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Aparecida Santos L, de Castro Dutra J, Picoli Marinho E, Cosme Cotta Malaquias L, Nascimento Gomes B, Caravita Grisolia J, Andrade Dias N, Burger E. Celecoxib exhibits antifungal effect against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis both directly and indirectly by activating neutrophil responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112606. [PMID: 38963980 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celecoxib, an anti-inflammatory drug, combined therapies using antimicrobials and immune modulator drugs are being studied. OBJECTIVE To assess whether Celecoxib has direct in vitro antifungal effect against the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the causative agent of Paracoccidioidomycosis-(PCM) and also if it improves the in vivo activity of neutrophils-(PMN) in an experimental murine subcutaneous-(air pouch) model of the disease. METHODS The antifungal activity of Celecoxib(6 mg/mL) on P. brasiliensis-(Pb18) was evaluated using the microdilution technique. Splenocytes co-cultured with Pb18 and treated with Celecoxib(6 mg/mL) were co-cultured for 24, 48 and 72-hours. Swiss mice were inoculated with Pb18 and treated with Celecoxib(6 mg/kg) in the subcutaneous air pouch. Neutrophils were collected from the air pouch. Mitochondrial activity, reactive oxygen production, catalase, peroxidase, cytokines and chemokines, nitrogen species, total protein, microbicidal activity of PMNs and viable Pb18 cells numbers were analyzed. RESULTS Celecoxib had no cytotoxic effect on splenocytes co-cultured with Pb18, but had a marked direct antifungal effect, inhibiting fungal growth both in vitro and in vivo. Celecoxib interaction with immune system cells in the air pouch, it leads to activation of PMNs, as confirmed by several parameters (mitochondrial activity, reactive oxygen species, peroxidase, KC and IL-6 increase, killing constant and phagocytosis). Celecoxib was able to reduce IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 cytokine production. The number of recovered viable Pb18 decreased dramatically. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the direct antifungal activity of Celecoxib against P. brasiliensis. The use of Celecoxib opens a new possibility for future treatment of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauana Aparecida Santos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL. Alfenas, MG - Brazil CEP - 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Julia de Castro Dutra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL. Alfenas, MG - Brazil CEP - 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Enrico Picoli Marinho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL. Alfenas, MG - Brazil CEP - 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Luiz Cosme Cotta Malaquias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL. Alfenas, MG - Brazil CEP - 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Bruno Nascimento Gomes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL. Alfenas, MG - Brazil CEP - 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Julianne Caravita Grisolia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL. Alfenas, MG - Brazil CEP - 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Nayara Andrade Dias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL. Alfenas, MG - Brazil CEP - 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL. Alfenas, MG - Brazil CEP - 37130-001, Brazil.
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Ashby L, Chan L, Winterbourn C, Woon ST, Keating P, Heller R, Ameratunga R, Chua I, Hsiao KC. Phenotypic spectrum in a family with a novel RAC2 p.I21S dominant-activating mutation. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1493. [PMID: 38410820 PMCID: PMC10895683 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Dominant-activating (DA) lesions in RAC2 have been reported in 18 individuals to date. Some have required haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for their (severe) combined immunodeficiency syndrome phenotype. We aimed to investigate clinical and cellular features of a kindred harbouring a novel variant in RAC2 p.Ile21Ser (I21S) to better understand DA lesions' phenotypic spectrum. Methods Clinical and immunological information was collated for seven living individuals from the same kindred with RAC2 p.I21S. We evaluated neutrophil morphology, RAC2 protein expression and superoxide production using freshly isolated neutrophils stimulated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and N-formyl-MetLeuPhe (fMLP). Results Patient 1 (P1, aged 11, male) has a history of bacterial suppurative otitis media, viral and bacterial cutaneous infections. P1's siblings (P2, P3), mother (P4), maternal aunt (P5) and uncle (P6) have similar infection histories. P1's maternal cousin (P7) presented with Burkitt's lymphoma at age 9. All affected individuals are alive and none has required HSCT to date. They have chronic lymphopenia affecting the CD4+T and B-cell compartments. P1-3 have isolated reduction in IgM levels whereas the adults universally have normal immunoglobulins. Specific antibody responses are preserved. Affected individuals have neutrophil vacuolation, and their neutrophils have enhanced superoxide production compared to healthy controls. Conclusion RAC2 p.I21S is an activating variant causing notable morphological and functional abnormalities similar to other reported DA mutations. This novel variant expands the broad clinical phenotypic spectrum of RAC2 DA lesions, emphasising the need to tailor clinical management according to patients' disease phenotype and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Ashby
- Mātai Hāora - Centre for Redox Biology and Medicine, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science University of Otago Christchurch Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Lydia Chan
- Department of Clinical Immunology Auckland City Hospital Auckland New Zealand
| | - Christine Winterbourn
- Mātai Hāora - Centre for Redox Biology and Medicine, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science University of Otago Christchurch Christchurch New Zealand
| | - See-Tarn Woon
- LabPLUS Te Toka Tumai, Te Whatu Ora Auckland New Zealand
| | - Paula Keating
- Canterbury Health Laboratories Te Whatu Ora Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Raoul Heller
- Genetic Health Service NZ - Northern Hub, Te Toka Tumai Auckland New Zealand
| | - Rohan Ameratunga
- Department of Clinical Immunology Auckland City Hospital Auckland New Zealand
- LabPLUS Te Toka Tumai, Te Whatu Ora Auckland New Zealand
| | - Ignatius Chua
- Canterbury Health Laboratories Te Whatu Ora Christchurch New Zealand
- Christchurch Hospital Te Whatu Ora Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Kuang-Chih Hsiao
- Starship Child Health Te Whatu Ora Auckland New Zealand
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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Bhosle VK, Sun C, Patel S, Ho TWW, Westman J, Ammendolia DA, Langari FM, Fine N, Toepfner N, Li Z, Sharma M, Glogauer J, Capurro MI, Jones NL, Maynes JT, Lee WL, Glogauer M, Grinstein S, Robinson LA. The chemorepellent, SLIT2, bolsters innate immunity against Staphylococcus aureus. eLife 2023; 12:e87392. [PMID: 37773612 PMCID: PMC10541174 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential for host defense against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The neuro-repellent, SLIT2, potently inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis, and might, therefore, be expected to impair antibacterial responses. We report here that, unexpectedly, neutrophils exposed to the N-terminal SLIT2 (N-SLIT2) fragment kill extracellular S. aureus more efficiently. N-SLIT2 amplifies reactive oxygen species production in response to the bacteria by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase that in turn phosphorylates NCF1, an essential subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex. N-SLIT2 also enhances the exocytosis of neutrophil secondary granules. In a murine model of S. aureus skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), local SLIT2 levels fall initially but increase subsequently, peaking at 3 days after infection. Of note, the neutralization of endogenous SLIT2 worsens SSTI. Temporal fluctuations in local SLIT2 levels may promote neutrophil recruitment and retention at the infection site and hasten bacterial clearance by augmenting neutrophil oxidative burst and degranulation. Collectively, these actions of SLIT2 coordinate innate immune responses to limit susceptibility to S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant K Bhosle
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Chunxiang Sun
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Sajedabanu Patel
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Tse Wing Winnie Ho
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Johannes Westman
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Dustin A Ammendolia
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Fatemeh Mirshafiei Langari
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Noah Fine
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Nicole Toepfner
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Zhubing Li
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Manraj Sharma
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Judah Glogauer
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Mariana I Capurro
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Nicola L Jones
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
- Department of Physiology, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Paediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Jason T Maynes
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Warren L Lee
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Dental Oncology and Maxillofacial Prosthetics, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer CentreTorontoCanada
- Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai HospitalTorontoCanada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Lisa A Robinson
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Paediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
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Ashby LV, Springer R, Loi VV, Antelmann H, Hampton MB, Kettle AJ, Dickerhof N. Oxidation of bacillithiol during killing of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 inside neutrophil phagosomes. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:591-605. [PMID: 35621076 PMCID: PMC9796752 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4hi1021-538rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting immune evasion tactics of pathogenic bacteria may hold the key to treating recalcitrant bacterial infections. Staphylococcus aureus produces bacillithiol (BSH), its major low-molecular-weight thiol, which is thought to protect this opportunistic human pathogen against the bombardment of oxidants inside neutrophil phagosomes. Here, we show that BSH was oxidized when human neutrophils phagocytosed S. aureus, but provided limited protection to the bacteria. We used mass spectrometry to measure the oxidation of BSH upon exposure of S. aureus USA300 to either a bolus of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or a flux generated by the neutrophil enzyme myeloperoxidase. Oxidation of BSH and loss of bacterial viability were strongly correlated (r = 0.99, p < 0.001). BSH was fully oxidized after exposure of S. aureus to lethal doses of HOCl. However, there was no relationship between the initial BSH levels and the dose of HOCl required for bacterial killing. In contrast to the HOCl systems, only 50% of total BSH was oxidized when neutrophils killed the majority of phagocytosed bacteria. Oxidation of BSH was decreased upon inhibition of myeloperoxidase, implicating HOCl in phagosomal BSH oxidation. A BSH-deficient S. aureus USA300 mutant was slightly more susceptible to treatment with either HOCl or ammonia chloramine, or to killing within neutrophil phagosomes. Collectively, our data show that myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants react with S. aureus inside neutrophil phagosomes, leading to partial BSH oxidation, and contribute to bacterial killing. However, BSH offers only limited protection against the neutrophil's multifaceted killing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa V Ashby
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Otago ChristchurchChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Reuben Springer
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Otago ChristchurchChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry, PharmacyInstitute of Biology‐MicrobiologyBerlinGermany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry, PharmacyInstitute of Biology‐MicrobiologyBerlinGermany
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Otago ChristchurchChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Otago ChristchurchChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Otago ChristchurchChristchurchNew Zealand
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5
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Parker HA, Jones HM, Kaldor CD, Hampton MB, Winterbourn CC. Neutrophil NET Formation with Microbial Stimuli Requires Late Stage NADPH Oxidase Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111791. [PMID: 34829662 PMCID: PMC8614658 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils respond to a range of stimuli by releasing extracellular traps (NETs), a mesh consisting of chromatin plus granule and cytoplasmic proteins. We have investigated NET release in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1), Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, and the involvement of NADPH oxidase (NOX2) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities. An oxidative mechanism was involved with each stimulus, and the NOX2 inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI) gave almost total inhibition. Notably, DPI added up to 60-90 min after stimulation still gave significant inhibition of subsequent NET formation. As most of the NOX2 activity had already occurred by that time, this indicates a requirement for late-stage low-level oxidant production. Inhibition of histone citrullination did not suppress NET formation, indicating that this was not the essential oxidant-dependent step. With PMA and P. aeruginosa PAO1, MPO activity played an important role in the induction of NETs and MPO inhibitors added up to 30-90 min after stimulation suppressed NET formation. NET formation with S. aureus and C. albicans was insensitive to MPO inhibition. Thus, MPO products are important with some stimuli but not others. Our results extend earlier observations with PMA and show that induction of NETs by microbial stimuli requires late stage oxidant production. Others have shown that NET formation involves NOX2-dependent elastase release from granules. As this is an early event, we conclude from our results that there is more than one oxidant-dependent step.
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6
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Cheng N, Zhang Y, Delaney MK, Wang C, Bai Y, Skidgel RA, Du X. Targeting Gα 13-integrin interaction ameliorates systemic inflammation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3185. [PMID: 34045461 PMCID: PMC8159967 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation as manifested in sepsis is an excessive, life-threatening inflammatory response to severe bacterial or viral infection or extensive injury. It is also a thrombo-inflammatory condition associated with vascular leakage/hemorrhage and thrombosis that is not effectively treated by current anti-inflammatory or anti-thrombotic drugs. Here, we show that MB2mP6 peptide nanoparticles, targeting the Gα13-mediated integrin "outside-in" signaling in leukocytes and platelets, inhibited both inflammation and thrombosis without causing hemorrhage/vascular leakage. MB2mP6 improved mouse survival when infused immediately or hours after onset of severe sepsis. Furthermore, platelet Gα13 knockout inhibited septic thrombosis whereas leukocyte Gα13 knockout diminished septic inflammation, each moderately improving survival. Dual platelet/leukocyte Gα13 knockout inhibited septic thrombosis and inflammation, further improving survival similar to MB2mP6. These results demonstrate that inflammation and thrombosis independently contribute to poor outcomes and exacerbate each other in systemic inflammation, and reveal a concept of dual anti-inflammatory/anti-thrombotic therapy without exacerbating vascular leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Keegan Delaney
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- DuPage Medical Technology, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Can Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yanyan Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Xiaoping Du
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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7
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Parker HA, Dickerhof N, Forrester L, Ryburn H, Smyth L, Messens J, Aung HL, Cook GM, Kettle AJ, Hampton MB. Mycobacterium smegmatis Resists the Bactericidal Activity of Hypochlorous Acid Produced in Neutrophil Phagosomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1901-1912. [PMID: 33753427 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are often the major leukocyte at sites of mycobacterial infection, yet little is known about their ability to kill mycobacteria. In this study we have investigated whether the potent antibacterial oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) contributes to killing of Mycobacterium smegmatis when this bacterium is phagocytosed by human neutrophils. We found that M. smegmatis were ingested by neutrophils into intracellular phagosomes but were killed slowly. We measured a t 1/2 of 30 min for the survival of M. smegmatis inside neutrophils, which is 5 times longer than that reported for Staphylococcus aureus and 15 times longer than Escherichia coli Live-cell imaging indicated that neutrophils generated HOCl in phagosomes containing M. smegmatis; however, inhibition of HOCl production did not alter the rate of bacterial killing. Also, the doses of HOCl that are likely to be produced inside phagosomes failed to kill isolated bacteria. Lethal doses of reagent HOCl caused oxidation of mycothiol, the main low-m.w. thiol in this bacterium. In contrast, phagocytosed M. smegmatis maintained their original level of reduced mycothiol. Collectively, these findings suggest that M. smegmatis can cope with the HOCl that is produced inside neutrophil phagosomes. A mycothiol-deficient mutant was killed by neutrophils at the same rate as wild-type bacteria, indicating that mycothiol itself is not the main driver of M. smegmatis resistance. Understanding how M. smegmatis avoids killing by phagosomal HOCl could provide new opportunities to sensitize pathogenic mycobacteria to destruction by the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Parker
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Lorna Forrester
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Heath Ryburn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Leon Smyth
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Joris Messens
- Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; and.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Htin L Aung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;
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8
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Lüttgenau J, Imboden I, Wellnitz O, Romer R, Scaravaggi I, Neves AP, Borel N, Bruckmaier RM, Janett F, Bollwein H. Intrauterine infusion of killed semen adversely affects uterine blood flow and endometrial gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in mares susceptible to persistent breeding-induced endometritis. Theriogenology 2021; 163:18-30. [PMID: 33493874 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) is a leading cause of infertility in mares. The objective of the study was to assess genital perfusion and endometrial gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in mares classified as susceptible (n = 5) or resistant (n = 5) to PBIE. Ten mares were examined daily during estrus until 6 d after hCG-induced ovulation for two estrous cycles. Twenty-four hours after application of 1500 IU hCG, 4 mL of killed (by repeated freezing in liquid nitrogen and thawing at 50 °C) deep-frozen semen or sterile saline was instilled into the uterine body and examinations were carried out immediately before and 3, 6, and 12 h after intrauterine infusion. Examinations included blood sampling to determine plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations, and transrectal ultrasonography in B- and color Doppler mode to determine follicular and luteal size and blood flow, the extent of intrauterine fluid, as well as time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMV), blood flow volume (BFV), and blood flow resistance (expressed as pulsatility index, PI) of the uterine arteries. Additionally, endometrial biopsies were obtained at 24 h before, and 2 and 7 d after infusion, and mRNA expressions of IL1B, IL6, IL8, IL10, TNF, CASP3, and COX2 were determined by qRT-PCR. Statistical analyses were performed with mixed models. Intrauterine fluid retention (diameter >20 mm for at least 3 d) was found after infusion of killed semen in five susceptible mares. There was no treatment effect (semen vs saline; P > 0.05) on genital blood flow, plasma P4 concentration, and endometrial gene expression. In comparison to resistant mares, susceptible mares had an increased (P = 0.04) BFV of the uterine arteries at 24 h before intrauterine infusion of killed semen, and an increased (P = 0.03) PI at 2 d after infusion. The TAMV, plasma P4 concentrations, and follicular and luteal size and blood flow did not differ (P > 0.05) between resistant and susceptible mares. Endometrial mRNA expression of IL1B increased (P = 0.05) at 2 d after the infusion of killed semen in the susceptible mares, and the expression of IL10 increased (P = 0.003) at 7 d after the infusion within the resistant mares. Interleukin 6 mRNA was increased (P = 0.05) in susceptible compared to resistant mares at 2 d after infusion. In summary, an intrauterine infusion of killed semen increases uterine blood flow resistance and alters endometrial gene expression of inflammatory cytokines for at least 7 d but does not affect ovarian blood supply and luteal function in mares susceptible to PBIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lüttgenau
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - I Imboden
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - O Wellnitz
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R Romer
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I Scaravaggi
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A P Neves
- Faculdade de Zootecnia, Unipampa Campus, Dom Pedrito, Brazil
| | - N Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - F Janett
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Königstorfer A, Ashby LV, Bollar GE, Billiot CE, Gray MJ, Jakob U, Hampton MB, Winterbourn CC. Induction of the reactive chlorine-responsive transcription factor RclR in Escherichia coli following ingestion by neutrophils. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:ftaa079. [PMID: 33351093 PMCID: PMC7797021 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils generate hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and related reactive chlorine species as part of their defence against invading microorganisms. In isolation, bacteria respond to reactive chlorine species by upregulating responses that provide defence against oxidative challenge. Key questions are whether these responses are induced when bacteria are phagocytosed by neutrophils, and whether this provides them with a survival advantage. We investigated RclR, a transcriptional activator of the rclABC operon in Escherichia coli that has been shown to be specifically activated by reactive chlorine species. We first measured induction by individual reactive chlorine species, and showed that HOCl itself activates the response, as do chloramines (products of HOCl reacting with amines) provided they are cell permeable. Strong RclR activation was seen in E. coli following phagocytosis by neutrophils, beginning within 5 min and persisting for 40 min. RclR activation was suppressed by inhibitors of NOX2 and myeloperoxidase, providing strong evidence that it was due to HOCl production in the phagosome. RclR activation demonstrates that HOCl, or a derived chloramine, enters phagocytosed bacteria in sufficient amount to induce this response. Although RclR was induced in wild-type bacteria following phagocytosis, we detected no greater sensitivity to neutrophil killing of mutants lacking genes in the rclABC operon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Königstorfer
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Louisa V Ashby
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Gretchen E Bollar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th St, Birmingham AL 35294, United States
| | - Caitlin E Billiot
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th St, Birmingham AL 35294, United States
| | - Michael J Gray
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th St, Birmingham AL 35294, United States
| | - Ursula Jakob
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 N-University, Ann Arbor MI 48109-1085, United States
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
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