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Siregar S, Sibarani J, Noegroho BS, Firmansyah I, Maskoen AM. Polymorphism of PvuII, Xba1, and SNP 12 Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1) in Hipospadias Patients at Tertiary Hospital Center. Res Rep Urol 2021; 13:105-110. [PMID: 33659223 PMCID: PMC7920578 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s296941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The prevalence of hypospadias ranges between 1: 250 to 300 per live birth. Estrogen exposure has been associated with the increasing incidence of hypospadias in humans and a significant relationship between Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1) polymorphisms and hypospadias was determined from the previous study. This study aims to determine the proportion of ESR1 polymorphism. Methods This was a descriptive study aimed to find the incidence of ESR1 gene polymorphism in hypospadias patients visiting the Urology Outpatient Unit of the Hasan Sadikin Bandung Hospital who will undergo hypospadias surgery. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was performed using foreskin of hypospadias patient during the surgery then being extracted and will be analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing. Results Thirty eight samples of hypospadias were identified, 5 samples were unable to sequence and 33 samples were successfully sequenced using the PCR method. The Pvull ESR1 gene was dominated by the T allele which is a wild-type allele and the genotype containing the T allele, namely TT + TC (57,2%). Normal genotype (TT) were more frequent in distal hypospadias, and Heterozygous polymorphisms (TC) was higher in proximal hypospadias. The ESR1 Xba1 gene polymorphism was dominated by the A allele which is a wild-type allele and the AA + AG genotype (76,1%). Normal genotype (AA) was more frequent in distal hypospadias, and both heterozygous hypospadias (AG) and homozygous hypospadias (GG) were found only in proximal hypospadias. The ESR1 SNP 12 gene polymorphisms were found in the combination of genotypes that played a role, namely GA + AA (81%) and the G allele which is a wild-type allele. Heterozygous polymorphisms (GA) was the most finding genotype and more frequent in proximal hypospadias. Conclusion ESR1 gene polymorphisms (PvuII, XbaI, and SNP 12) were found in hypospadias patients. ESR1 polymorphisms may correlate with the severity of hypospadias. Further research with a larger sample and better hypospadias grouping is needed to confirm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safendra Siregar
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, General Hospital Hasan Sadikin Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Jupiter Sibarani
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, General Hospital Hasan Sadikin Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Sasongko Noegroho
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, General Hospital Hasan Sadikin Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Irfan Firmansyah
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, General Hospital Hasan Sadikin Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ani Melani Maskoen
- Department of Molecular Genetic Laboratory Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung City, West Java Province, Indonesia
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Cunha GR, Li Y, Mei C, Derpinghaus A, Baskin LS. Ontogeny of estrogen receptors in human male and female fetal reproductive tracts. Differentiation 2020; 118:107-131. [PMID: 33176961 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews and provides new observations on the ontogeny of estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and estrogen receptor beta (ESR2) in developing human male and female internal and external genitalia. Included in this study are observations on the human fetal uterine tube, the uterotubal junction, uterus, cervix, vagina, penis and clitoris. We also summarize and report on the ontogeny of estrogen receptors in the human fetal prostate, prostatic urethra and epididymis. The ontogeny of ESR1 and ESR2, which spans from 8 to 21 weeks correlates well with the known "window of susceptibility" (7-15 weeks) for diethylstilbestrol (DES)-induced malformations of the human female reproductive tract as determined through examination of DES daughters exposed in utero to this potent estrogen. Our fairly complete mapping of the ontogeny of ESR1 and ESR2 in developing human male and female internal and external genitalia provides a mechanistic framework for further investigation of the role of estrogen in normal development and of abnormalities elicited by exogenous estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Cao Mei
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Amber Derpinghaus
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Laurence S Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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Dobrzyńska MM, Tyrkiel EJ, Gajowik A. Three generation study of reproductive and developmental toxicity following exposure of pubescent F0 male mice to di-n-butyl phthalate. Mutagenesis 2017; 32:445-454. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gex011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Li X, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y. Di-n-butyl phthalate induced hypospadias relates to autophagy in genital tubercle via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. J Occup Health 2017; 59:8-16. [PMID: 27885243 PMCID: PMC5388616 DOI: 10.1539/joh.16-0089-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanisms of hypospadias induced by in utero exposure to din-butyl phthalate (DBP). METHODS Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 750 mg/kg of DBP by gavage from GD (gestation days) 13 to GD 18, whereas control group received corn oil. Genital tubercles (GTs) and blood samples were collected from male fetuses on GD 19. The serum testosterone concentration, apoptosis activity, autophagosomes and their related proteins (light chain 3 (LC3-I, LC3-II) ), and sequestosomes (SQSTM1/p62) in the GTs were then measured. Protein expression of protein kinase B (Akt), Beclin 1, phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), p-S6, and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) in the GTs were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS The incidence of hypospadias induced by DBP was 43.64% in male fetuses. The GT volume and GT volume/body weight of fetuses were significantly reduced in the hypospadias and the non-hypospadias groups. Apoptotic cell number was significantly decreased in the GTs of the hypospadias group, but unchanged in the non-hyposadias group. The ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I was higher in the GTs from DBP exposed fetuses compared to the control group. The ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I in the GTs was higher in the hypospadias group than in the non-hypospadias group. The number of autophagosomes was increased in the GTs of the hypospadias group. Protein expression of p-S6, p-mTOR, and p-Akt were significantly decreased in the GTs of hypospadiac rats. CONCLUSIONS DBP-induced hypospadias might be associated with apoptosis and autophagy mediated by the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in the GT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Central Laboratory of Pediatric Research Institute, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Soochow University
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Yuan H, Xie Y, Li Q, Hu X, Li X, Sun X, Zhao W. Paternal Uniparental Disomy of Chromosome 14 with Hypospadias. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 148:256-61. [PMID: 27300571 DOI: 10.1159/000446783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paternal uniparental disomy 14 (patUPD14) is a distinct, clinically recognizable syndrome. Using a clinical SNP microarray, we identified patUPD14 in a boy with a normal karyotype presenting cardiomyopathy and facial anomalies, a specific configuration of the thoracic ribs ('coat hanger sign'), and hypospadias. Analyses of polymorphic microsatellites confirmed the diagnosis of patUPD14. We discuss the functions of the genes included in the rearrangement and their involvement in the pathogenesis of these disorders, especially hypospadias. ESR2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs944050; 2681-4A>G) have been associated with an increased risk of hypospadias in previous studies. The patient's ESR2 (rs944050) genotype is GG, whereas the parents both exhibit an AG genotype. This report sheds light on the genetic phenomenon in which the combination of a polymorphism and UPD can lead to new phenotypes, such as hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Yuan
- Guangzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, PR China
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Association between SNP12 in estrogen receptor α gene and hypospadias: a systematic review and meta-analysis. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:587. [PMID: 27247884 PMCID: PMC4864782 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphism 12 in estrogen receptor α gene and hypospadias, four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library) were electronically searched by 2nd November 2015. Finally, four studies were included for our meta-analysis, involving 1379 cases and 1648 controls. A quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale of case–control study. Meta-analysis and publication bias measuring were all done by Stata 12.0. No significant publication bias (PBegg = 0.296, PEgger = 0.161) was found. Overall, there was statistically significant association for recessive genetic model (AA vs. GA + GG: OR 3.45, 95 % CI [1.89, 6.30], P = 0.038). Moreover, the positive result was confirmed using trial sequential analysis even only three original studies. For allele model, there was also statistically significant association (allele A vs. G: OR 1.43, 95 % CI [1.23, 1.67], P = 0.034). Meanwhile, A allele as a risk factor turned out to be true positive by trial sequential analysis. In a word, this meta-analysis suggested that the single nucleotide polymorphism 12 definitely increase the risk of hypospadias.
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Jiang JT, Zhong C, Zhu YP, Xu DL, Wood K, Sun WL, Li EH, Liu ZH, Zhao W, Ruan Y, Xia SJ. Prenatal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) differentially alters androgen cascade in undeformed versus hypospadiac male rat offspring. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 61:75-81. [PMID: 26948521 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study was to compare the alterations of androgen cascades in di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP)-exposed male offspring without hypospadias (undeformed) versus those with hypospadias. To induce hypospadias in male offspring, pregnant rats received DBP via oral gavage at a dose of 750mg/kg BW/day during gestational days 14-18. The mRNA expression levels of genes downstream of the androgen signaling pathway, such as androgen receptor (AR) and Srd5a2, in testes of undeformed rat pups were similar to those in controls; in hypospadiac rat pups these levels were significantly lower than those of control pups. In contrast, both undeformed and hypospadiac rats had decreased serum testosterone levels, reduced mRNA expression of key enzymes in the androgen synthetic pathway in the testes, and ablated genes of developmental pathways, such as Shh, Bmp4, Fgf8, Fgf10 and Fgfr2, in the genital tubercle (GT) as compared to those in DBP-unexposed controls, albeit hypospadiac rats had a more severe decrement than those of undeformed rats. Although other possibilities cannot be excluded, our findings suggest that the relatively normal levels of testosterone-AR-Srd5a2 may contribute to the resistance to DBP toxicity in undeformed rats. In conclusion, our results showed a potential correlation between decreased testosterone levels, reduced mRNA expression of AR and Srd5a2 and the occurrence of hypospadias in male rat offspring prenatally exposed to DBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tao Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Chen Zhong
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yi-Ping Zhu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Dong-Liang Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Kristofer Wood
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 W Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85013, United States
| | - Wen-Lan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - En-Hui Li
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yuan Ruan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Shu-Jie Xia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China.
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Liu ZH, Li EH, Xu DL, Sun WL, Hong Y, Zhao W, Xia SJ, Jiang JT. Genetic research and structural dysplasia assessment of anorectal malformations in neonatal male rats induced by di(n-butyl) phthalate. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:261-268. [PMID: 25213187 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was the first to investigate the genetic abnormalities and structural dysplasia of anorectal malformations (ARMs) in male rats induced by di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP). DBP was administered to timed-pregnant rats to establish the ARM rat model. The incidence of ARMs in male offspring was 39.5%. In neonatal period, decreased body weight and anogenital distance were observed. The general image and histological analysis of male offspring confirmed the presence of ARMs. Anatomical examination of the ARM male rats revealed the dysplasia in solid organs (heart-lung, liver, spleen, and kidney). The decreases of serum testosterone concentration and androgen receptor expression in terminal rectum were indicative of the antiandrogenic effects of DBP. Moreover, significant decreased mRNA expressions of these androgen-related genes such as sonic hedgehog, Gli2, Gli3, bone morphogenetic protein 4, Wnt5a, Hoxa13, Hoxd13, fibroblast growth factor 10, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 were found in terminal rectum of the ARM male pubs. These results demonstrated that development of ARM rats was impaired by maternal exposure to DBP. The antiandrogenic effects of DBP disturbing the androgen-related signaling networks might play an important role in the occurrence of ARMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - En-Hui Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Dong-Liang Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Wen-Lan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yan Hong
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shu-Jie Xia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jun-Tao Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
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Li EH, Liang SJ, Sun WL, Xu DL, Hong Y, Xia SJ, Jiang JT. Expression of the Shh/Bmp4 signaling pathway during the development of anorectal malformations in a male rat model of prenatal exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh)/bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) is an androgen-regulated signaling pathway that has been shown to be crucial for embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Hui Li
- Department of Urology
- Shanghai First People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai 200080
- China
| | - Sheng-Jie Liang
- Department of Pediatric Urology
- Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital
- Hefei
- China
| | - Wen-Lan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics
- Shanghai First People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai 200080
- China
| | - Dong-Liang Xu
- Department of Urology
- Shanghai First People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai 200080
- China
| | - Yan Hong
- Department of Central Laboratory
- Shanghai First People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai 200080
- China
| | - Shu-Jie Xia
- Department of Urology
- Shanghai First People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai 200080
- China
| | - Jun-Tao Jiang
- Department of Urology
- Shanghai First People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai 200080
- China
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Choudhry S, Baskin LS, Lammer EJ, Witte JS, Dasgupta S, Ma C, Surampalli A, Shen J, Shaw GM, Carmichael SL. Genetic polymorphisms in ESR1 and ESR2 genes, and risk of hypospadias in a multiethnic study population. J Urol 2014; 193:1625-31. [PMID: 25463985 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Estrogenic endocrine disruptors acting via estrogen receptors α (ESR1) and β (ESR2) have been implicated in the etiology of hypospadias, a common congenital malformation of the male external genitalia. We determined the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in ESR1 and ESR2 genes with hypospadias in a racially/ethnically diverse study population of California births. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the relationship between hypospadias and 108 ESR1 and 36 ESR2 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 647 cases and 877 population based nonmalformed controls among infants born in selected California counties from 1990 to 2003. Subgroup analyses were performed by race/ethnicity (nonHispanic white and Hispanic subjects) and by hypospadias severity (mild to moderate and severe). RESULTS Odds ratios for 33 of the 108 ESR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms had p values less than 0.05 (p = 0.05 to 0.007) for risk of hypospadias. However, none of the 36 ESR2 single nucleotide polymorphisms was significantly associated. In stratified analyses the association results were consistent by disease severity but different sets of single nucleotide polymorphisms were significantly associated with hypospadias in nonHispanic white and Hispanic subjects. Due to high linkage disequilibrium across the single nucleotide polymorphisms, haplotype analyses were conducted and identified 6 haplotype blocks in ESR1 gene that had haplotypes significantly associated with an increased risk of hypospadias (OR 1.3 to 1.8, p = 0.04 to 0.00001). Similar to single nucleotide polymorphism analysis, different ESR1 haplotypes were associated with risk of hypospadias in nonHispanic white and Hispanic subjects. No significant haplotype association was observed for ESR2. CONCLUSIONS The data provide evidence that ESR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes influence the risk of hypospadias in white and Hispanic subjects, and warrant further examination in other study populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Choudhry
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California.
| | - Laurence S Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Edward J Lammer
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - John S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Sudeshna Dasgupta
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Chen Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Joel Shen
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Gary M Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Suzan L Carmichael
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Li EH, Han BM, Sun WL, Liang SJ, Xia SJ, Jiang JT. Expression of Wnt5a during development of anorectal malformations in a rat model of prenatal exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:455-60. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.932037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Liu SB, Ma Z, Sun WL, Sun XW, Hong Y, Ma L, Qin C, Stratton HJ, Liu Q, Jiang JT. The role of androgen-induced growth factor (FGF8) on genital tubercle development in a hypospadiac male rat model of prenatal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate. Toxicology 2012; 293:53-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Jiang JT, Sun WL, Jing YF, Liu SB, Ma Z, Hong Y, Ma L, Qin C, Liu Q, Stratton HJ, Xia SJ. Prenatal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate induces anorectal malformations in male rat offspring. Toxicology 2011; 290:322-6. [PMID: 22027561 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the dysplasia, histological malformations, and genetic abnormalities in male rats induced by maternal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). Here we report novel findings concerning developmental abnormalities resulting from prenatal exposure to DBP, which leads to significant anorectal malformations (ARMs) in male rat offspring. The incidence of ARMs was 39.5% in male offspring and all abnormal pups were complicated with secondary megacolon. General images, histological analysis and anatomy examination confirmed the malformation. The development abnormalities such as decreased bodyweight (BW) and anogenital distance (AGD), shortened body lengths (with tail removed), as well as increased abdominal circumference were observed at different developmental stages of ARMs in male rat. The developmental abnormalities in both solid organs (brain, heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney) and reproductive organs (testes and epididymis) of abnormal pubs on PND35 were also investigated. In addition, the serum testosterone (T) level of ARMs in male rats on PND1 was significantly lower than that of controls with accompanying reduced expression of androgen receptor (AR), sonic hedgehog (Shh) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) mRNA from tissues of the terminal rectum. These results conclusively demonstrate for the first time that in utero exposure to DBP leads to an increased likelihood for the development of ARMs and subsequent complicating megacolon in male rat offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tao Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 85 Wujin Road, Shanghai 200080, China
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Rocheleau CM, Romitti PA, Sanderson WT, Sun L, Lawson CC, Waters MA, Stewart PA, Olney RS, Reefhuis J. Maternal occupational pesticide exposure and risk of hypospadias in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 91:927-36. [PMID: 21954192 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.22860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation among men in which the urethral opening is ventrally displaced. Pesticide exposure has been suggested as a possible etiologic factor, but previous epidemiologic studies have produced inconsistent results. METHODS We used data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), a population-based case-control study, to examine maternal occupational exposure to fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides among 647 hypospadias case infants and 1496 unaffected male control infants with estimated delivery dates from October 1997 to December 2002. Periconceptional (1 month before conception through the first trimester of pregnancy) pesticide exposures were assigned by an expert rater, assisted by a job-exposure matrix (JEM), from a job history completed by mothers during a telephone interview. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with multivariable logistic regression, and adjusted for relevant covariates. RESULTS Maternal periconceptional occupational exposure to any pesticides (yes/no) was not associated with an increased risk of hypospadias (OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.61-1.01). Maternal occupational periconceptional pesticide exposure type (insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides) and estimated quantity also showed no significantly increased risk of hypospadias and no evidence of a dose-response relationship; however, the estimated pesticide exposure levels in this population were low. CONCLUSION Using broad classes of insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, we found no evidence that low intensity maternal periconceptional occupational pesticide exposure was a risk factor for hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa M Rocheleau
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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Tang KF, Zheng JZ, Xing JP. Molecular analysis of SNP12 in estrogen receptor α gene in hypospadiac or cryptorchid patients from Northwestern China. Urol Int 2011; 87:359-62. [PMID: 21934279 DOI: 10.1159/000330902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the single nucleotide polymorphism 12 (SNP12) in the estrogen receptor α (ESR1) gene in hypospadiac or cryptorchid patients from Northwestern China. METHODS 103 patients and 40 controls were analyzed for SNP12 to verify whether this genetic variant was associated with hypospadias or cryptorchidism. RESULTS The frequencies of the A allele and homozygote individuals for the A allele of SNP12 in the hypospadiac group were higher than in the control group, respectively (p = 0.011, p = 0.005). The frequency of the A allele of SNP12 in the cryptorchid group was higher than in the control group (p = 0.038). However, no significant difference was observed between the cryptorchid group and control group of homozygote individuals for the A allele of SNP12 (p = 0.070). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the A allele of SNP12 may increase the risk of hypospadias or cryptorchidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Fa Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
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Gurbuz C, Demir S, Zemheri E, Canat L, Kilic M, Caskurlu T. Is activating transcription factor 3 up-regulated in patients with hypospadias? Korean J Urol 2010; 51:561-4. [PMID: 20733963 PMCID: PMC2924561 DOI: 10.4111/kju.2010.51.8.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Even though hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies, the cause of hypospadias is largely unknown. With regard to molecular biology and microarray technology, it appears that hypospadias is potentially related to disrupted gene expression. Genomic analysis of hypospadiac tissue indicated a potential role for activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in the development of this anomaly. This study prospectively examined the expression of ATF3 in tissues from 20 children with hypospadias compared with 26 normal penile skin tissue samples from elective circumcision. Materials and Methods Prepucial tissue was obtained from children who underwent repair of hypospadias for comparison with tissue samples from children who underwent elective circumcision. Skin specimens were evaluated for the expression of ATF3 protein by immunohistochemical staining. Results Immunohistochemical staining for ATF3 in samples from children who underwent repair of hypospadias was significantly greater than in samples from children who underwent elective circumcision (80% vs. 11%, respectively; p<0.05). Conclusions Our results indicate that ATF3 is up-regulated in the penile skin tissue of boys with hypospadias, which suggests a role for this transcription factor in the development of this abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cenk Gurbuz
- Department of 2nd Urology, Istanbul Goztepe Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Muncke J. Exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds via the food chain: Is packaging a relevant source? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:4549-59. [PMID: 19482336 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of foodstuffs by environmental pollutants (e.g. dioxins, metals) receives much attention. Until recently, food packaging as a source of xenobiotics, especially those with endocrine disrupting properties, has received little awareness despite its ubiquitous use. This article reviews the regulations and use of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in food packaging and discusses their presence within the context of new toxicology paradigms. I focused on substances known to be legally used in food packaging that have been shown to exhibit endocrine disruptive effects in biological systems. I compiled a list of 50 known or potential EDCs used in food contact materials and examined data of EDCs leaching from packaging into food, with a focus on nonylphenol. I included recent advances in toxicology: mixture effects, the developmental origins of adult disease hypothesis, low-dose effects, and epigenetics. I especially considered the case of bisphenol A. The core hypothesis of this review is that chemicals leaching from packaging into food contribute to human EDCs exposure and might lead to chronic disease in light of the current knowledge. Food contact materials are a major source of food contaminants. Many migrating compounds, possibly with endocrine disruptive properties, remain unidentified. There is a need for information on identity/quantity of chemicals leaching into food, human exposure, and long-term impact on health. Especially EDCs in food packaging are of concern. Even at low concentrations, chronic exposure to EDCs is toxicologically relevant. Concerns increase when humans are exposed to mixtures of similar acting EDCs and/or during sensitive windows of development. In particular, non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) migrating from food contact materials need toxicological characterization; the overall migrate of the finished packaging could be evaluated for biological effects using bioassays. The widespread legal use of EDCs in food packaging requires dedicated assessment and should be updated according to contemporary scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Muncke
- Emhart Glass SA, Hinterbergstrasse 22, PO Box 2251, 6330 Cham, Switzerland.
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18
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Zhu YJ, Jiang JT, Ma L, Zhang J, Hong Y, Liao K, Liu Q, Liu GH. Molecular and toxicologic research in newborn hypospadiac male rats following in utero exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). Toxicology 2009; 260:120-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use meta-analytic techniques to synthesize the findings of the current body of published literature regarding the risk of hypospadias resulting from parental exposure to pesticides. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search of Pub Med for original research published in English from January 1966 through March 2008 identified 552 studies, 90 of which were reviewed in detail. Nine studies met all study inclusion criteria. Two reviewers independently abstracted data from each included study. Any disagreements were resolved by consensus. Pooled risk ratios (PRRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using both random and fixed effects models, along with statistical tests of homogeneity. RESULTS Elevated but marginally significant risks of hypospadias were associated with maternal occupational exposure (PRR of 1.36, CI=1.04-1.77), and paternal occupational exposure (PRR of 1.19, CI=1.00-1.41). Subgroup analyses provided insights into needed designs for future studies. Notably, exposure assessment using a job-exposure matrix resulted in slightly higher estimated risk than agricultural occupation in fathers; but this effect was reversed in mothers, suggesting the importance of indirect and residential pesticide exposures in this group. CONCLUSIONS Despite potential exposure misclassification, which would tend to diminish observed associations, the previous literature indicates a modestly increased risk of hypospadias associated with pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa M. Rocheleau
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Paul A. Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Leslie K. Dennis
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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20
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Kalfa N, Liu B, Klein O, Wang MH, Cao M, Baskin LS. Genomic Variants of
ATF3
in Patients With Hypospadias. J Urol 2008; 180:2183-8; discussion 2188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kalfa
- Center for the Study and Treatment of Hypospadias, Department of Urology, University of California–San Francisco Children's Medical Center, and Department of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, and Institute of Human Genetics, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine (OK), University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Benchun Liu
- Center for the Study and Treatment of Hypospadias, Department of Urology, University of California–San Francisco Children's Medical Center, and Department of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, and Institute of Human Genetics, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine (OK), University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ophir Klein
- Center for the Study and Treatment of Hypospadias, Department of Urology, University of California–San Francisco Children's Medical Center, and Department of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, and Institute of Human Genetics, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine (OK), University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ming-Hsieh Wang
- Center for the Study and Treatment of Hypospadias, Department of Urology, University of California–San Francisco Children's Medical Center, and Department of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, and Institute of Human Genetics, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine (OK), University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mei Cao
- Center for the Study and Treatment of Hypospadias, Department of Urology, University of California–San Francisco Children's Medical Center, and Department of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, and Institute of Human Genetics, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine (OK), University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Laurence S. Baskin
- Center for the Study and Treatment of Hypospadias, Department of Urology, University of California–San Francisco Children's Medical Center, and Department of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, and Institute of Human Genetics, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine (OK), University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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21
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Genuis SJ. To sea or not to sea: Benefits and risks of gestational fish consumption. Reprod Toxicol 2008; 26:81-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Phillips KP, Foster WG. Key developments in endocrine disrupter research and human health. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2008; 11:322-344. [PMID: 18368559 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701876194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Environmental etiologies involving exposures to chemicals that mimic endogenous hormones are proposed for a number of adverse human health effects, including infertility, abnormal prenatal and childhood development, and reproductive cancers (National Research Council, 1999; World Health Organization, 2002). Endocrine disrupters represent a significant area of environmental research with important implications for human health. This article provides an overview of some of the key developments in this field that may enhance our ability to assess the human health risks posed by exposure to endocrine disrupters. Advances in methodologies of hazard identification (toxicogenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, bioinformatics) are discussed, as well as epigenetics and emerging biological endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Phillips
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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23
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Abstract
In many developed nations, the state of publicly administered health care is increasingly precarious as a result of escalating numbers of chronically ill patients, inadequate medical personnel and hospital facilities, as well as sparse funding for ongoing upgrades to state-of-the-art diagnostic and therapeutic technology - an increased emphasis on aetiology-centred medicine should be considered in order to achieve improved health for patients and populations. Medical practice patterns which are designed to provide quick and effective amelioration of signs and symptoms are frequently not an enduring solution to many health afflictions and chronic disease states. Recent scientific discovery has rendered the drug-oriented algorithmic paradigm commonly found in contemporary evidence-based medicine to be a reductionist approach to clinical practice. Unfolding evidence appears to support a genetic predisposition model of health and illness rather than a fatalistic predestination construct - modifiable epigenetic and environmental factors have enormous potential to influence clinical outcomes. By understanding and applying fundamental clinical principles relating to the emerging fields of molecular medicine, nutrigenomics and human exposure assessment, doctors will be empowered to address causality of affliction when possible and achieve sustained reprieve for many suffering patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Genuis
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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24
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Kim SY, Jun JS, Lee SG. Normative data of penile length in Korean newborns. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2008. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2008.51.9.944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yeob Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Sung Jun
- Department of Pediatrics, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Geel Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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25
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Liu B, Lin G, Willingham E, Ning H, Lin CS, Lue TF, Baskin LS. Estradiol upregulates activating transcription factor 3, a candidate gene in the etiology of hypospadias. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2007; 10:446-54. [PMID: 18001166 DOI: 10.2350/06-04-0079.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypospadias is a penile developmental abnormality that may partly result from in utero exposure to estrogenic compounds. Expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is elevated in human foreskin tissue from hypospadic patients, and in utero exposure to ethinyl estradiol (17-EE) causes ATF3 upregulation in a hypospadias mouse model. We investigated the effects of in vitro exposure to EE on ATF3 expression and promoter activity in human foreskin fibroblasts using immunocytochemistry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blot, and the luciferase activity assay. Immunocytochemistry showed peak positive staining at 2 hours after 0.5 to 3 hours of EE treatment (0.1 microM). Western blot showed significantly increased ATF3 protein expression (P = 0.006) after EE exposure. ATF3 mRNA, as evaluated using reverse transcriptase PCR and TaqMan real-time PCR, also increased (P = 0.146). In addition, the luciferase activity assay showed that ATF3 promoter activity was significantly enhanced after 1 hour of EE exposure (P < 0.0001). Thus, EE upregulates ATF3 expression in fibroblasts in vitro, consistent with our previous results with human tissue and in vivo mouse models. ATF3 is involved in the TGF-beta epithelial-mesenchymal signaling pathway, and its involvement in hypospadias suggests that ATF3 plays a role in development of this anomaly as a result of exposure to estrogenic compounds. Its potential involvement in other manifestations of developmental endocrine disruption is worth investigating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benchun Liu
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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26
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Agras K, Shiroyanagi Y, Baskin LS. Progesterone Receptors in the Developing Genital Tubercle: Implications for the Endocrine Disruptor Hypothesis as the Etiology of Hypospadias. J Urol 2007; 178:722-7. [PMID: 17574608 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In fetal mice genital tubercles the ontogenetic expression of progesterone receptors and the effect of in utero estrogen and testosterone exposure were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS To evaluate ontogenetic progesterone receptor expression genital tubercles from untreated fetuses at gestational days 12, 14, 16 and 18, and newborn pups were prepared for real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction or immunohistochemistry. To evaluate estrogen and testosterone effects pregnant dams were gavaged once daily with corn oil (vehicle), ethinyl estradiol or testosterone propionate from gestational days 12 through 17. At gestational day 19 the genital tubercles of delivered fetuses were harvested for morphological examination and then pooled for real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Progesterone receptor protein was first detected at gestational day 12 in the urethral plate and mesenchyma. At later stages staining intensity increased with a greater progesterone receptor signal, especially in the urethra. Progesterone receptor mRNA expression showed different increasing patterns in each sex until birth. However, no difference was noted between male and female genital tubercles in terms of the distribution and quantity of progesterone receptor expression. In utero ethinyl estradiol led to 8.2, 9.7 and 5.2-fold increases in progesterone receptor mRNA in females and in males with and without hypospadias, respectively. Testosterone propionate significantly decreased progesterone receptor mRNA levels in females and males. CONCLUSIONS Progesterone receptors are expressed in developing genital tubercles, suggesting a direct role of progesterone in normal genital tubercle patterning. Their increasing expression until birth also implies increasing sensitivity of the genital tubercles to the effects of estrogenic and progestogenic endocrine disruptors during fetal life. Ethinyl estradiol and testosterone propionate lead to opposing effects on progesterone receptor expression, in addition to their opposing morphological effects on the genital tubercles. These findings expand our knowledge of genital tubercle morphogenesis and provide important information for understanding the effects of endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Agras
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco Children's Medical Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Epidemiological evidence increasingly suggests that environmental exposures early in development have a role in susceptibility to disease in later life. In addition, some of these environmental effects seem to be passed on through subsequent generations. Epigenetic modifications provide a plausible link between the environment and alterations in gene expression that might lead to disease phenotypes. An increasing body of evidence from animal studies supports the role of environmental epigenetics in disease susceptibility. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated for the first time that heritable environmentally induced epigenetic modifications underlie reversible transgenerational alterations in phenotype. Methods are now becoming available to investigate the relevance of these phenomena to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy L Jirtle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Genuis SJ. The chemical erosion of human health: adverse environmental exposure and in-utero pollution - determinants of congenital disorders and chronic disease. J Perinat Med 2006; 34:185-95. [PMID: 16602837 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2006.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological research designed to explore causality of illness has produced increasing evidence to verify that exposure to toxic agents is contributing to the escalating burden of chronic affliction, including congenital disorders. While endeavoring to facilitate optimal health and well-being for patients, the medical profession is currently challenged by the consequences of environmental factors unique to the modern era. In the last half century, there have been profound shifts in health-related habits of individuals and population groups, and recent research suggests that changes in the home and workplace environment are responsible for many common health problems including various congenital anomalies. As a result of increasing concern about environmental influences on health, 'Human Exposure Assessment,' the investigation and study of specific patient exposures and related health concerns, is a rapidly expanding area of scientific research. Practitioners of clinical medicine, including providers of maternity care, should acquire the skills to elicit a proper environmental exposure history and the necessary tools to implement proactive patient education relating to precautionary avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Genuis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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29
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Biau S, Bayle S, de Santa Barbara P, Roig B. The chick embryo: an animal model for detection of the effects of hormonal compounds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 387:1397-403. [PMID: 17058071 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hormonal compounds are a class of pharmaceutical product that disrupt the endocrine system of animals and humans. Exposure to these molecules, even at low concentrations, can have severely damaging effects on the environment, to organisms, and to humans. The cumulative presence of these compounds is also characterized by synergistic effects which are difficult to estimate. They are an underestimated danger to the environment and to the human population. This paper presents an in-vivo model enabling to assessment of the real impact of exposure to hormonal compounds and the synergistic effect which can be involved. The anatomical effects of in-ovo exposure to two natural estrogen compounds (estrone and estriol, at 600 ng g(-1)) and a synthetic estrogen (ethynylestradiol, at 20 ng g(-1)) have been investigated. Estrone and estriol lead to morphological defects, mainly in the urogenital system of the developing chick embryo, whereas ethynylestradiol has fewer effects. Estriol caused persistence of Müllerian ducts in 50% of male embryos and hypertrophic oviducts in 71% of females. Estrone had the same effects but at the percentages were lower. Kidney dysfunction was also observed, but only with estrone, in both males and females. We also tested estrogenic compounds in two types of cell line which are estrogen sensitive (BG1 and MCF7) then completed and confirmed our previous in-vivo results. Seven pharmaceutical-like compounds--estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), ethynylestradiol (EE(2)), carbamazepine (C), genistein (G), and bisphenol-A (BPA)--were tested alone or in mixtures. Different effects on the two cell lines were observed, indicating that endocrine compounds can act differently on this organism. Experiments also showed that these molecules have synergistic action and induce more severe effects when they are in mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Biau
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Centre LGEI, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France.
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Meyer KJ, Reif JS, Veeramachaneni DR, Luben TJ, Mosley BS, Nuckols JR. Agricultural pesticide use and hypospadias in eastern Arkansas. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:1589-95. [PMID: 17035148 PMCID: PMC1626392 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We assessed the relationship between hypospadias and proximity to agricultural pesticide applications using a GIS-based exposure method. METHODS We obtained information for 354 cases of hypospadias born between 1998 and 2002 in eastern Arkansas; 727 controls were selected from birth certificates. We classified exposure on pounds of pesticides (estimated by crop type) applied or persisting within 500 m of each subject's home during gestational weeks 6 to 16. We restricted our analyses to 38 pesticides with some evidence of reproductive, developmental, estrogenic, and/or antiandrogenic effects. We estimated timing of pesticide applications using crop phenology and published records. RESULTS Gestational age at birth [odds ratio (OR) = 0.91; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.83-0.99], parity (OR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65-0.95), and delaying prenatal care until the third trimester (OR = 4.04; 95% CI, 1.46-11.23) were significantly associated with hypospadias. Risk of hypospadias increased by 8% for every 0.05-pound increase in estimated exposure to diclofop-methyl use (OR = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.15). Pesticide applications in aggregate (OR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70-0.96) and applications of alachlor (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35-0.89) and permethrin (OR = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.16-0.86) were negatively associated with hypospadias. CONCLUSIONS Except for diclofop-methyl, we did not find evidence that estimated exposure to pesticides known to have reproductive, developmental, or endocrine-disrupting effects increases risk of hypospadias. Further research on the potential effects of exposure to diclofop-methyl is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy J. Meyer
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - John S. Reif
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Thomas J. Luben
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Bridget S. Mosley
- Arkansas Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - John R. Nuckols
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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31
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Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC, Hjelmborg PS, Reinert TS, Andersen BS, Lesovoy V, Lindh CH, Hagmar L, Giwercman A, Erlandsen M, Manicardi GC, Spanò M, Toft G, Bonde JP. Xenoestrogenic activity in blood of European and Inuit populations. Environ Health 2006; 5:12. [PMID: 16674832 PMCID: PMC1481538 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-5-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is ubiquitous and found in all individuals. Studies have documented endocrine disrupting effects and impact on reproduction. The aim of the present study was to compare the level of xenoestrogenic activity in serum of groups with varying POP exposure, and to evaluate correlations to the POP biomarkers, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p'-DDE). METHODS The study included 358 men: Greenlandic Inuit's, Swedish fishermen, and Warsaw (Poland) and Kharkiv (Ukraine) inhabitants. Xenoestrogenicity of serum extracts alone (XER) and XER competitive (XERcomp) effect on 17beta-estradiol induced estrogen receptor (ER) transactivity were assessed in the hormone free, lipophilic serum fraction containing the POPs using the MVLN human breast cancer cell line. RESULTS No agonistic XER activity was exhibited for Inuit serum samples, while 12 - 24% of the European samples had detectable agonistic XER activity. On the contrary, 71% of Inuit serum samples antagonized XERcomp compared to 7 - 30 % in the other regions. XER and XERcomp were not or weakly correlated to the two POP markers. XER activity of Inuit samples was negatively associated to levels of CB-153 and p,p'-DDE. For the Warsaw group a positive and negative correlation between XER and p,p'-DDE and estradiol equivalence level and CB-153 levels was found. CONCLUSION No strong consistent association between xenoestrogenic net activity and the two POP markers was found. The results showed that the selected POP markers alone can not predict the integrated xenoestrogenic serum activity. Correlations to the POP markers were found at the extreme edge; the Inuit's and Warsaw study groups eliciting high frequency of samples with ER antagonistic and agonistic activity, respectively. We suggest that the variation in xenoestrogenic serum activity reflects differences in POP exposure mixture, genetic factors and/or life style factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Bonefeld-Jorgensen
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Institute of Public Health, Vennelyst Boulevard 6, Build. 1260, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Philip S Hjelmborg
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Institute of Public Health, Vennelyst Boulevard 6, Build. 1260, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thayaline S Reinert
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Institute of Public Health, Vennelyst Boulevard 6, Build. 1260, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Birgitte S Andersen
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Institute of Public Health, Vennelyst Boulevard 6, Build. 1260, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Lesovoy
- Regional Clynical Center of Urology and Nephrology, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Hagmar
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Mogens Erlandsen
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Vennelyst Boulevard 6, Build. 1260, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gian-Carlo Manicardi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Viale Kennedy 17, I-42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marcello Spanò
- Section of Toxicology and Biomedical Sciences, BIOTEC-MED, ENEA Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, I-00060 Rome, Italy
| | - Gunnar Toft
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, Build.2C, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, Build.2C, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Liu B, Agras K, Willingham E, Vilela MLB, Baskin LS. Activating transcription factor 3 is estrogen-responsive in utero and upregulated during sexual differentiation. HORMONE RESEARCH 2006; 65:217-22. [PMID: 16569931 DOI: 10.1159/000092402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Synthetic estrogens induce hypospadias, an anomaly of genital tubercle/urethral development. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), which is estrogen-responsive in vitro, is upregulated in hypospadiac human tissue. We used a mouse model of steroid-dependent genital tubercle development to elucidate the ontogeny of ATF3 expression and the developmental response of ATF3 in vivo to estrogen exposure. METHODS We used quantitative RT-PCR to assess ontogenic expression of ATF3 and its response to estrogen treatment in utero. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize the protein. RESULTS Quantitative RT-PCR showed that ATF3 mRNA is upregulated in all estrogen-exposed fetal genital tubercles compared to controls (p = 0.024), including specifically in males exposed in utero (p = 0.049). Additionally, its expression increases significantly during the period of sexual differentiation in both sexes and significantly correlates with female development (p = 0.004), a phenomenon that appears to be attributable to higher levels at birth in females. The protein localizes in the nucleus, as expected. CONCLUSIONS ATF3 is estrogen-responsive in vivo. The response of ATF3 to estrogenic stimulation in utero at an earlier stage may contribute to urethral abnormalities observed in estrogen-exposed male fetuses, although it is likely not the only gene involved, which supports the general understanding that hypospadias is subject to multifactorial influences. ATF3 may therefore be an appropriate gene for further investigations in an endocrine context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benchun Liu
- Center for the Study and Treatment of Hypospadias, Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, Calif. 94143, USA
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Beleza-Meireles A, Omrani D, Kockum I, Frisén L, Lagerstedt K, Nordenskjöld A. Polymorphisms of estrogen receptor beta gene are associated with hypospadias. J Endocrinol Invest 2006; 29:5-10. [PMID: 16553027 DOI: 10.1007/bf03349170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypospadias is a common male congenital urethral malformation, defined as the displacement of the urethral meatus ventrally from the tip of the glans penis. The importance of androgen receptor in male external genitalia development has been well recognized. Recently, the presence of active estrogen receptors (ER) in the developing male external genitalia has also been demonstrated. There are two isoforms of the human estrogen receptor, ESR1 and ESR2, which occur, with distinct tissue and cell patterns of expression. We hypothesized that modifications in these nuclear receptors' genes could lead to hypospadias. MATERIALS AND METHODS We screened 60 boys with hypospadias for mutations in the coding regions of ESR1 and ESR2 genes, by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and automated sequence analysis. We also genotyped the CA repeat polymorphism in ESR2 and the TA repeat polymorphism in ESR1. RESULTS The CA repeat polymorphism in ESR2 is prolonged in hypospadias patients compared to controls (p < 0.05). Prolongation of this CA repeat polymorphism has previously been associated with lower levels of testosterone. Six patients presented the genetic variant 2681-4A > G (rs944050) in the heterozygous form in ESR2, which was a significantly higher frequency than in the control population (p < 0.05). One of these patients also presented a 266_267insC in exon 1 of ESR2, which is also a known single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs3832949). In ESR1, no significant gene alteration was found to be associated with hypospadias. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that variations in the ESR2 might influence susceptibility to hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beleza-Meireles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Liu B, Wang Z, Lin G, Agras K, Ebbers M, Willingham E, Baskin LS. Activating transcription factor 3 is up-regulated in patients with hypospadias. Pediatr Res 2005; 58:1280-3. [PMID: 16306208 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000187796.28007.2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly of the genitalia characterized by abnormalities of the urethra and foreskin, with the urethral meatus located in an abnormal position anywhere from the distal ventral penile shaft to the perineum. Because the incidence of hypospadias is approximately 1/200-1/300 live male births, it is one of the most common congenital malformations, but its etiology is largely uncharacterized. Genomic analysis of hypospadic tissue indicated a potential role for activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in the development of this anomaly. ATF3 may be involved in homeostasis, wound healing, cell adhesion, or apoptosis, and normally it is expressed at a steady-state in quiescent cells. Additionally, it has been shown to be an estrogen-responsive gene, and the etiology of hypospadias may be related to in utero exposure to estrogenic or anti-androgenic compounds. We examined the expression of ATF3 in tissues from 28 children with hypospadias compared with 20 normal penile skin tissue samples from elective circumcision. Eighty-six percent of the hypospadias samples were immunohistochemically positive, compared with 13% of normal tissue samples. Seventy-five percent of hypospadias samples were positive from in situ hybridization, compared with 1% of circumcision samples. Our results indicate that ATF3 is up-regulated in the penile skin tissues of boys with hypospadias, suggesting a role for this transcription factor in the development of this abnormality. Because the etiology of hypospadias may include exposure to estrogenic compounds, the responsiveness of ATF3 to estrogen is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benchun Liu
- Center for the Study and Treatment of Hypospadias, Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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