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Sharma M, Huber E, Arnesdotter E, Behrsing HP, Bettmann A, Brandwein D, Constant S, Date R, Deshpande A, Fabian E, Gupta A, Gutierrez R, Gutleb AC, Hargrove MM, Hollings M, Hutter V, Jarabek AM, Kaluzhny Y, Landsiedel R, Milchak L, Moyer RA, Murray JR, Page K, Patel M, Pearson SN, Petersen EJ, Reinke E, Roldan N, Roper C, Scaglione JB, Settivari RS, Stucki AO, Verstraelen S, Wallace JL, McCullough S, Clippinger AJ. Minimum information for reporting on the TEER (trans-epithelial/endothelial electrical resistance) assay (MIRTA). Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03879-z. [PMID: 39365315 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Standard information reporting helps to ensure that assay conditions and data are consistently reported and to facilitate inter-laboratory comparisons. Here, we present recommendations on minimum information for reporting on the TEER (trans-epithelial/endothelial electrical resistance) assay (MIRTA). The TEER assay is extensively used to evaluate the health of an epithelial/endothelial cell culture model and as an indicator of the potential toxicity of a test substance. This publication is the result of an international collaboration─called the RespTox (Respiratory Toxicity) Collaborative─through which twelve laboratories shared their protocols for assessing the barrier function of respiratory epithelial cells using the TEER assay following exposure to substances. The protocols from each laboratory were reviewed to identify general steps for performing the TEER assay, interlaboratory differences between steps, the rationale for differences, whether these differences impact results or cross-laboratory comparisons between TEER measurements. While the MIRTA recommendations are focused on respiratory epithelial cell systems, these recommendations can be adapted for other cell systems that form barriers. The use of these recommendations will support data transparency and reproducibility, reduce challenges in data interpretation, enable cross-laboratory comparisons, help assess study quality, and facilitate the incorporation of the TEER assay into national and international testing guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monita Sharma
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., 70499, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Erin Huber
- Exposure and Protection, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Emma Arnesdotter
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxemburg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue Des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | | | - Adam Bettmann
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., 70499, Stuttgart, Germany
- , 3M Company, St. Paul, MN, 55144, USA
| | | | - Samuel Constant
- Epithelix Sàrl, Chemin Des Aulx 18, 1228, Plan-Les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Rahul Date
- Jai Research Foundation, N. H. 48, Near Daman-Ganga Bridge, Valvada, Gujarat, 396105, India
| | - Abhay Deshpande
- Jai Research Foundation, N. H. 48, Near Daman-Ganga Bridge, Valvada, Gujarat, 396105, India
| | - Eric Fabian
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Amit Gupta
- Life Science Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
| | - Robert Gutierrez
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxemburg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue Des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Marie M Hargrove
- Syngenta Crop Protection, 410 Swing Rd, Greensboro, NC, 27409, USA
| | - Michael Hollings
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Ltd., North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Victoria Hutter
- ImmuONE Ltd, Sycamore House, 16 Leyden Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2BP, UK
- Centre for Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane Campus, Hatfield, Herts, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Annie M Jarabek
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment (CPHEA), Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, Washington, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Yulia Kaluzhny
- MatTek Life Sciences, Ashland, MA, 01721, USA
- InVitroTox Solutions Consulting, Newton, USA
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lawrence Milchak
- , 3M Company, St. Paul, MN, 55144, USA
- Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Irving, USA
| | - Robert A Moyer
- Life Science Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
| | - Jessica R Murray
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment (CPHEA), Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, Washington, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Kathryn Page
- The Clorox Company, 4900 Johnson Dr, Pleasanton, CA, 94588, USA
| | - Manish Patel
- Jai Research Foundation, N. H. 48, Near Daman-Ganga Bridge, Valvada, Gujarat, 396105, India
| | - Stephanie N Pearson
- Life Science Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
| | - Elijah J Petersen
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | | | - Nuria Roldan
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., 70499, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Clive Roper
- Roper Toxicology Consulting Limited, Edinburgh, EH3 6AD, UK
| | | | | | - Andreas O Stucki
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., 70499, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sandra Verstraelen
- Environmental Intelligence Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Joanne L Wallace
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd, Elphinstone Research Centre, Tranent, East Lothian, EH33 2NE, UK
| | - Shaun McCullough
- Exposure and Protection, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amy J Clippinger
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., 70499, Stuttgart, Germany
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2
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Schwab AD, Nelson AJ, Gleason AM, Schanze OW, Wyatt TA, Shinde DD, Xiao P, Thomas VC, Guda C, Bailey KL, Kielian T, Thiele GM, Poole JA. Aconitate decarboxylase 1 mediates the acute airway inflammatory response to environmental exposures. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1432334. [PMID: 39351225 PMCID: PMC11439662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1432334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and microbial component-enriched organic dusts cause significant lung disease. These environmental exposures induce the recruitment and activation of distinct lung monocyte/macrophage subpopulations involved in disease pathogenesis. Aconitate decarboxylase 1 (Acod1) was one of the most upregulated genes following LPS (vs. saline) exposure of murine whole lungs with transcriptomic profiling of sorted lung monocyte/macrophage subpopulations also highlighting its significance. Given monocyte/macrophage activation can be tightly linked to metabolism, the objective of these studies was to determine the role of the immunometabolic regulator ACOD1 in environmental exposure-induced lung inflammation. Methods Wild-type (WT) mice were intratracheally (i.t.) instilled with 10 μg of LPS or saline. Whole lungs were profiled using bulk RNA sequencing or sorted to isolate monocyte/macrophage subpopulations. Sorted subpopulations were then characterized transcriptomically using a NanoString innate immunity multiplex array 48 h post-exposure. Next, WT and Acod1-/- mice were instilled with LPS, 25% organic dust extract (ODE), or saline, whereupon serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissues were collected. BALF metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were quantified by mass spectrometry. Cytokines/chemokines and tissue remodeling mediators were quantitated by ELISA. Lung immune cells were characterized by flow cytometry. Invasive lung function testing was performed 3 h post-LPS with WT and Acod1-/- mice. Results Acod1-/- mice treated with LPS demonstrated decreased BALF levels of itaconate, TCA cycle reprogramming, decreased BALF neutrophils, increased lung CD4+ T cells, decreased BALF and lung levels of TNF-α, and decreased BALF CXCL1 compared to WT animals. In comparison, Acod1-/- mice treated with ODE demonstrated decreased serum pentraxin-2, BALF levels of itaconate, lung total cell, neutrophil, monocyte, and B-cell infiltrates with decreased BALF levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and decreased lung CXCL1 vs. WT animals. Mediators of tissue remodeling (TIMP1, MMP-8, MMP-9) were also decreased in the LPS-exposed Acod1-/- mice, with MMP-9 also reduced in ODE-exposed Acod1-/- mice. Lung function assessments demonstrated a blunted response to LPS-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in Acod1-/- animals. Conclusion Acod1 is robustly upregulated in the lungs following LPS exposure and encodes a key immunometabolic regulator. ACOD1 mediates the proinflammatory response to acute inhaled environmental LPS and organic dust exposure-induced lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D. Schwab
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Amy J. Nelson
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Angela M. Gleason
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Oliver W. Schanze
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Todd A. Wyatt
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Dhananjay D. Shinde
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Peng Xiao
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Vinai C. Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Chittibabu Guda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kristina L. Bailey
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Geoffrey M. Thiele
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE, United States
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jill A. Poole
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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Guttenberg MA, Vose AT, Birukova A, Lewars K, Cumming RI, Albright MC, Mark JI, Salazar CJ, Swaminathan S, Yu Z, Sokolenko YV, Bunyan E, Yaeger MJ, Fessler MB, Que LG, Gowdy KM, Misharin AV, Tighe RM. Tissue-Resident Alveolar Macrophages Reduce Ozone-induced Inflammation via MerTK-mediated Efferocytosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 70:493-506. [PMID: 38386777 PMCID: PMC11160417 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0390oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung inflammation, caused by acute exposure to ozone (O3), one of the six criteria air pollutants, is a significant source of morbidity in susceptible individuals. Alveolar macrophages (AMØs) are the most abundant immune cells in the normal lung, and their number increases after O3 exposure. However, the role of AMØs in promoting or limiting O3-induced lung inflammation has not been clearly defined. In this study, we used a mouse model of acute O3 exposure, lineage tracing, genetic knockouts, and data from O3-exposed human volunteers to define the role and ontogeny of AMØs during acute O3 exposure. Lineage-tracing experiments showed that 12, 24, and 72 hours after exposure to O3 (2 ppm) for 3 hours, all AMØs were of tissue-resident origin. Similarly, in humans exposed to filtered air and O3 (200 ppb) for 135 minutes, we did not observe at ∼21 hours postexposure an increase in monocyte-derived AMØs by flow cytometry. Highlighting a role for tissue-resident AMØs, we demonstrate that depletion of tissue-resident AMØs with clodronate-loaded liposomes led to persistence of neutrophils in the alveolar space after O3 exposure, suggesting that impaired neutrophil clearance (i.e., efferocytosis) leads to prolonged lung inflammation. Moreover, depletion of tissue-resident AMØs demonstrated reduced clearance of intratracheally instilled apoptotic Jurkat cells, consistent with reduced efferocytosis. Genetic ablation of MerTK (MER proto-oncogene, tyrosine kinase), a key receptor involved in efferocytosis, also resulted in impaired clearance of apoptotic neutrophils after O3 exposure. Overall, these findings underscore the pivotal role of tissue-resident AMØs in resolving O3-induced inflammation via MerTK-mediated efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A. Guttenberg
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Aaron T. Vose
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anastasiya Birukova
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kaitlyn Lewars
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - R. Ian Cumming
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michaela C. Albright
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jasper I. Mark
- Department of Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Claudia J. Salazar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Suchitra Swaminathan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zhan Yu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yuliana V. Sokolenko
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elsie Bunyan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael J. Yaeger
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Michael B. Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Loretta G. Que
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kymberly M. Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Alexander V. Misharin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert M. Tighe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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4
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Fan K, Dong N, Fang M, Xiang Z, Zheng L, Wang M, Shi Y, Tan G, Li C, Xue Y. Ozone exposure affects corneal epithelial fate by promoting mtDNA leakage and cGAS/STING activation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133219. [PMID: 38101018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is a common air pollutant associated with various human diseases. The human ocular surface is frequently exposed to ozone in the troposphere, but the mechanisms by which ozone affects the ocular surface health remain unclear. This study aimed to establish a mouse model to investigate the effects of ozone exposure on the ocular surface and the corneal epithelium. The findings revealed that ozone exposure disrupted corneal epithelial homeostasis and differentiation, resulting in corneal squamous metaplasia. Further, ozone exposure induced oxidative damage and cytoplasmic leakage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), thereby activating the cGAS/STING signaling pathway. The activation of the cGAS/STING signaling pathway triggered the activation of downstream NF-κB and TRAF6 signaling pathways, causing corneal inflammation, thereby promoting corneal inflammation and squamous metaplasia. Finally, C-176, a selective STING inhibitor, effectively prevented and treated corneal inflammation and squamous metaplasia caused by ozone exposure. This study revealed the role of mtDNA leakage-mediated cGAS/STING activation in corneal squamous epithelial metaplasia caused by ozone exposure. It also depicted the abnormal expression pattern of corneal epithelial keratin using three-dimensional images, providing new targets and strategies for preventing and treating corneal squamous metaplasia and other ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fan
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Nuo Dong
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Huaxia Eye Hospital of Quanzhou, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China
| | - Meichai Fang
- Ningde People's Hospital, Ningde, Fujian 352100, China
| | - Zixun Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yukuan Shi
- The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China, 100080, China
| | - Gang Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Huaxia Eye Hospital of Quanzhou, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science & Ocular Surface and Corneal Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Yuhua Xue
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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5
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Guttenberg M, Vose A, Birukova A, Lewars K, Cumming R, Albright M, Mark J, Salazar C, Swaminathan S, Yu Z, Sokolenko Y, Bunyan E, Yaeger M, Fessler M, Que L, Gowdy K, Misharin A, Tighe R. Tissue-resident alveolar macrophages reduce O 3-induced inflammation via MerTK mediated efferocytosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.06.565865. [PMID: 37986982 PMCID: PMC10659406 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.06.565865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Lung inflammation, caused by acute exposure to ozone (O3) - one of the six criteria air pollutants - is a significant source of morbidity in susceptible individuals. Alveolar macrophages (AMØs) are the most abundant immune cells in the normal lung and their number increases following O3 exposure. However, the role of AMØs in promoting or limiting O3-induced lung inflammation has not been clearly defined. Here, we used a mouse model of acute O3 exposure, lineage tracing, genetic knockouts, and data from O3-exposed human volunteers to define the role and ontogeny of AMØs during acute O3 exposure. Lineage tracing experiments showed that 12, 24, and 72 h after exposure to O3 (2 ppm) for 3h all AMØs were tissue-resident origin. Similarly, in humans exposed to FA and O3 (200 ppb) for 135 minutes, we did not observe ~21h post-exposure an increase in monocyte-derived AMØs by flow cytometry. Highlighting a role for tissue-resident AMØs, we demonstrate that depletion of tissue-resident AMØs with clodronate-loaded liposomes led to persistence of neutrophils in the alveolar space after O3 exposure, suggesting that impaired neutrophil clearance (i.e., efferocytosis) leads to prolonged lung inflammation. Moreover, depletion of tissue-resident AMØ demonstrated reduced clearance of intratracheally instilled apoptotic Jurkat cells, consistent with reduced efferocytosis. Genetic ablation of MerTK - a key receptor involved in efferocytosis - also resulted in impaired clearance of apoptotic neutrophils followed O3 exposure. Overall, these findings underscore the pivotal role of tissue-resident AMØs in resolving O3-induced inflammation via MerTK-mediated efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Guttenberg
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - A.T. Vose
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - A. Birukova
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - K. Lewars
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - R.I. Cumming
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - M.C. Albright
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - J.I. Mark
- Department of Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - C.J. Salazar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - S. Swaminathan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Z. Yu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Yu.V. Sokolenko
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - E. Bunyan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - M.J. Yaeger
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - M.B. Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - L.G. Que
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - K.M. Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - A.V. Misharin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - R.M. Tighe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
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