteration of pathways involved in cross-talk with AR signaling, glucocorticoid receptor overexpression, neuroendocrine differentiation, immune system deregulation and others. The aim of this paper is to review currently available data about mechanisms of resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide, and to discuss how these mechanisms could be potentially overcome through novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Buttigliero
- Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Marcello Tucci
- Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Valentina Bertaglia
- Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Francesca Vignani
- Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Paolo Bironzo
- Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Maio
- Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
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26
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Katsogiannou M, Ziouziou H, Karaki S, Andrieu C, Henry de Villeneuve M, Rocchi P. The hallmarks of castration-resistant prostate cancers. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:588-97. [PMID: 25981454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has become a real public health issue in industrialized countries, mainly due to patients' relapse by castration-refractory disease after androgen ablation. Castration-resistant prostate cancer is an incurable and highly aggressive terminal stage of prostate cancer, seriously jeopardizing the patient's quality of life and lifespan. The management of castration-resistant prostate cancer is complex and has opened new fields of research during the last decade leading to an improved understanding of the biology of the disease and the development of new therapies. Most advanced tumors resistant to therapy still maintain the androgen receptor-pathway, which plays a central role for survival and growth of most castration-resistant prostate cancers. Many mechanisms induce the emergence of the castration resistant phenotype through this pathway. However some non-related AR pathways like neuroendocrine cells or overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins like Hsp27 are described to be involved in CRPC progression. More recently, loss of expression of tumor suppressor gene, post-transcriptional modification using miRNA, epigenetic alterations, alternatif splicing and gene fusion became also hallmarks of castration-resistant prostate cancer. This review presents an up-to-date overview of the androgen receptor-related mechanisms as well as the latest evidence of the non-AR-related mechanisms underlying castration-resistant prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Katsogiannou
- Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France.
| | - Hajer Ziouziou
- Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France
| | - Sara Karaki
- Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France
| | - Claudia Andrieu
- Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France
| | - Marie Henry de Villeneuve
- Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France
| | - Palma Rocchi
- Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille F-13009, France.
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Klotz L, O'Callaghan C, Ding K, Toren P, Dearnaley D, Higano CS, Horwitz E, Malone S, Goldenberg L, Gospodarowicz M, Crook JM. Nadir testosterone within first year of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) predicts for time to castration-resistant progression: a secondary analysis of the PR-7 trial of intermittent versus continuous ADT. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:1151-6. [PMID: 25732157 PMCID: PMC4372851 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.58.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Three small retrospective studies have suggested that patients undergoing continuous androgen deprivation (CAD) have superior survival and time to progression if lower castrate levels of testosterone (< 0.7 nmol/L) are achieved. Evidence from prospective large studies has been lacking. PATIENTS AND METHODS The PR-7 study randomly assigned patients experiencing biochemical failure after radiation therapy or surgery plus radiation therapy to CAD or intermittent androgen deprivation. The relationship between testosterone levels in the first year and cause-specific survival (CSS) and time to androgen-independent progression in men in the CAD arm was evaluated using Cox regression. RESULTS There was a significant difference in CSS (P = .015) and time to hormone resistance (P = .02) among those who had first-year minimum nadir testosterone ≤ 0.7, > 0.7 to ≤ 1.7, and ≥ 1.7 nmol/L. Patients with first-year nadir testosterone consistently > 0.7 nmol/L had significantly higher risks of dying as a result of disease (0.7 to 1.7 nmol/L: hazard ratio [HR], 2.08; 95% CI, 1.28 to 3.38; > 1.7 nmol/L: HR, 2.93; 95% CI, 0.70 to 12.30) and developing hormone resistance (0.7 to 1.7 nmol/L: HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.20 to 2.18; ≥ 1.7 nmol/L: HR, 1.90; 95% CI, 0.77 to 4.70). Maximum testosterone ≥ 1.7 nmol/L predicted for a higher risk of dying as a result of disease (P = .02). CONCLUSION Low nadir serum testosterone (ie, < 0.7 mmol/L) within the first year of androgen-deprivation therapy correlates with improved CSS and duration of response to androgen deprivation in men being treated for biochemical failure undergoing CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Klotz
- Laurence Klotz, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Mary Gospodarowicz, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto; Chris O'Callaghan and Keyue Ding, Queen's University, Kingston; Shawn Malone, Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario; Paul Toren, Larry Goldenberg, and Juanita M. Crook, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; David Dearnaley, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Celestia S. Higano, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Eric Horwitz, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.
| | - Chris O'Callaghan
- Laurence Klotz, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Mary Gospodarowicz, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto; Chris O'Callaghan and Keyue Ding, Queen's University, Kingston; Shawn Malone, Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario; Paul Toren, Larry Goldenberg, and Juanita M. Crook, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; David Dearnaley, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Celestia S. Higano, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Eric Horwitz, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Keyue Ding
- Laurence Klotz, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Mary Gospodarowicz, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto; Chris O'Callaghan and Keyue Ding, Queen's University, Kingston; Shawn Malone, Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario; Paul Toren, Larry Goldenberg, and Juanita M. Crook, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; David Dearnaley, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Celestia S. Higano, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Eric Horwitz, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Paul Toren
- Laurence Klotz, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Mary Gospodarowicz, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto; Chris O'Callaghan and Keyue Ding, Queen's University, Kingston; Shawn Malone, Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario; Paul Toren, Larry Goldenberg, and Juanita M. Crook, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; David Dearnaley, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Celestia S. Higano, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Eric Horwitz, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - David Dearnaley
- Laurence Klotz, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Mary Gospodarowicz, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto; Chris O'Callaghan and Keyue Ding, Queen's University, Kingston; Shawn Malone, Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario; Paul Toren, Larry Goldenberg, and Juanita M. Crook, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; David Dearnaley, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Celestia S. Higano, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Eric Horwitz, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Celestia S Higano
- Laurence Klotz, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Mary Gospodarowicz, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto; Chris O'Callaghan and Keyue Ding, Queen's University, Kingston; Shawn Malone, Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario; Paul Toren, Larry Goldenberg, and Juanita M. Crook, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; David Dearnaley, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Celestia S. Higano, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Eric Horwitz, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Eric Horwitz
- Laurence Klotz, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Mary Gospodarowicz, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto; Chris O'Callaghan and Keyue Ding, Queen's University, Kingston; Shawn Malone, Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario; Paul Toren, Larry Goldenberg, and Juanita M. Crook, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; David Dearnaley, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Celestia S. Higano, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Eric Horwitz, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Shawn Malone
- Laurence Klotz, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Mary Gospodarowicz, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto; Chris O'Callaghan and Keyue Ding, Queen's University, Kingston; Shawn Malone, Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario; Paul Toren, Larry Goldenberg, and Juanita M. Crook, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; David Dearnaley, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Celestia S. Higano, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Eric Horwitz, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Larry Goldenberg
- Laurence Klotz, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Mary Gospodarowicz, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto; Chris O'Callaghan and Keyue Ding, Queen's University, Kingston; Shawn Malone, Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario; Paul Toren, Larry Goldenberg, and Juanita M. Crook, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; David Dearnaley, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Celestia S. Higano, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Eric Horwitz, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Mary Gospodarowicz
- Laurence Klotz, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Mary Gospodarowicz, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto; Chris O'Callaghan and Keyue Ding, Queen's University, Kingston; Shawn Malone, Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario; Paul Toren, Larry Goldenberg, and Juanita M. Crook, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; David Dearnaley, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Celestia S. Higano, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Eric Horwitz, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Juanita M Crook
- Laurence Klotz, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Mary Gospodarowicz, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto; Chris O'Callaghan and Keyue Ding, Queen's University, Kingston; Shawn Malone, Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario; Paul Toren, Larry Goldenberg, and Juanita M. Crook, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; David Dearnaley, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Celestia S. Higano, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Eric Horwitz, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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28
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Bicalutamide 150 mg as secondary hormonal therapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 47:479-84. [PMID: 25665794 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-0919-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was aimed to evaluate the effect and tolerability of bicalutamide 150 mg therapy in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). METHODS A total of 48 patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer were included. They had been treated with continuous maximal androgen blockade therapy, but their serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) increased after initial hormonal therapy. Patients were given bicalutamide (150 mg per day). Serum PSA testing was performed every 3 months. The response was defined according to PSA decline from baseline: PSA decline ≥85% as complete response, ≥50 % but <85% as partial response, and <50 % as failure. Response duration was defined as the time from PSA response until PSA increased ≥25 % or ≥2 ng/mL from the nadir. The potential predictive factors (Gleason score, clinical stage and serum PSA) were investigated. RESULTS The time of follow-up was 3-30 months. A PSA decline ≥50% was observed in 37 of 48 patients including 18 ≥ 50% but <85% and 19 ≥ 85% responders. The median response duration was 12 months for partial responders and 20 months for complete responders. Patients with lower Gleason score, lower serum PSA and using flutamide as first-line nonsteroidal antiandrogen achieved more benefits. Moreover, bicalutamide 150 mg therapy was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Bicalutamide 150 mg therapy was an appropriate therapeutic method for patients of CRPC, especially for those with lower Gleason score, lower serum PSA and using flutamide as first-line nonsteroidal antiandrogen.
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Schweizer MT, Antonarakis ES, Wang H, Ajiboye AS, Spitz A, Cao H, Luo J, Haffner MC, Yegnasubramanian S, Carducci MA, Eisenberger MA, Isaacs JT, Denmeade SR. Effect of bipolar androgen therapy for asymptomatic men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: results from a pilot clinical study. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:269ra2. [PMID: 25568070 PMCID: PMC4507510 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Targeting androgen receptor (AR) axis signaling by disrupting androgen-AR interactions remains the primary treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. Unfortunately, all men develop resistance to primary castrating therapy and secondary androgen deprivation therapies (ADTs). Resistance develops in part because castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells adaptively up-regulate AR levels through overexpression, amplification, and expression of ligand-independent variants in response to chronic exposure to a low-testosterone environment. However, preclinical models suggest that AR overexpression represents a therapeutic liability that can be exploited via exposure to supraphysiologic testosterone to promote CRPC cell death. Preclinical data supported a pilot study in which 16 asymptomatic CRPC patients with low to moderate metastatic burden were treated with testosterone cypionate (400 mg intramuscular; day 1 of 28) and etoposide (100 mg oral daily; days 1 to 14 of 28). After three cycles, those with a declining prostate-specific antigen (PSA) continued on intermittent testosterone therapy monotherapy. Castrating therapy was continued to suppress endogenous testosterone production, allowing for rapid cycling from supraphysiologic to near-castrate serum testosterone levels, a strategy termed bipolar androgen therapy (BAT). BAT was well tolerated and resulted in high rates of PSA (7 of 14 evaluable patients) and radiographic responses (5 of 10 evaluable patients). Although all men showed eventual PSA progression, four men remained on BAT for ≥1 year. All patients (10 of 10) demonstrated PSA reductions upon receiving androgen-ablative therapies after BAT, suggesting that BAT may also restore sensitivity to ADTs. BAT shows promise as treatment for CRPC and should be further evaluated in larger trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Schweizer
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - A Seun Ajiboye
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Avery Spitz
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Haiyi Cao
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jun Luo
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Michael C Haffner
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Michael A Carducci
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mario A Eisenberger
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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30
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Schweizer MT, Antonarakis ES. Chemotherapy and its evolving role in the management of advanced prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:334-40. [PMID: 24435058 PMCID: PMC4023356 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced prostate cancer has been recognized as being responsive to androgen deprivation since the 1940s when Charles Huggins first described the role of surgical castration in managing these patients. However, androgen deprivation only results in transient disease control for the vast majority of men, with those progressing in spite of castrate testosterone levels labeled as having castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Until 2004, the therapeutic arena for these patients had remained stagnant, with no agent having shown a survival gain in the CRPC setting. Two landmark publications changed the prostate cancer treatment landscape by providing ‘level-1 evidence’ that docetaxel-based chemotherapy led to prolongation in overall survival (OS). This was followed by the approval of cabazitaxel in 2010 on the basis of Phase III data demonstrating its efficacy in patients pretreated with docetaxel. More recently, a number of next-generation androgen-directed agents (e.g. abiraterone and enzalutamide) have also been shown to lead to a survival benefit in men with CRPC. With so many new treatment options available, a number of questions remain. These include: how to best sequence chemotherapy with these newer hormonal agents, the clinical implication of cross-resistance between taxanes and androgen-directed agents and which subsets of patients may benefit most from early use of chemotherapy. This review will provide an overview of the evolving role of chemotherapy in the management of advanced prostate cancer in the current era.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Prostate Cancer Research Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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31
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Abstract
In merely a short period of time the comprehension of castration-resistant prostate cancer has evolved. It is now possible to clearly outline the exact definition and variance of the disease pattern. A wealth of new effective agents can be applied to extend the patient's life span and improve the quality of life. An understanding of the pharmacodynamics and side effects of each substance is of utmost importance for the practical application. In order to use these new medicines in a differentiated manner urologists require continuous education. The evaluation of response to treatment has yet to be satisfyingly verified. Molecular markers still need to be developed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Loidl
- Urologische Abteilung, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Schwestern, Seilerstätte 4, A-4010, Linz, Österreich,
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32
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Klotz L, Drachenberg D, Singal R, Aprikian A, Fradet Y, Kebabdjian M, Zarenda M, Chin J. An open-label, phase 2 trial of bicalutamide dose escalation from 50 mg to 150 mg in men with CAB and castration resistance. A Canadian Urology Research Consortium Study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2014; 17:320-4. [DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2014.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Gelman IH. Androgen receptor activation in castration-recurrent prostate cancer: the role of Src-family and Ack1 tyrosine kinases. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:620-6. [PMID: 24948875 PMCID: PMC4062955 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing appreciation that castration-recurrent prostate cancer (CR-CaP) is driven by the continued expression of androgen receptor (AR). AR activation in CR-CaP through various mechanisms, including AR overexpression, expression of AR splice variants or mutants, increased expression of co-regulator proteins, and by post-translational modification, allows for the induction of AR-regulated genes in response to very low levels of tissue-expressed, so-called intracrine androgens, resulting in pathways that mediate CaP proliferation, anti-apoptosis and oncogenic aggressiveness. The current review focuses on the role played by Src-family (SFK) and Ack1 non-receptor tyrosine kinases in activating AR through direct phosphorylation, respectively, on tyrosines 534 or 267, and how these modifications facilitate progression to CR-CaP. The fact that SFK and Ack1 are central mediators for multiple growth factor receptor signaling pathways that become activated in CR-CaP, especially in the context of metastatic growth in the bone, has contributed to recent therapeutic trials using SFK/Ack1 inhibitors in monotherapy or in combination with antagonists of the AR activation axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin H. Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Jacob S, Nayak S, Fernandes G, Barai RS, Menon S, Chaudhari UK, Kholkute SD, Sachdeva G. Androgen receptor as a regulator of ZEB2 expression and its implications in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:473-86. [PMID: 24812058 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Zinc finger E-box-binding protein 2 (ZEB2) is known to help mediate the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and thereby it facilitates cancer metastasis. This study was initiated to explore whether ZEB2 expression differs in prostate cancer (PCa, n=7) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, n=7) tissues. In PCa tissues, the levels of both immunoreactive ZEB2 and androgen receptor (AR) were found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) when compared with BPH tissues. Co-regulation of AR and ZEB2 prompted us to investigate the role of androgenic stimuli in ZEB2 expression. ZEB2 expression was found to be significantly (P<0.05) upregulated after androgen stimulation and downregulated following AR silencing in LNCaP cells, an androgen-dependent PCa cell line. This finding suggested AR as a positive regulator of ZEB2 expression in androgen-dependent cells. Paradoxically, androgen-independent (AI) cell lines PC3 and DU145, known to possess low AR levels, showed significantly (P<0.05) higher expression of ZEB2 compared with LNCaP cells. Furthermore, forced expression of AR in PC3 (PC3-AR) and DU145 (DU-AR) cells led to reductions in ZEB2 expression, invasiveness, and migration. These cells also exhibited an increase in the levels of E-cadherin (a transcriptional target of ZEB2). Co-transfection of AR and ZEB2 cDNA constructs prevented the decline in invasiveness and migration to a significant extent. Additionally, ZEB2 downregulation was associated with an increase in miR200a/miR200b levels in PC3-AR cells and with a decrease in miR200a/miR200b levels in AR-silenced LNCaP cells. Thus, AR acts as a positive regulator of ZEB2 expression in androgen-dependent cells and as a negative regulator in AI PCa cells.
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MESH Headings
- Androgens/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Male
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/drug therapy
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/genetics
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Wound Healing
- Zinc Finger E-box Binding Homeobox 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Jacob
- Primate Biology Laboratory, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research, JM Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India The Centre for Medical Bioinformatics, NIRRH, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai 400012, India
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Heemers HV. Targeting androgen receptor action for prostate cancer treatment: does the post-receptor level provide novel opportunities? Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:576-87. [PMID: 24948870 PMCID: PMC4062950 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard of care for patients who suffer from non-organ confined prostate cancer (CaP) is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). ADT exploits the reliance of CaP cells on androgen receptor (AR) signaling throughout CaP progression from androgen-stimulated (AS) to castration-recurrent (CR) disease. AR is a member of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors. Ligand-activated AR relocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it binds to Androgen Response Elements (AREs) to regulate transcription of target genes that control CaP cell behavior and progression. Current forms of ADT interfere at 2 levels along the AR signaling axis. At the pre-receptor level, ADT limits the availability of ligand for AR, while at the receptor level, ADT interrupts AR-ligand interactions. Both forms of ADT induce remission, but are not curative and, because of extraprostatic actions, are associated with severe side effects. Here, the potential of interference with the molecular regulation of AR-dependent transcription and the action of AR target genes, at the post receptor level, as the foundation for the development of novel, more CaP- specific selective forms of ADT is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore V. Heemers
- Departments of Urology and Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Haller AC, Tan W, Payne-Ondracek R, Underwood W, Tian L, Morrison C, Li F. High SPDEF may identify patients who will have a prolonged response to androgen deprivation therapy. Prostate 2014; 74:509-19. [PMID: 24375440 PMCID: PMC4410264 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the indolent nature of prostate cancer, new prognostic measures are needed to identify patients with life threatening disease. SAM pointed domain-containing Ets transcription factor (SPDEF) has been associated with good prognosis and demonstrates an intimate relationship with the androgen receptor (AR), however its role in prostate cancer progression remains unclear. METHODS A tissue microarray constructed from cores of 713 consecutive radical prostatectomy specimens were immunohistochemically stained for SPDEF and correlated with progression free and metastatic free survival. In vitro studies assessed growth rate, migration, and sensitivity to bicalutamide to explore mechanisms behind the tissue microarray observations. RESULTS Patients with high SPDEF demonstrate longer metastases free survival after receiving the standard of care (HR = 9.80, P = 0.006). SPDEF expression corresponded with bicalutamide growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in all cell lines studied. In addition, a feedforward loop of AR-SPEF expression regulation is observed. CONCLUSIONS SPDEF may be clinically useful to identify patients who will have extended benefits from androgen deprivation therapy. In vitro observations suggest SPDEF mediates initial sensitivity to androgen deprivation therapy through both AR regulation and downstream events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Haller
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Wei Tan
- Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | | | | | - Lili Tian
- Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Carl Morrison
- Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Fengzhi Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
- Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
- Correspondence to: Fengzhi Li, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, CGP L4-301, Buffalo, NY 14263.
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Cereda V, Formica V, Massimiani G, Tosetto L, Roselli M. Targeting metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: mechanisms of progression and novel early therapeutic approaches. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:469-87. [PMID: 24490883 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.885950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advances in clinical research have led to official approval of several new treatments for metastatic prostate cancer in the last three years: sipuleucel-T, cabazitaxel, abiraterone acetate, radium-223 and enzalutamide. Although these agents have all been shown to improve overall survival in randomized Phase III trials, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains incurable. AREAS COVERED First, the review summarizes the current literature on the biology of mCRPC. The emerging data are increasing our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of castrate resistance and where future treatment might be headed. In the second part of the review, the authors assess the future directions in disease therapy. Indeed, novel selected therapeutic approaches, including novel agents and combinatorial therapies, are showing promising early results. EXPERT OPINION Targeting different molecular pathways in combination with immunotherapy can be a promising direction in metastatic castration prostate cancer treatment. However, several challenges still exist including elucidating the optimal use and sequencing of these new agents. There are also challenges in both the design and the interpretation of the results from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittore Cereda
- University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Tor Vergata Clinical Center, Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology , V.le Oxford 81, 00133, Rome , Italy +390 620 908 190 ; +390 620 904 576 ;
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Pinto Á. Beyond abiraterone: new hormonal therapies for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:149-55. [PMID: 24100689 PMCID: PMC3928129 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.26724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease where the previous concept of "hormone resistance" has been changed by a new generation of hormonal therapies that have proven efficacy in the castration-resistant setting. The fact is that androgens play a crucial role in the whole clinical course of prostate cancer, even when a patient meets castration-resistance criteria. The development of abiraterone showed how important and clinically meaningful can be to achieve the lowest possible levels of testosterone, and androgen receptor overexpression, mutation, or enhanced crosstalk with other pathways, which can also be targeted with new agents tested in the last few years. New androgen biosynthesis inhibitors have been developed, such as orteronel (TAK-700), but also new antiandrogens (enzalutamide, ARN-509, ODM-201) or even agents with a dual mechanism of action (galeterone). In this review the development of new hormonal therapies following the arrival of abiraterone for the treatment of prostate cancer will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Pinto
- Medical Oncology Department; University Hospital La Paz; IdiPAZ; Madrid, Spain
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Pezaro C, Omlin A, Bianchini D, de Bono J. New Therapies in Hormone Relapsed Disease. Prostate Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118347379.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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40
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Shah S, Small E. Emerging biological observations in prostate cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 10:89-101. [DOI: 10.1586/era.09.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Su B, Gillard B, Gao L, Eng KH, Gelman IH. Src controls castration recurrence of CWR22 prostate cancer xenografts. Cancer Med 2013; 2:784-92. [PMID: 24403252 PMCID: PMC3892383 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrence of prostate cancer (CaP) after androgen-deprivation therapy continues to have the greatest impact on patient survival. Castration-recurrent (CR)-CaP is likely driven by the activation of androgen receptor (AR) through multiple mechanisms including induction of AR coregulators, AR mutants or splice variants, and AR posttranslational modification such as phosphorylation by Src-family and Ack1 tyrosine kinases. Here, we address whether Src is required for the CR growth of human CWR22 CaP xenografts. The shRNA-mediated Src knockdown or treatment with the Src inhibitors, dasatinib or KXO1, reduced CaP recurrence over controls and increased time-to-recurrence following castration. Moreover, CR-CaP [Src-shRNA] tumors that recurred had similar Src protein and activation levels as those of parental cells, strengthening the notion that Src activity is required for progression to CR-CaP. In contrast, the ability of dasatinib or KXO1 to inhibit Src kinase activity in vitro did not correlate with their ability to inhibit serum-driven in vitro proliferation of CR and androgen-dependent stable cell lines derived from CWR22 tumors (CWR22Rv1 and CWR22PC, respectively), suggesting that the in vitro proliferation of these CaP lines is Src independent. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that Src is a potent and specific therapeutic target for CR-CaP progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Su
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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Wu Y, Godoy A, Azzouni F, Wilton JH, Ip C, Mohler JL. Prostate cancer cells differ in testosterone accumulation, dihydrotestosterone conversion, and androgen receptor signaling response to steroid 5α-reductase inhibitors. Prostate 2013; 73:1470-82. [PMID: 23813697 PMCID: PMC3999702 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blocking 5α-reductase-mediated testosterone conversion to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) with finasteride or dutasteride is the driving hypothesis behind two prostate cancer prevention trials. Factors affecting intracellular androgen levels and the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis need to be examined systematically in order to fully understand the outcome of interventions using these drugs. METHODS The expression of three 5α-reductase isozymes, as determined by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR, was studied in five human prostate cancer cell lines. Intracellular testosterone and DHT were analyzed using mass spectrometry. A luciferase reporter assay and AR-regulated genes were used to evaluate the modulation of AR activity. RESULTS Prostate cancer cells were capable of accumulating testosterone to a level 15-50 times higher than that in the medium. The profile and expression of 5α-reductase isozymes did not predict the capacity to convert testosterone to DHT. Finasteride and dutasteride were able to depress testosterone uptake in addition to lowering intracellular DHT. The inhibition of AR activity following drug treatment often exceeded the expected response due to reduced availability of DHT. The ability to maintain high intracellular testosterone might compensate for the shortage of DHT. CONCLUSIONS The biological effect of finasteride or dutasteride appears to be complex and may depend on the interplay of several factors, which include testosterone turnover, enzymology of DHT production, ability to use testosterone and DHT interchangeably, and propensity of cells for off-target AR inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
- Departmentof Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Alejandro Godoy
- Departmentof Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
- Departmentof Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católicade Chile, Santiago de Chile
| | - Faris Azzouni
- Departmentof Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - John H. Wilton
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Clement Ip
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - James L. Mohler
- Departmentof Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Urology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biotechnology, Buffalo, New York
- Correspondence to: James L. Mohler, MD, Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263.
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Sridhar SS, Freedland SJ, Gleave ME, Higano C, Mulders P, Parker C, Sartor O, Saad F. Castration-resistant prostate cancer: from new pathophysiology to new treatment. Eur Urol 2013; 65:289-99. [PMID: 23957948 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Until recently, the only approved agent for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) was docetaxel chemotherapy. But over the last 5 years, significant advances in the field have led to the approval of five new agents, each with different mechanisms of action and demonstrating improved overall survival in separate randomized phase 3 trials. Many of these novel agents are now also being evaluated in earlier stages of the disease, which may ultimately lead to even better outcomes. OBJECTIVE To summarize the current literature on the management of mCRPC with a particular focus on novel chemotherapy approaches, hormonal approaches, immunotherapy, and radiopharmaceuticals showing survival benefits in phase 3 clinical trials. Emerging therapies in late stages of development are also discussed briefly. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A comprehensive search of PubMed, identified studies pertaining to novel therapies evaluated in mCRPC since the initial approval of docetaxel in 2004. Abstracts from major international meetings were hand searched to identify studies of novel agents in late stage development in mCRPC. The Clinical Trials.gov database was used to find ongoing clinical trials in the area of mCRPC. A detailed search of each new agent was also performed to ensure that additional trials of these agents in other stages of the disease were included where relevant. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The main agents discussed are the androgen synthesis inhibitor abiraterone acetate, the androgen receptor inhibitor enzalutamide, the novel taxane chemotherapy cabazitaxel, the immunotherapy sipuleucel-T, and the radiopharmaceutical radium 223. Other emerging agents and a brief discussion of negative phase 3 results are also included. CONCLUSIONS It is a very exciting time in the field of mCRPC, where therapeutic advances have improved outcomes in this disease, although once metastatic overall median survival remains a dismal 2-3 years. The key now will be to understand how best to use these new agents, understand the mechanisms of resistance to them, continue to develop novel treatment strategies, and ultimately test these agents earlier in the disease when cure may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Durham VA Medical Center and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Peter Mulders
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Fred Saad
- University of Montreal Hospital Center, Montreal, PQ, Canada
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Saad F. Evidence for the efficacy of enzalutamide in postchemotherapy metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Ther Adv Urol 2013; 5:201-10. [PMID: 23904859 DOI: 10.1177/1756287213490054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) has evolved rapidly with the recent approval of a number of treatments and agents, including docetaxel, sipuleucel T, abiraterone, cabazitaxel, and enzalutamide. Enzalutamide (previously MDV-3100) is a novel oral androgen receptor inhibitor that targets multiple steps in the androgen receptor signaling pathway. The randomized phase III AFFIRM study demonstrated significant improvements in a number of efficacy endpoints, including the primary endpoint of overall survival and secondary endpoints of progression-free survival, and time to prostate-specific antigen progression in patients with progressive mCRPC who had received prior treatment with docetaxel. Enzalutamide was well tolerated and there were comparable incidences of grade 3 or greater adverse events reported for the enzalutamide and placebo control arms in AFFIRM. Unlike some other treatments for mCRPC, enzalutamide does not require administration with steroids. The ongoing randomized phase III PREVAIL trial will investigate the efficacy and safety of enzalutamide in chemotherapy-naïve patients with mCRPC. Additional trials are investigating the use of enzalutamide in a number of disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Saad
- Professor and Chair, Division of Urology, University of Montreal Hospital Center and CRCHUM, CHUM, 1560 Sherbrooke East, Montreal Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
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Goyal J, Antonarakis ES. Clinical Evaluation of Abiraterone in the Treatment of Metastatic Prostate Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2013:1-14. [PMID: 24482578 PMCID: PMC3904375 DOI: 10.4137/cmu.s8337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer remains an area of unmet medical need. Evidence suggests that this entity continues to be driven by androgens and androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Abiraterone acetate, a pregnenolone derivative, is an oral selective and irreversible inhibitor of the key steroidogenic enzyme CYP17. It possesses dual 17-α hydroxylase and C17,20-lyase blocking activity, the result of which is decreased gonadal and extra-gonadal androgen synthesis. Abiraterone was first approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2011 following the demonstration of superior survival compared with placebo in the post-docetaxel population. Since that time, more evidence has been generated from preclinical studies and clinical trials which have considerably enhanced our understanding of this complex disease. In this paper, we review the development of abiraterone acetate, its pharmacological characteristics, and its effects on the androgen-AR signaling axis, along with the combined experience from clinical trials. We also discuss some of the ongoing trials using this agent, as well as potential mechanisms of abiraterone resistance, novel bio-marker development, and future directions using AR-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Goyal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Assistant Professor of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore MD
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Gonnissen A, Isebaert S, Haustermans K. Hedgehog signaling in prostate cancer and its therapeutic implication. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13979-4007. [PMID: 23880852 PMCID: PMC3742228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is implicated in the development and progression of several tumor types, including prostate cancer, which is still the most common non-skin malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men in industrialized countries worldwide. Several studies have indicated that the Hh pathway plays a crucial role in the development as well as in the progression of this disease to more aggressive and even therapy-resistant disease states. Moreover, preclinical data have shown that inhibition of Hh signaling has the potential to reduce prostate cancer invasiveness and metastatic potential. Clinical trials investigating the benefit of Hh inhibitors in patients with prostate cancer have recently been initiated. However, acquired drug resistance has already been observed in other tumor types after long-term Hh inhibition. Therefore, combining Hh inhibitors with ionizing radiation, chemotherapy or other molecular targeted agents could represent an alternative therapeutic strategy. In this review, we will highlight the role of Hh signaling in the development and progression of prostate cancer and summarize the different therapeutic applications of Hedgehog inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Gonnissen
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, & Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abedinpour P, Baron VT, Chrastina A, Welsh J, Borgström P. The combination of plumbagin with androgen withdrawal causes profound regression of prostate tumors in vivo. Prostate 2013; 73:489-99. [PMID: 22996809 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormonal ablation is the standard treatment for disseminated androgen-dependent prostate cancer. Although tumor growth is controlled at first, the tumor invariably recurs in the form of castration-resistant prostate cancer. This study assessed the efficacy of a new therapeutic strategy that combines plumbagin, a naturally occurring naphthoquinone, with androgen ablation. METHODS Viewing microscopy chambers were placed in the dorsal skinfold of mice. Syngeneic prostate tissue was grafted within the chambers and allowed to vascularize. H2B-GFP/PTEN-P2 prostate cancer cells were co-implanted on top of the grafted prostate tissue. Androgen ablation was achieved using surgical castration. Intact and castrated mice were administered plumbagin or sham treatment. Tumor growth, mitosis and apoptosis were monitored in real-time using fluorescent Intra-Vital Microscopy. The mechanism of action of plumbagin was explored using human and mouse prostate cancer cells. RESULTS Whereas both plumbagin and castration alone impeded tumor growth, only the combination of plumbagin and castration caused profound tumor regression in vivo, mostly due to increased apoptosis of the tumor cells. The cytotoxicity of plumbagin was not affected by androgens in vitro, suggesting that microenvironmental factors not present in culture play a crucial role in the combination effect. Plumbagin-induced cell death was mediated, at least in part, by activation of ERK and was due to generation of reactive oxygen species, because it was abolished by the anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine. CONCLUSION Androgen deprivation in combination with plumbagin may provide a significant improvement over androgen deprivation alone and deserves further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Abedinpour
- Vaccine Research Institute of San Diego, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California 92109, USA
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Fialova B, Smesny Trtkova K, Paskova L, Langova K, Kolar Z. Effect of histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors on the expression of the androgen receptor gene in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:2039-45. [PMID: 23503510 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) expression in prostate cancer (CaP) cells varies due to the multiple changes including epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone deacetylation. DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors are promising for the treatment of CaP. The aim of our study was to analyze the 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (Aza‑dC) and sodium butyrate (NaB) effects on CaP cells with modified AR gene expression. The androgen-independent human prostate cancer cell lines PC3 (lacking a functional AR) and DU145 (strongly limited expression due to methylations in the AR gene) were used. PCR of bisulfite-modified DNA and RT-PCR with bisulfite-sequencing were used for AR gene analysis of DU145 and PC3 cells following their treatment with Aza-dC and/or NaB. Re-acetylated histones around the AR gene were detected by conventional PCR of immunoprecipitated DNA obtained from treated cells. In both cell lines without the AR expression, the combined treatment was followed with significant decrease of cell viability. The co-treatment of DU145 cells caused site-specific demethylation in the AR promoter region followed by gene re-expression and increased acetylation in histones H3 and H4. The co-treatment with Aza-dC and NaB was the most effective in demethylation and re-expression of the AR gene. In the AR gene promoter, the location and density of deme-thylated CpGs indicated the existence of distinct promoter hot spot that could be a target of AR gene inactivation therapy of CaP patients during androgen deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Fialova
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Li L, Xie H, Liang L, Gao Y, Zhang D, Fang L, Lee SO, Luo J, Chen X, Wang X, Chang LS, Yeh S, Wang Y, He D, Chang C. Increased PrLZ-mediated androgen receptor transactivation promotes prostate cancer growth at castration-resistant stage. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:257-67. [PMID: 23104178 PMCID: PMC3564439 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most advanced prostate cancers (PCa) will develop into the castration-resistant stage following androgen deprivation therapy, yet the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found PrLZ, a newly identified Prostate Leucine Zipper gene that is highly expressed in PCa could interact with the androgen receptor (AR) directly leading to enhance AR transactivation in the castration-resistant condition. PrLZ might enhance AR transactivation via a change of AR conformation that leads to promotion of AR nuclear translocation and suppression of AR degradation via modulating the proteasome pathway, which resulted in increased prostate-specific antigen expression and promoted PCa growth at the castration-resistant stage. Clinical PCa sample survey from same-patient paired specimens found increased PrLZ expression in castration-resistant PCa following the classical androgen deprivation therapy. Targeting the AR-PrLZ complex via ASC-J9® or PrLZ-siRNA resulted in suppression of PCa growth in various human PCa cells and in vivo mouse PCa models. Together, these data not only strengthen PrLZ roles in the transition from androgen dependence to androgen independence during the castration-resistant stage, but they may also provide a new potential therapy to battle PCa at the castration-resistant stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Hongjun Xie
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Liang Liang
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Ye Gao
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Leiya Fang
- George H. Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Soo Ok Lee
- George H. Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Jie Luo
- George H. Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Xingfa Chen
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Luke S. Chang
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- George H. Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
- Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan and
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Cancer Endocrinology, BC Cancer Agency, Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dalin He
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George H. Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
- Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan and
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Cholesterol accumulation in prostate cancer: a classic observation from a modern perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1835:219-29. [PMID: 23357067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men in developed countries. Epidemiological studies have associated high blood-cholesterol levels with an increased risk of PCa, whilst cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins) reduce the risk of advanced PCa. Furthermore, normal prostate epithelial cells have an abnormally high cholesterol content, with cholesterol levels increasing further during progression to PCa. In this review, we explore why and how this occurs. Concurrent to this observation, intense efforts have been expended in cardiovascular research to better understand the regulators of cholesterol homeostasis. Here, we apply this knowledge to elucidate the molecular mechanisms driving the accumulation of cholesterol in PCa. For instance, recent evidence from our group and others shows that major signalling players in prostate growth and differentiation, such as androgens and Akt, modulate the key transcriptional regulators of cholesterol homeostasis to enhance cholesterol levels. This includes adjusting central carbon metabolism to sustain greater lipid synthesis. Perturbations in cholesterol homeostasis appear to be maintained even when PCa approaches the advanced, 'castration-resistant' state. Overall, this provides a link between cholesterol accumulation and PCa cell growth. Given there is currently no cure for castration-resistant PCa, could cholesterol metabolism be a novel target for PCa therapy? Overall, this review presents a picture that cholesterol metabolism is important for PCa development: growth-promoting factors stimulate cholesterol accumulation, which in turn presents a possible target for chemotherapy. Consequently, we recommend future investigations, both to better elucidate the mechanisms driving this accumulation and applying it in novel chemotherapeutic strategies.
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