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Wang D, Chen D, Xu S, Wei F, Zhao H. Comparative proteomic analysis of PK-15 cells infected with wild-type strain and its EP0 gene-deleted mutant strain of pseudorabies virus. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e54. [PMID: 39083206 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.24069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE As one of the main etiologic agents of infectious diseases in pigs, pseudorabies virus (PRV) infections have caused enormous economic losses worldwide. EP0, one of the PRV early proteins (EP) plays a vital role in PRV infections, but the mechanisms are unclear. OBJECTIVE This study examined the function of EP0 to provide a direction for its in-depth analysis. METHODS In this study, the EP0-deleted PRV mutant was obtained, and Tandem Mass Tag-based proteomic analysis was used to screen the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) quantitatively in EP0-deleted PRV- or wild-type PRV-infected porcine kidney 15 cells. RESULTS This study identified 7,391 DEPs, including 120 and 21 up-regulated and down-regulated DEPs, respectively. Western blot analysis confirmed the changes in the expression of the selected proteins, such as speckled protein 100. Comprehensive analysis revealed 141 DEPs involved in various biological processes and molecular functions, such as transcription regulator activity, biological regulation, and localization. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results holistically outlined the functions of EP0 during a PRV infection and might provide a direction for more detailed function studies of EP0 and the stimulation of lytic PRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- School of Agroforestry and Medicine, The Open University of China, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Dongjie Chen
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
| | - Shengkui Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhao
- School of Modern Agriculture & Biotechnology, Ankang University, Ankang 725000, China.
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2
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Aizaz M, Kiani YS, Nisar M, Shan S, Paracha RZ, Yang G. Genomic Analysis, Evolution and Characterization of E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase (TRIM) Gene Family in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030667. [PMID: 36980939 PMCID: PMC10048487 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motifs (TRIM) is a large family of E3 ubiquitin ligases that play an important role in ubiquitylation. TRIM proteins regulate a wide range of biological processes from cellular response to viral infection and are implicated in various pathologies, from Mendelian disease to cancer. Although the TRIM family has been identified and characterized in tetrapods, but the knowledge about common carp and other teleost species is limited. The genes and proteins in the TRIM family of common carp were analyzed for evolutionary relationships, characterization, and functional annotation. Phylogenetic analysis was used to elucidate the evolutionary relationship of TRIM protein among teleost and higher vertebrate species. The results show that the TRIM orthologs of highly distant vertebrates have conserved sequences and domain architectures. The pairwise distance was calculated among teleost species of TRIMs, and the result exhibits very few mismatches at aligned position thus, indicating that the members are not distant from each other. Furthermore, TRIM family of common carp clustered into six groups on the basis of phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, the analysis revealed conserved motifs and functional domains in the subfamily members. The difference in functional domains and motifs is attributed to the evolution of these groups from different ancestors, thus validating the accuracy of clusters in the phylogenetic tree. However, the intron-exon organization is not precisely similar, which suggests duplication of genes and complex alternative splicing. The percentage of secondary structural elements is comparable for members of the same group, but the tertiary conformation is varied and dominated by coiled-coil segments required for catalytic activity. Gene ontology analysis revealed that these proteins are mainly associated with the catalytic activity of ubiquitination, immune system, zinc ion binding, positive regulation of transcription, ligase activity, and cell cycle regulation. Moreover, the biological pathway analyses identified four KEGG and 22 Reactome pathways. The predicted pathways correspond to functional domains, and gene ontology which proposes that proteins with similar structures might perform the same functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aizaz
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Yusra Sajid Kiani
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Maryum Nisar
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Shijuan Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Rehan Zafar Paracha
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250061, China
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Ismail H, Liu X, Yang F, Li J, Zahid A, Dou Z, Liu X, Yao X. Mechanisms and regulation underlying membraneless organelle plasticity control. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:239-258. [PMID: 33914074 PMCID: PMC8339361 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution has enabled living cells to adopt their structural and functional complexity by organizing intricate cellular compartments, such as membrane-bound and membraneless organelles (MLOs), for spatiotemporal catalysis of physiochemical reactions essential for cell plasticity control. Emerging evidence and view support the notion that MLOs are built by multivalent interactions of biomolecules via phase separation and transition mechanisms. In healthy cells, dynamic chemical modifications regulate MLO plasticity, and reversible phase separation is essential for cell homeostasis. Emerging evidence revealed that aberrant phase separation results in numerous neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and other diseases. In this review, we provide molecular underpinnings on (i) mechanistic understanding of phase separation, (ii) unifying structural and mechanistic principles that underlie this phenomenon, (iii) various mechanisms that are used by cells for the regulation of phase separation, and (iv) emerging therapeutic and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazrat Ismail
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Keck Center for Organoids Plasticity Control, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Fengrui Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Keck Center for Organoids Plasticity Control, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Junying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Ayesha Zahid
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zhen Dou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology, Hefei 230027, China
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Yan HY, Wang HQ, Zhong M, Wu S, Yang L, Li K, Li YH. PML Suppresses Influenza Virus Replication by Promoting FBXW7 Expression. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1154-1164. [PMID: 34046815 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics, which can lead to high morbidity and mortality each year. Like other viruses, influenza virus can hijack host cellular machinery for its replication. Host cells have evolved diverse cellular defense to resist the invasion of viruses. As the main components of promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), PML can inhibit the replication of many medically important viruses including IAV. However, the mechanism of PML against IAV is unclear. In the present study, we found PML was induced in response to IAV infection and ectopic expression of PML could inhibit IAV replication, whereas knockdown of endogenous PML expression could enhance IAV replication. Further studies showed that PML increased the expression of FBXW7 by inhibiting its K48-linked ubiquitination and enhanced the interaction between FBXW7 and SHP2, which negatively regulated IAV replication during infection. Moreover, PML stabilized RIG-I to promote the production of type I IFN. Collectively, these data indicated that PML inhibited IAV replication by enhancing FBXW7 expression in the antiviral immunity against influenza virus and extended the mechanism of PML in antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Yan
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hui-Qiang Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lu Yang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ke Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yu-Huan Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Kohata K, Miyoshi D. RNA phase separation-mediated direction of molecular trafficking under conditions of molecular crowding. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:669-676. [PMID: 32415614 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Living cells are highly crowded with large and small biomolecules. The total concentration of biomolecules can reach 400 mg/ml, and 40% of the cell volume is occupied by biomolecules. Droplet formation in cells via liquid-liquid phase separation may play a role in controlling biochemical reactions in this complex molecular environment. Liquid-liquid phase separation generally involves nucleic acids and proteins as anionic and cationic components, respectively. Significant characteristics of droplets, which make them different from protein aggregation or fibril formation, are reversibility of formation and responsiveness to the molecular environment. In this review, we quantitatively describe the molecular environment inside cells and droplets that participate in controlling central dogma reactions. Finally, we discuss the importance of droplets under conditions of molecular crowding within living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kohata
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miyoshi
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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Phase Separation of Epstein-Barr Virus EBNA2 and Its Coactivator EBNALP Controls Gene Expression. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01771-19. [PMID: 31941785 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01771-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological macromolecule condensates formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) have been discovered in recent years to be prevalent in biology. These condensates are involved in diverse processes, including the regulation of gene expression. LLPS of proteins have been found in animal, plant, and bacterial species but have scarcely been identified in viral proteins. Here, we discovered that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) EBNA2 and EBNALP form nuclear puncta that exhibit properties of liquid-like condensates (or droplets), which are enriched in superenhancers of MYC and Runx3. EBNA2 and EBNALP are transcription factors, and the expression of their target genes is suppressed by chemicals that perturb LLPS. Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of EBNA2 and EBNALP can form phase-separated droplets, and specific proline residues of EBNA2 and EBNALP contribute to droplet formation. These findings offer a foundation for understanding the mechanism by which LLPS, previously determined to be related to the organization of P bodies, membraneless organelles, nucleolus homeostasis, and cell signaling, plays a key role in EBV-host interactions and is involved in regulating host gene expression. This work suggests a novel anti-EBV strategy where developing appropriate drugs of interfering LLPS can be used to destroy the function of the EBV's transcription factors.IMPORTANCE Protein condensates can be assembled via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), a process involving the concentration of molecules in a confined liquid-like compartment. LLPS allows for the compartmentalization and sequestration of materials and can be harnessed as a sensitive strategy for responding to small changes in the environment. This study identified the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) proteins EBNA2 and EBNALP, which mediate virus and cellular gene transcription, as transcription factors that can form liquid-like condensates at superenhancer sites of MYC and Runx3. This study discovered the first identified LLPS of EBV proteins and emphasized the importance of LLPS in controlling host gene expression.
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7
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Mitrea DM, Kriwacki RW. Phase separation in biology; functional organization of a higher order. Cell Commun Signal 2016; 14:1. [PMID: 26727894 PMCID: PMC4700675 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-015-0125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inside eukaryotic cells, macromolecules are partitioned into membrane-bounded compartments and, within these, some are further organized into non-membrane-bounded structures termed membrane-less organelles. The latter structures are comprised of heterogeneous mixtures of proteins and nucleic acids and assemble through a phase separation phenomenon similar to polymer condensation. Membrane-less organelles are dynamic structures maintained through multivalent interactions that mediate diverse biological processes, many involved in RNA metabolism. They rapidly exchange components with the cellular milieu and their properties are readily altered in response to environmental cues, often implicating membrane-less organelles in responses to stress signaling. In this review, we discuss: (1) the functional roles of membrane-less organelles, (2) unifying structural and mechanistic principles that underlie their assembly and disassembly, and (3) established and emerging methods used in structural investigations of membrane-less organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Mitrea
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Richard W Kriwacki
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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8
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Guan D, Kao HY. The function, regulation and therapeutic implications of the tumor suppressor protein, PML. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:60. [PMID: 26539288 PMCID: PMC4632682 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein, promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML), was originally identified in acute promyelocytic leukemia due to a chromosomal translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17. PML is the core component of subnuclear structures called PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), which are disrupted in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. PML plays important roles in cell cycle regulation, survival and apoptosis, and inactivation or down-regulation of PML is frequently found in cancer cells. More than 120 proteins have been experimentally identified to physically associate with PML, and most of them either transiently or constitutively co-localize with PML-NBs. These interactions are associated with many cellular processes, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, transcriptional regulation, DNA repair and intermediary metabolism. Importantly, PML inactivation in cancer cells can occur at the transcriptional-, translational- or post-translational- levels. However, only a few somatic mutations have been found in cancer cells. A better understanding of its regulation and its role in tumor suppression will provide potential therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we discuss the role of PML in multiple tumor suppression pathways and summarize the players and stimuli that control PML protein expression or subcellular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyin Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and Comprehensive Cancer Center of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Hung-Ying Kao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and Comprehensive Cancer Center of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
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He W, Hu CX, Hou JK, Fan L, Xu YW, Liu MH, Yan SY, Chen GQ, Huang Y. Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 interacts with and contributes to growth inhibiting effect of PML. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113089. [PMID: 25419843 PMCID: PMC4242537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported that the expression of promyelocytic leukemia (PML)-retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) fusion gene, which is caused by specific translocation (15;17) in acute promyelocytic leukemia, can enhance constitutive autophagic activity in leukemic and nonleukemic cells, and PML overexpression can sequestrate part of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) protein in PML nuclear bodies, suggesting that LC3 protein also distributes into nuclei although it is currently thought to function primarily in the cytoplasm, the site of autophagosomal formation. However, its potential significance of nucleoplasmic localizations remains greatly elusive. Here we demonstrate that PML interacts with LC3 in a cell type-independent manner as assessed by Co-IP assay and co-localization observation. Overexpressed PML significantly coprecipitates with endogenous and nuclear LC3 protein. Furthermore, a fraction of endogenous PML protein is found to be co-localized with LC3 protein under steady state condition, which is further enhanced by IFNα induction, indicating that PML up-regulation potentiates this interaction. Additionally, DsRed-PML associates with EGFP-LC3 during telophase and G1 phase but not in metaphase and anaphase. Two potential LC3-interacting region (LIR) motifs in PML are required for interaction of PML with LC3 while this association is independent of autophagic activity. Finally, we show that interaction between PML and LC3 contributes to cell growth inhibition function of PML. Considering that PML is an important tumor suppressor, we propose that nuclear portion of LC3 protein may associate with PML to control cell growth for prevention and inhibition of cancer occurrence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Kai Hou
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - Li Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - Man-Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Yang Yan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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