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Tsai CJY, Loh JMS, Fujihashi K, Kiyono H. Mucosal vaccination: onward and upward. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:885-899. [PMID: 37817433 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2268724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The unique mucosal immune system allows the generation of robust protective immune responses at the front line of pathogen encounters. The needle-free delivery route and cold chain-free logistic requirements also provide additional advantages in ease and economy. However, the development of mucosal vaccines faces several challenges, and only a handful of mucosal vaccines are currently licensed. These vaccines are all in the form of live attenuated or inactivated whole organisms, whereas no subunit-based mucosal vaccine is available. AREAS COVERED The selection of antigen, delivery vehicle, route and adjuvants for mucosal vaccination are highly important. This is particularly crucial for subunit vaccines, as they often fail to elicit strong immune responses. Emerging research is providing new insights into the biological and immunological uniqueness of mucosal tissues. However, many aspects of the mucosal immunology still await to be investigated. EXPERT OPINION This article provides an overview of the current understanding of mucosal vaccination and discusses the remaining knowledge gaps. We emphasize that because of the potential benefits mucosal vaccines can bring from the biomedical, social and economic standpoints, the unmet goal to achieve mucosal vaccine success is worth the effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Y Tsai
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand, Auckland
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jacelyn M S Loh
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand, Auckland
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine R&D, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine R&D, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Mucosal Immunology and Allergy Therapeutics, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Georgousakis MM, McMillan DJ, Batzloff MR, Sriprakash KS. Moving forward: a mucosal vaccine against group A streptococcus. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:747-60. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Airway delivery of an adenovirus-based Ebola virus vaccine bypasses existing immunity to homologous adenovirus in nonhuman primates. J Virol 2013; 87:3668-77. [PMID: 23302894 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02864-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-adenovirus serotype 5 antibodies are capable of neutralizing adenovirus serotype 5-based vaccines. In mice and guinea pigs, intranasal delivery of adenovirus serotype 5-based vaccine bypasses induced adenovirus serotype 5 preexisting immunity, resulting in protection against species-adapted Ebola virus challenge. In this study, nonhuman primates were vaccinated with adenovirus serotype 5-based vaccine either intramuscularly or via the airway route (intranasally/intratracheally) in the presence or absence of adenovirus serotype 5 preexisting immunity. Immune responses were evaluated to determine the effect of both the vaccine delivery route and preexisting immunity before and after a lethal Ebola virus (Zaïre strain Kikwit 95) challenge. Intramuscular vaccination fully protected nonhuman primates in the absence of preexisting immunity, whereas the presence of preexisting immunity abrogated vaccine efficacy and resulted in complete mortality. In contrast, the presence of preexisting immunity to adenovirus serotype 5 did not alter the survival rate of nonhuman primates receiving the adenovirus serotype 5-based Ebola virus vaccine in the airway. This study shows that airway vaccination with adenovirus serotype 5-based Ebola virus vaccine can efficiently bypass preexisting immunity to adenovirus serotype 5 and induce protective immune responses, albeit at lower efficacy than that using an intramuscular vaccine delivery route.
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Richardson JS, Abou MC, Tran KN, Kumar A, Sahai BM, Kobinger GP. Impact of systemic or mucosal immunity to adenovirus on Ad-based Ebola virus vaccine efficacy in guinea pigs. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 3:S1032-42. [PMID: 21987739 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 35% of the North American population and an estimated 90% of the sub-Saharan African population have antibodies against adenovirus serotype 5 (AdHu5) that are capable of neutralizing AdHu5-based vaccines. In mice, intranasal delivery of AdHu5 expressing the Zaire ebolavirus glycoprotein human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad) containing the genes for the Zaire ebolavirus glycoprotein (ZGP) under the expressional control of a cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter (CMV)) can bypass systemic preexisting immunity, resulting in protection against mouse-adapted Zaire ebolavirus (Mayinga 1976). METHODS Guinea pigs administered an adenovirus-based Ebola virus vaccine either intramuscularly or intranasally in the presence of systemically or mucosally induced adenovirus immunity were challenged with a lethal dose of guinea pig-adapted Zaire ebolavirus (Mayinga 1976) (GA-ZEBOV). The humoral immune response was assayed to determine the effect of vaccine delivery route and preexisting immunity. RESULTS Intramuscular or intranasal vaccination fully protected guinea pigs against a lethal GA-ZEBOV challenge. However, intramuscular vaccination in animals with systemically induced preexisting immunity resulted in low survival following challenge. Interestingly, intranasal vaccination protected guinea pigs with systemic preexisting immunity to AdHu5. Mucosal adenoviral immunity induced by intranasal administration of AdHu5 decreased protection following intranasal vaccination with the first-generation but not with the second-generation vaccine. CONCLUSIONS Intranasal vaccination is an effective vaccine delivery route in the presence of systemic and, to a lower extent, mucosal preexisting immunity to the vaccine vector in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Richardson
- Special Pathogens Department, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
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Ghiasi SM, Salmanian AH, Chinikar S, Zakeri S. Mice orally immunized with a transgenic plant expressing the glycoprotein of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:2031-7. [PMID: 22012978 PMCID: PMC3232705 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05352-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
While Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) has a high mortality rate in humans, the associated virus (CCHFV) does not induce clinical symptoms in animals, but animals play an important role in disease transmission to humans. Our aim in this study was to examine the immunogenicity of the CCHFV glycoprotein when expressed in the root and leaf of transgenic plants via hairy roots and stable transformation of tobacco plants, respectively. After confirmatory analyses of transgenic plant lines and quantification of the expressed glycoprotein, mice were either fed with the transgenic leaves or roots, fed the transgenic plant material and injected subcutaneously with the plant-made CCHFV glycoprotein (fed/boosted), vaccinated with an attenuated CCHF vaccine (positive control), or received no treatment (negative control). All immunized groups had a consistent rise in anti-glycoprotein IgG and IgA antibodies in their serum and feces, respectively. The mice in the fed/boosted group showed a significant rise in specific IgG antibodies after a single boost. Our results imply that oral immunization of animals with edible materials from transgenic plants is feasible, and further assessments are under way. In addition, while the study of CCHF is challenging, our protocol should be further used to study CCHFV infection in the knockout mouse model and virus neutralization assays in biosafety level 4 laboratories.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Feces/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/genetics
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/analysis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Mice
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Serum/chemistry
- Serum/immunology
- Nicotiana
- Vaccines, Edible
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Ghiasi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. H. Salmanian
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - S. Chinikar
- Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Laboratory (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S. Zakeri
- Malaria Research Group, Biotechnology and Vector Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Zenteno-Cuevas R, Huerta-Yepez S, Reyes-Leyva J, Hernández-Jáuregui P, González-Bonilla C, Ramírez-Mendoza H, Agundis C, Zenteno E. Identification of potential B cell epitope determinants by computer techniques, in hemagglutinin-neuraminidase from the porcine rubulavirus La Piedad Michoacan. Viral Immunol 2007; 20:250-60. [PMID: 17603842 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) from porcine rubulavirus La Piedad Michoacan (RvpLPM) is one of the most antigenic proteins known, and is responsible for virus-host cell interaction. We analyzed the amino acid sequence of HN, using computer-assisted techniques to identify B cell epitopes. From a pool of 18 possible antigenic peptides, we evaluated the antigenicity of the 2 peptides with the highest scores and the 1 with lowest score. Antibodies from RvpLPM-infected pigs recognized the synthesized HN-A, HN-B, and HN-R peptides (optical density [OD]: 0.33 +/- 0.02 for HN-A, 0.20 +/- 0.02 for HN-B, and 0.07 +/- 0.01 for HN-R); bovine serum albumin-coupled HN-A and HN-B induced rabbit anti-RvpLPM antibodies (OD: 0.39 +/- 0.01 for HN-A and 0.35 +/- 0.02 for HN-B). Loop 5 from the outer membrane protein, OmpC, from Salmonella typhi was replaced with HN-B; this protein was then expressed in Escherichia coli UH302. BALB/c mice were challenged intraperitoneally or orogastrically with the fusion protein expressed in E. coli and murine antibodies obtained from both types of administration inhibited virus-hemagglutinating activity, as did the antibodies from RvpLPM-infected swine. These results suggest that HN-A and HN-B are peptides involved in RvpLPM cell carbohydrate recognition, and could therefore be considered potential targets for vaccine and diagnostic procedures development.
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