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Zapata D, Rajan N, Mowrer J, Casey K, Schnell R, Hons F. Long-term tillage effect on with-in season variations in soil conditions and respiration from dryland winter wheat and soybean cropping systems. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2344. [PMID: 33504825 PMCID: PMC7840680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-80979-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil respiration from agricultural soils is a major anthropogenic source of CO2 to the atmosphere. With-in season emission of soil CO2 from croplands are affected by changes in weather, tillage, plant row spacing, and plant growth stage. Tillage involves physical turning of soils which accelerate residue decomposition and CO2 emission. No-tillage lacks soil disturbance and residues undergo slower decomposition at the surface. In this study, we compared with-in season soil conditions (temperature and moisture) and soil respiration from two major crops (soybean and winter wheat) by making high temporal frequency measurements using automated chambers at half-hourly intervals. The experiment lasted for 179 days. Total number of measurements made from conventional and no-tillage soybean and winter wheat plots were 6480 and 4456, respectively. Average flux after the winter-dormancy period of wheat was 37% higher in tilled soil compared to no-till soil. However, average flux during the soybean growing season was 8% lower in conventional till compared to no-till soil. This differential response of soil respiration in wheat and soybean was primarily due to tillage-induced changes in surface characteristics (residue cover) and soil environmental conditions (soil temperature and soil moisture). Results from this study can help elucidate relationships for modeling and assessment of field-scale soil CO2 emissions from dryland wheat and soybean crops grown in sub-tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Zapata
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Nithya Rajan
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Jake Mowrer
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kenneth Casey
- Texas A&M Agrilife Research and Extension Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Ronnie Schnell
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Frank Hons
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Iraola-Arregui I, Van Der Gryp P, Görgens JF. A review on the demineralisation of pre- and post-pyrolysis biomass and tyre wastes. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 79:667-688. [PMID: 30343799 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis is an attractive technology to convert low-cost carbonaceous waste materials into fuels, energy and other value added products goods. During pyrolysis, the inorganic minerals present in the feedstock can cause problems to the equipment and give side reactions. Besides, the minerals present in the chars can hinder their possible applications. Therefore, it seems necessary to eliminate said contaminants in order to valorise the aforementioned goods. Demineralisation is a process widely used for purifying materials that are contaminated with inorganic matter. Although this technique is commonly used with waste materials that will undergo pyrolysis, or the products obtained from it, the studies analysing this practise are rather scattered. The aim of this paper was to compile and review the current literature concerning the demineralisation of carbonaceous waste (tyres and lignocellulosic biomass) materials. The chemistry involved, feedstock type and the effect of performing the purifying step before or after pyrolysis were addressed in this work. The review revealed that biomass samples should be demineralised before pyrolysis in order to affect not only the char but also the bio-oil quality. Depending on the form in which the minerals are linked to the structure, the solvent chosen will vary (from water to strong acids). However, water is the most popular option due to its price and easy disposal. In tyres, demineralisation should be performed after pyrolysis using strong acid and subsequently base. Due to the crosslinked chemical structure, rubber is highly resistant to chemicals thus the pre-treatment has to be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Iraola-Arregui
- Process Engineering Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - P Van Der Gryp
- School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - J F Görgens
- Process Engineering Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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Singh G, Kumar D, Sharma P. Effect of organics, biofertilizers and crop residue application on soil microbial activity in rice – wheat and rice-wheat mungbean cropping systems in the Indo-Gangetic plains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/23312041.2015.1085296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Singh
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - D. Kumar
- Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- NRC-DNA (Fingerprinting), NBPGR, Pusa campus, New Delhi, India
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Zhang P, Wei T, Jia Z, Han Q, Ren X, Li Y. Effects of straw incorporation on soil organic matter and soil water-stable aggregates content in semiarid regions of Northwest China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92839. [PMID: 24663096 PMCID: PMC3963976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil degradation caused by conventional tillage in rain-fed areas of northwest China is known to reduce the water-use efficiency and crop yield because of reduced soil porosity and the decreased availability of soil water and nutrients. Thus, we investigated the effects of straw incorporation on soil aggregates with different straw incorporation rates in semiarid areas of southern Ningxia for a three-year period (2008-2010). Four treatments were tested: (i) no straw incorporation (CK); (ii) incorporation of maize straw at a low rate of 4 500 kg ha-1 (L); (iii) incorporation of maize straw at a medium rate of 9000 kg ha-1 (M); (iv) incorporation of maize straw at a high rate of 13 500 kg ha-1 (H). The results in the final year of treatments (2010) showed that the mean soil organic carbon storage of the 0-60 cm soil layers were significantly (P<0.05) increased with H, M, and L, by 21.40%, 20.38% and 8.21% compared with CK, respectively. Straw incorporation increased >0.25 mm water-stable macroaggregates level, geometric mean diameter, mean weight diameter and the aggregate stability, which were ranked in order of increasing straw incorporation rates: H/M > L > CK. Straw incorporation significantly (P<0.05) reduced the fractal dimension in the 0-40 cm soil layers compared with CK. Our results suggest that straw incorporation is an effective practice for improving the soil aggregate structure and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- The Chinese Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physi-Ecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting Wei
- The Chinese Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physi-Ecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhikuan Jia
- The Chinese Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physi-Ecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Qingfang Han
- The Chinese Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physi-Ecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaolong Ren
- The Chinese Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physi-Ecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongping Li
- Guyuan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Guyuan, Ningxia, China
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Kurchania AK, Panwar NL. Experimental investigation of an applicator of liquid slurry, from biogas production, for crop production. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2011; 32:873-878. [PMID: 21879562 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2010.516771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A unit for the application of liquid digested slurry in the field was designed and developed. The developed slurry applicator had a capacity of 1500 L and was pulled by a 35 h.p. tractor. The liquid digested slurry of a biogas plant was pumped in to the tank with the help of a slurry pump. The necessary power transmission system, consisting of a pulley, power take off shaft (PTO) and cross joints, was provided to get power from the PTO of the tractor. In this paper an attempt has been made to evaluate the application of liquid slurry in the field in terms of plant growth parameters such as number of branches/plant, number of nodules/plant, plant height and yield attributes like pods/plant and grains/pod. The application of liquid slurry resulted in an increase in grain, straw and biological yields of 32%, 7% and 15%, respectively, compared with the application of farmyard manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Kurchania
- Department of Renewable Energy Sources, College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan) 313 001, India
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LIU XL, CHEN QW, ZENG ZX. The Effects of Different Tillages on Crop Residue Sequestration, Soil Available Nutrients and Some Biochemical Properties in the Chinese Black Soil Region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1671-2927(11)60039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Closing the Global Energy and Nutrient Cycles through Application of Biogas Residue to Agricultural Land – Potential Benefits and Drawback. ENERGIES 2009. [DOI: 10.3390/en20200226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Garg RN, Pathak H, Das DK, Tomar RK. Use of flyash and biogas slurry for improving wheat yield and physical properties of soil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2005; 107:1-9. [PMID: 16418901 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-005-2021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the potential use of by-products of energy production, i.e., (i) flyash from coal-powered electricity generation and (ii) biogas slurry from agricultural waste treatment, as nutrient sources in agriculture. These residues are available in large amounts and their disposal is a major concern for the environment. As both residues contain considerable amounts of plant nutrients, their use as soil amendment may offer a promising win-win opportunity to improve crop production and, at the same time, preventing adverse environmental impacts of waste disposal. Effect of flyash and biogas slurry on soil physical properties and growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) was studied in a field experiment. Leaf area index, root length density and grain yield of wheat were higher in plots amended with flyash or biogas slurry compared to unamended plots. Both types of amendments reduced bulk density, and increased saturated hydraulic conductivity and moisture retention capacity of soil. The study showed that flyash and biogas slurry should be used as soil amendments for obtaining short-term and long-term benefits in terms of production increments and soil amelioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Garg
- Division of Agricultural Physics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Sustainable Crop Production Through Management of Soil Organic Carbon in Semiarid and Tropical India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1300/j064v21n03_07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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