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Zhao Q, Liu Y. Is anaerobic digestion a reliable barrier for deactivation of pathogens in biosludge? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:893-902. [PMID: 30870755 PMCID: PMC7112049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
As World Health Organization advocates, the global burden of sanitation related disease and access to safely managed sanitation and safely treated wastewater should be monitored strictly. However, the spread of pathogens through various agricultural applications or direct discharge of sewage sludge generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants poses a serious challenge on the environment and public health. Anaerobic digestion (AD), the principal method of stabilizing biosolids, can efficiently and largely deactivate viable pathogens, including parasite, virus, and the pathogens harboring antibiotic resistance genes. This review aims to provide a critical overview regarding the deactivation of sludge-associated pathogens by AD, through which a serious concern on the effectiveness and rationality of AD towards sludge pathogens control was raised. Meanwhile, the underlying deactivation mechanisms and affecting factors were all discussed, with the focus on pathogen-associated modeling, engineering design and technological aspects of AD. Lastly, a matric method incorporating the operating strategy of AD with the risk assessment was proposed for evaluating the reliability of AD-based pathogen deactivation, while the research agenda forward was also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, 1000 Fengming Road, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Province Co-Innovation Center of Green Building, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore; Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore.
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2
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A sandwich duplex immuno PCR for rapid and sensitive identification of Clostridium perfringens alpha and enterotoxin. Anaerobe 2019; 57:63-74. [PMID: 30922886 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and lethality associated with C. perfringens alpha (CPA) and enterotoxin (CPE) toxaemia necessitate the need for rapid and definitive detection systems to initiate management measures. In the present study, a sandwich duplex immuno-capture PCR (SD-IPCR) was developed by employing IgY antibodies against a bivalent protein r-Cpae derived from CPA and CPE for antigen capture and reporter antibodies against truncated CPA or CPE conjugated to oligomers of distinguishable size for antigen revealing and signal amplification. The avian immunoglobulin's (IgY) were devoid of reactivity with S. aureus protein A (SpA), a commensal that often co-exists with C. perfringens. The assay was specific, had a detection limit (LOD) of 1 pg/ml for both CPA and CPE in PBS and improved the LOD by 104 folds compared to an analogous sandwich ELISA with same set of antibodies. In spiking studies, a ten-fold reduction in LOD was observed in case of intestinal tissue samples (10 pg/ml) however, no change in LOD was observed when SD-IPCR was applied on to faecal, serum or muscle tissue samples. Of the 136 natural samples examined, the SD-IPCR could detect CPA and CPE in 29.4% and 35.3% samples, while the sandwich ELISAs could detect the same in 25.7% and 25% samples respectively owing to the relatively lesser sensitivity. The LOD and specificity of the SD-IPCR demonstrates its applicability as an efficient and rapid platform for direct detection CPA and CPE from diverse samples matrices in clinical microbiological and meat testing laboratories.
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Effects of Bile Acids and Nisin on the Production of Enterotoxin by Clostridium perfringens in a Nutrient-Rich Medium. Int J Microbiol 2018; 2018:7276523. [PMID: 29675044 PMCID: PMC5838459 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7276523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is the second most common cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the United States, with nearly a million cases each year. C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), produced during sporulation, damages intestinal epithelial cells by pore formation, which results in watery diarrhea. The effects of low concentrations of nisin and bile acids on sporulation and toxin production were investigated in C. perfringens SM101, which carries an enterotoxin gene on the chromosome, in a nutrient-rich medium. Bile acids and nisin increased production of enterotoxin in cultures; bile acids had the highest effect. Both compounds stimulated the transcription of enterotoxin and sporulation-related genes and production of spores during the early growth phase. They also delayed spore outgrowth and nisin was more inhibitory. Bile acids and nisin enhanced enterotoxin production in some but not all other C. perfringens isolates tested. Low concentrations of bile acids and nisin may act as a stress signal for the initiation of sporulation and the early transcription of sporulation-related genes in some strains of C. perfringens, which may result in increased strain-specific production of enterotoxin in those strains. This is the first report showing that nisin and bile acids stimulated the transcription of enterotoxin and sporulation-related genes in a nutrient-rich bacterial culture medium.
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4
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Brook I. Anaerobic Bacteria. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Shreya D, Uppalapati SR, Kingston JJ, Sripathy MH, Batra HV. Immunization with recombinant bivalent chimera r-Cpae confers protection against alpha toxin and enterotoxin of Clostridium perfringens type A in murine model. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:51-7. [PMID: 25645504 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type A, an anaerobic pathogen is the most potent cause of soft tissue infections like gas gangrene and enteric diseases like food poisoning and enteritis. The disease manifestations are mediated via two important exotoxins, viz. myonecrotic alpha toxin (αC) and enterotoxin (CPE). In the present study, we synthesized a bivalent chimeric protein r-Cpae comprising C-terminal binding regions of αC and CPE using structural vaccinology rationale and assessed its protective efficacy against both alpha toxin (αC) and enterotoxin (CPE) respectively, in murine model. Active immunization of mice with r-Cpae generated high circulating serum IgG (systemic), significantly increased intestinal mucosal s-IgA antibody titres and resulted in substantial protection to the immunized animals (100% and 75% survival) with reduced tissue morbidity when administered with 5×LD(100) doses of αC (intramuscular) and CPE (intra-gastric gavage) respectively. Mouse RBCs and Caco-2 cells incubated with a mixture of anti-r-Cpae antibodies and αC and CPE respectively, illustrated significantly higher protection against the respective toxins. Passive immunization of mice with a similar mixture resulted in 91-100% survival at the end of the 15 days observation period while mice immunized with a concoction of sham sera and respective toxins died within 2-3 days. This work demonstrates the efficacy of the rationally designed r-Cpae chimeric protein as a potential sub unit vaccine candidate against αC and CPE of C. perfringens type A toxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Das Shreya
- Division of Microbiology, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddartha Nagar, Mysore 570011, Karnataka, India
| | - Siva R Uppalapati
- Division of Microbiology, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddartha Nagar, Mysore 570011, Karnataka, India
| | - Joseph J Kingston
- Division of Microbiology, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddartha Nagar, Mysore 570011, Karnataka, India.
| | - Murali H Sripathy
- Division of Microbiology, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddartha Nagar, Mysore 570011, Karnataka, India
| | - Harsh V Batra
- Division of Microbiology, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddartha Nagar, Mysore 570011, Karnataka, India
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Simone B, Atchison C, Ruiz B, Greenop P, Dave J, Ready D, Maguire H, Walsh B, Anderson S. Investigating an outbreak of Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis in a school using smartphone technology, London, March 2013. Euro Surveill 2014; 19. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.19.20799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
- B Simone
- Field Epidemiology Services (Victoria), Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- These authors contributed equally
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Atchison
- South West London Health Protection Team, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- These authors contributed equally
| | - B Ruiz
- Commercial Environmental Health, London Borough of Richmond Upon Thames, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Greenop
- Commercial Environmental Health, London Borough of Richmond Upon Thames, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Dave
- PHE Public Health Laboratory London, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - D Ready
- PHE Public Health Laboratory London, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - H Maguire
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
- Field Epidemiology Services (Victoria), Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - B Walsh
- South West London Health Protection Team, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Anderson
- Field Epidemiology Services (Victoria), Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
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Park M, Sutherland JB, Kim JN, Rafii F. Effect of Fluoroquinolone Resistance Selection on the Fitness of Three Strains of Clostridium perfringens. Microb Drug Resist 2013; 19:421-7. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2013.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miseon Park
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - John B. Sutherland
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Jong Nam Kim
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Fatemeh Rafii
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
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Marks SL, Rankin SC, Byrne BA, Weese JS. Enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and control. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1195-208. [PMID: 22092607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This report offers a consensus opinion on the diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and control of the primary enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats, with an emphasis on Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli associated with granulomatous colitis in Boxers. Veterinarians are challenged when attempting to diagnose animals with suspected bacterial-associated diarrhea because well-scrutinized practice guidelines that provide objective recommendations for implementing fecal testing are lacking. This problem is compounded by similar isolation rates for putative bacterial enteropathogens in animals with and without diarrhea, and by the lack of consensus among veterinary diagnostic laboratories as to which diagnostic assays should be utilized. Most bacterial enteropathogens are associated with self-limiting diarrhea, and injudicious administration of antimicrobials could be more harmful than beneficial. Salmonella and Campylobacter are well-documented zoonoses, but antimicrobial administration is not routinely advocated in uncomplicated cases and supportive therapy is recommended. Basic practices of isolation, use of appropriate protective equipment, and proper cleaning and disinfection are the mainstays of control. Handwashing with soap and water is preferred over use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers because spores of C. difficile and C. perfringens are alcohol-resistant, but susceptible to bleach (1:10 to 1:20 dilution of regular household bleach) and accelerated hydrogen peroxide. The implementation of practice guidelines in combination with the integration of validated molecular-based testing and conventional testing is pivotal if we are to optimize the identification and management of enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Marks
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Moffatt CR, Howard PJ, Burns T. A Mild Outbreak of Gastroenteritis in Long-Term Care Facility Residents Due toClostridium perfringens, Australia 2009. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:791-6. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron R.M. Moffatt
- OzFoodNet, Australian Capital Territory Health Protection Service, Canberra, Australia
| | - Peter J. Howard
- New South Wales Enteric Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tony Burns
- Environmental Health, Australian Capital Territory Health Protection Service, Canberra, Australia
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Multilocus sequence typing subtypes of poultry Clostridium perfringens isolates demonstrate disease niche partitioning. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:1556-67. [PMID: 21270221 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01884-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a ubiquitous and versatile pathogenic bacterium and is implicated in the etiology of the poultry diseases necrotic enteritis (NE) and poultry gangrene (PG). In this study, multilocus sequence typing was used to investigate genotypic relationships among 139 C. perfringens isolates from 74 flocks. These isolates had multiple disease, host, and environmental origins. The results indicated a polymorphic yet highly clonal population, with 79.6% of all isolates partitioning into one of six clonal complexes or two dominant sequence types, ST-9 and ST-31. The most prolific clonal complex, CC-1, contained 27.3% of all isolates and was not clearly associated with one particular disease. The subtypes CC-4 and ST-31 were highly associated with NE and represented 9.4% and 7.2% of the total isolates, respectively. No PG-associated and NE-associated C. perfringens isolates shared the same sequence type or clonal complex. NE-associated subtypes were more clonal and appeared more evolutionarily divergent than PG-associated subtypes, which tended to cluster in the more ancestral lineages alongside isolates from asymptomatic chickens and turkeys. Toxin gene screening identified cpb2 throughout these isolates and correlated the presence of netB with NE pathology. Previous investigations into the genetic basis of C. perfringens pathogenicity have focused on toxins and other variable genetic elements. This study presents the first sequence-based comparison of C. perfringens isolates recovered in clinical cases of PG and NE and demonstrates that niche specialization is observable in the core genomes of poultry-associated C. perfringens isolates, a concept with both epidemiological and evolutionary significance.
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Briggs DC, Smedley JG, McClane BA, Basak AK. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:794-7. [PMID: 20606275 PMCID: PMC2898463 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110016507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive anaerobic species of bacterium that is notable for its ability to produce a plethora of toxins, including membrane-active toxins (alpha-toxins), pore-forming toxins (-toxins) and binary toxins (iota-toxins). Here, the crystallization of the full-length wild-type C. perfringens enterotoxin is reported, which is the causative agent of the second most prevalent food-borne illness in the United States and has been implicated in many other gastrointestinal pathologies. Several crystal forms were obtained. However, only two of these optimized crystal forms (I and II) were useable for X-ray diffraction data collection. The form I crystals diffracted to d(min) = 2.7 A and belonged to space group C2, while the form II crystals diffracted to d(min) = 4 A and belonged to space group P2(1)3.
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Natividad-Bonifacio I, Vázquez-Quiñones CR, Rodas-Suárez OR, Fernández FJ, Rodríguez-Solis E, Quiñones-Ramírez EI, Vázquez-Salinas C. Detection of Clostridium perfringens in yearling lamb meat (barbacoa), head, and gut tacos from public markets in Mexico City. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2010; 20:213-217. [PMID: 20198526 DOI: 10.1080/09603120903511101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
No reports on the incidence of Clostridium perfringens in popularly-consumed food from Mexico City have been published; neither are there any reports that have analyzed food consumed in popular markets and less established restaurants. Therefore, this study is aimed at providing data to evaluate the relevance of C. perfringens as an etiologic agent of food-borne diseases. Of the 650 analyzed samples, 106 (16.3%) were positive for C. perfringens; 6.4% (16/250) isolates were from barbacoa, 19% (38/200) from head, and 13% (52/200) from gut tacos. The presence of C. perfringens in these popular-consumed foods demonstrates its relevance as an etiologic agent of food-borne diseases, and confirms the great sanitary risk involved in their consumption. These results may serve as a basis for the Mexican sanitary authorities to control the microbiological quality of street-made foods.
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Comparison of the metabolic activities of four wild-type Clostridium perfringens strains with their gatifloxacin-selected resistant mutants. Arch Microbiol 2009; 191:895-902. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-009-0518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Morris J, Harrison LM, Partridge SM. Practical and theoretical aspects of postmortem bacteriology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cdip.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Rooney AP, Swezey JL, Friedman R, Hecht DW, Maddox CW. Analysis of core housekeeping and virulence genes reveals cryptic lineages of Clostridium perfringens that are associated with distinct disease presentations. Genetics 2006; 172:2081-92. [PMID: 16489222 PMCID: PMC1456398 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.054601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an important human and animal pathogen that causes a number of diseases that vary in their etiology and severity. Differences between strains regarding toxin gene composition and toxin production partly explain why some strains cause radically different diseases than others. However, they do not provide a complete explanation. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a phylogenetic component that explains the variance in C. perfringens strain virulence by assessing patterns of genetic polymorphism in genes (colA gyrA, plc, pfoS, and rplL) that form part of the core genome in 248 type A strains. We found that purifying selection plays a central role in shaping the patterns of nucleotide substitution and polymorphism in both housekeeping and virulence genes. In contrast, recombination was found to be a significant factor only for the virulence genes plc and colA and the housekeeping gene gyrA. Finally, we found that the strains grouped into five distinct evolutionary lineages that show evidence of host adaptation and the early stages of speciation. The discovery of these previously unknown lineages and their association with distinct disease presentations carries important implications for human and veterinary clostridial disease epidemiology and provides important insights into the pathways through which virulence has evolved in C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro P Rooney
- Microbial Genomics Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture--Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.
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Sobel J, Mixter CG, Kolhe P, Gupta A, Guarner J, Zaki S, Hoffman NA, Songer JG, Fremont-Smith M, Fischer M, Killgore G, Britz PH, MacDonald C. Necrotizing Enterocolitis Associated with Clostridium perfringens Type A in Previously Healthy North American Adults. J Am Coll Surg 2005; 201:48-56. [PMID: 15978443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enteritis associated with Clostridium perfringens type C ("pigbel") is a well-known syndrome in severely protein-deprived populations in the Pacific. It is exceedingly rare in the developed world. C perfringens type A is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis and, in a handful of infections, has been reported in association with a syndrome resembling necrotizing enteritis. STUDY DESIGN This study includes a case series and literature review. Charts and autopsy reports from four patients with adult necrotizing enterocolitis (ANEC) were reviewed. C perfringens isolates were subtyped by mouse bioassay and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Fixed tissue specimens were tested with an anticlostridial antibody using an immunohistochemical assay. RESULTS Between 2000 and 2003, ANEC developed in four previously healthy men; three died. The small bowel was affected in three patients and the colon in two patients. Portal or mesenteric vein thrombosis occurred in three patients. C perfringens type A was isolated from three patients and immunohistochemical assay demonstrated clostridial antigens limited to affected areas of the intestine of all four. The nonculture positive patient had a strong epidemiologic link to one of the others, and a compatible clinical course. C perfringens of the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis-defined molecular subtyped was isolated from stool samples of one patient, his wife, and food from a restaurant they patronized. CONCLUSIONS ANEC associated with C perfringens type A infection occurred in four North American adults. Culture for C perfringens type A should be performed in cases of ANEC. Alternative tests such as immunohistochemical assay were diagnostically useful. Additional research might uncover virulence factors, host factors, and the burden of disease in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Sobel
- Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Marks SL, Kather EJ. Bacterial-associated diarrhea in the dog: a critical appraisal. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2003; 33:1029-60. [PMID: 14552160 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(03)00091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The clinical documentation of enteropathogenic bacteria causing diarrhea in dogs is clouded by the presence of many of these organisms existing as normal constituents of the indigenous intestinal flora. The diagnosis of a putative bacterial enteropathogen(s) in dogs should be made based on a combination of parameters, including signalment and predisposing factors, clinical signs, serologic assays for toxins, fecal culture, and PCR. Relying on results of fecal culture alone is problematic, because C perfringens, C difficile, Campylobacter spp, and pathogenic and non-pathogenic E coli are commonly isolated from apparently healthy dogs [10,13,33]. Nevertheless, culture may be useful in procuring isolates for the application of molecular techniques, such as PCR, for detection of specific toxin genes or molecular typing of isolated strains to establish clonality in suspected outbreaks. The oversimplistic attempt to characterize bacterially associated diarrhea by anatomic localization of clinical signs should be discouraged, because most of the previously mentioned bacteria have been associated with small and large intestinal diarrhea. Accurate diagnosis of infections may require diagnostic laboratories to incorporate PCR-based assays using genus- and species-specific primers to facilitate detection of toxin genes and differentiation of species that appear phenotypically and biochemically similar. There has been tremendous interest in the application of microarray technology for the simultaneous detection of thousands of genes or target DNA sequences on one glass slide. This powerful tool could be used for detection of specific pathogenic bacterial strains in fecal specimens obtained from dogs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley L Marks
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California at Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Claeys LGY, Matamoros R. Anaerobic cellulitis as the result of Clostridium perfringens: a rare cause of vascular access graft infection. J Vasc Surg 2002; 35:1287-8. [PMID: 12042743 DOI: 10.1067/mva.2002.122026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infection of prosthetic vascular access grafts is the second most common complication of vascular access and represents a challenge encountered by the vascular surgeon. Anaerobic graft infections are rare. We report on a case of a prosthetic vascular access graft infection with Clostridium perfringens. To our knowledge, only one other case with an infected arteriovenous shunt caused by C perfringens has been reported. The patient, a 67-year-old woman with end-stage renal failure as the result of polycystic renal disease, was seen with an infected pseudoaneurysm at the arterial puncture site of the loop graft on the left arm. There was associated purulence at the time of operation. Surgical management consisted of complete graft removal because of the presence of small tunnel abscesses. C perfringens was found in the resected pseudoaneurysm and graft material. Infected pseudoaneurysms most likely are attributable to repetitive punctures in one small area and to a break in sterile technique. A compromised vascular supply, not infrequent in patients for hemodialysis, may lower the oxidation reduction potential, which allows anaerobic bacteria, such as C perfringens, to cause infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc G Y Claeys
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Hoelkeskampring 40, 44625 Herne, Germany.
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Fazil AM, Ross T, Paoli G, Vanderlinde P, Desmarchelier P, Lammerding AM. A probabilistic analysis of Clostridium perfringens growth during food service operations. Int J Food Microbiol 2002; 73:315-29. [PMID: 11934039 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(01)00667-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was threefold: first, the study was designed to illustrate the use of data and information collected in food safety surveys in a quantitative risk assessment. In this case, the focus was on the food service industry; however, similar data from other parts of the food chain could be similarly incorporated. The second objective was to quantitatively describe and better understand the role that the food service industry plays in the safety of food. The third objective was to illustrate the additional decision-making information that is available when uncertainty and variability are incorporated into the modelling of systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir M Fazil
- Health Canada, Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Guelph, Ontario.
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