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Kopra K, Mahran R, Yli-Hollo T, Tabata S, Vuorinen E, Fujii Y, Vuorinen I, Ogawa-Iio A, Hirayama A, Soga T, Sasaki AT, Härmä H. Homogeneous luminescent quantitation of cellular guanosine and adenosine triphosphates (GTP and ATP) using QT-Luc GTP&ATP assay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6689-6700. [PMID: 37714971 PMCID: PMC10598090 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are essential nucleic acid building blocks and serve as energy molecules for a wide range of cellular reactions. Cellular GTP concentration fluctuates independently of ATP and is significantly elevated in numerous cancers, contributing to malignancy. Quantitative measurement of ATP and GTP has become increasingly important to elucidate how concentration changes regulate cell function. Liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and capillary electrophoresis-coupled MS (CE-MS) are powerful methods widely used for the identification and quantification of biological metabolites. However, these methods have limitations related to specialized instrumentation and expertise, low throughput, and high costs. Here, we introduce a novel quantitative method for GTP concentration monitoring (GTP-quenching resonance energy transfer (QRET)) in homogenous cellular extracts. CE-MS analysis along with pharmacological control of cellular GTP levels shows that GTP-QRET possesses high dynamic range and accuracy. Furthermore, we combined GTP-QRET with luciferase-based ATP detection, leading to a new technology, termed QT-LucGTP&ATP, enabling high-throughput compatible dual monitoring of cellular GTP and ATP in a homogenous fashion. Collectively, GTP-QRET and QT-LucGTP&ATP offer a unique, high-throughput opportunity to explore cellular energy metabolism, serving as a powerful platform for the development of novel therapeutics and extending its usability across a range of disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Kopra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500, Turku, Finland.
| | - Randa Mahran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Titta Yli-Hollo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Sho Tabata
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Emmiliisa Vuorinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3125 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0508, USA
| | - Iida Vuorinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Aki Ogawa-Iio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3125 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0508, USA
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Atsuo T Sasaki
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3125 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0508, USA
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Harri Härmä
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500, Turku, Finland
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Martínez RAS, Pinky PD, Harlan BA, Brewer GJ. GTP energy dependence of endocytosis and autophagy in the aging brain and Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2023; 45:757-780. [PMID: 36622562 PMCID: PMC9886713 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased interest in the aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related impairments in autophagy in the brain raise important questions about regulation and treatment. Since many steps in endocytosis and autophagy depend on GTPases, new measures of cellular GTP levels are needed to evaluate energy regulation in aging and AD. The recent development of ratiometric GTP sensors (GEVALS) and findings that GTP levels are not homogenous inside cells raise new issues of regulation of GTPases by the local availability of GTP. In this review, we highlight the metabolism of GTP in relation to the Rab GTPases involved in formation of early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomal transport to execute the autophagic degradation of damaged cargo. Specific GTPases control macroautophagy (mitophagy), microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). By inference, local GTP levels would control autophagy, if not in excess. Additional levels of control are imposed by the redox state of the cell, including thioredoxin involvement. Throughout this review, we emphasize the age-related changes that could contribute to deficits in GTP and AD. We conclude with prospects for boosting GTP levels and reversing age-related oxidative redox shift to restore autophagy. Therefore, GTP levels could regulate the numerous GTPases involved in endocytosis, autophagy, and vesicular trafficking. In aging, metabolic adaptation to a sedentary lifestyle could impair mitochondrial function generating less GTP and redox energy for healthy management of amyloid and tau proteostasis, synaptic function, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priyanka D. Pinky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Benjamin A. Harlan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Gregory J. Brewer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- MIND Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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