Herbal medicines for the management of diabetes

Resveratrol attenuates high glucose-induced inflammation and improves glucose metabolism in HepG2 cells

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by impaired glucose and insulin metabolism, resulting in chronic hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia-induced inflammation is linked to the onset and progression of diabetes. Resveratrol (RES), a polyphenol phytoalexin, is studied in diabetes therapeutics research. This study evaluates the effect of RES on inflammation and glucose metabolism in HepG2 cells exposed to high glucose. Inflammation and glucose metabolism-related genes were investigated using qPCR. Further, inflammatory genes were analyzed by applying ELISA and Bioplex assays. High glucose significantly increases IKK-α, IKB-α, and NF-kB expression compared to controls. Increased NF-kB expression was followed by increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-β, and COX2. RES treatment significantly reduced the expression of NF-kB, IKK-α, and IKB-α, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines. High glucose levels reduced the expression of TGFβ1, while treatment with RES increased the expression of TGFβ1. As glucose levels increased, PEPCK expression was reduced, and GCK expression was increased in HepG2 cells treated with RES. Further, HepG2 cells cultured with high glucose showed significant increases in KLF7 and HIF1A but decreased SIRT1. Moreover, RES significantly increased SIRT1 expression and reduced KLF7 and HIF1A expression levels. Our results indicated that RES could attenuate high glucose-induced inflammation and enhance glucose metabolism in HepG2 cells.

Antidiabetic Potential of Commonly Available Fruit Plants in Bangladesh: Updates on Prospective Phytochemicals and Their Reported MoAs

Diabetes mellitus is a life-threatening disorder affecting people of all ages and adversely disrupts their daily functions. Despite the availability of numerous synthetic-antidiabetic medications and insulin, the demand for the development of novel antidiabetic medications is increasing due to the adverse effects and growth of resistance to commercial drugs in the long-term usage. Hence, antidiabetic phytochemicals isolated from fruit plants can be a very nifty option to develop life-saving novel antidiabetic therapeutics, employing several pathways and MoAs (mechanism of actions). This review focuses on the antidiabetic potential of commonly available Bangladeshi fruits and other plant parts, such as seeds, fruit peals, leaves, and roots, along with isolated phytochemicals from these phytosources based on lab findings and mechanism of actions. Several fruits, such as orange, lemon, amla, tamarind, and others, can produce remarkable antidiabetic actions and can be dietary alternatives to antidiabetic therapies. Besides, isolated phytochemicals from these plants, such as swertisin, quercetin, rutin, naringenin, and other prospective phytochemicals, also demonstrated their candidacy for further exploration to be established as antidiabetic leads. Thus, it can be considered that fruits are one of the most valuable gifts of plants packed with a wide spectrum of bioactive phytochemicals and are widely consumed as dietary items and medicinal therapies in different civilizations and cultures. This review will provide a better understanding of diabetes management by consuming fruits and other plant parts as well as deliver innovative hints for the researchers to develop novel drugs from these plant parts and/or their phytochemicals.

Acute and sub-acute toxicity assessment of the standardized extract of Sanguisorba minor in vivo

Although Sanguisorba minor has been used as herbal medicine, no study has ever examined its potential toxicity. This study investigated acute and subacute toxicities of S. minor hydroalcoholic extract (SE). In the acute toxicity test, a single oral dose (300, 2,000, and 3,000 mg/kg) of SE was given to mice. The oral administration of SE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg for 4 weeks) was performed to evaluate subacute toxicity. After the treatments, neurobehavioral, histopathology, hematological, and biochemical parameters were monitored. In vitro cytotoxicity was also assessed. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint was done for the standardization of SE. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of SE was up to 2,000 mg/kg, and the LD₅₀ of the prepared extract was over 3,000 mg/kg. The rats exposed to the extract did not show any marked change in their body weight. The extract at used doses did not affect neuromuscular coordination. According to the hematological, biochemical, and histological examinations, no significant treatment-related adverse effect of the extract was observed, even at 400 mg/kg. Only 48 h exposure to 400 μg/mL of SE reduced the viability of PC12 cells. The findings revealed that this plant could be well-tolerated, regarded safe, and used as herbal medicine.

Potential Roles of Anti-Inflammatory Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds Targeting Inflammation in Microvascular Complications of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders, the characteristics of which include chronic hyperglycemia owing to defects in insulin function, insulin secretion, or both. Inflammation plays a crucial role in DM pathogenesis and innate immunity in the development of microvascular complications of diabetes. In addition, hyperglycemia and DM mediate a proinflammatory microenvironment that can result in various microvascular complications, including diabetic nephropathy (DNP), diabetic neuropathy (DN), and diabetic retinopathy (DR). DNP is a major cause of end-stage renal disease. DNP can lead to albuminuria, decreased filtration, mesangium expansion, thickening of the basement membrane, and eventually renal failure. Furthermore, inflammatory cells can accumulate in the interstitium and glomeruli to deteriorate DNP. DN is another most prevalent microvascular complication of DM and the main cause of high mortality, disability, and a poor quality of life. DNs have a wide range of clinical manifestations because of the types of fiber dysfunctions and complex structures of the peripheral nervous system. DR is also a microvascular and multifactorial disease, as well as a major cause of visual impairment globally. Pathogenesis of DR is yet to be fully revealed, however, numerous studies have already confirmed the role of inflammation in the onset and advancement of DR. Despite evidence, and better knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of these microvascular complications of diabetes, there is still a deficiency of effective therapies. Bioactive compounds are mainly derived from plants, and these molecules have promising therapeutic potential. In this review, evidence and molecular mechanisms regarding the role of inflammation in various microvascular complications of diabetes including DNP, DN, and DR, have been summarized. The therapeutic potential of several bioactive compounds derived from plants in the treatment of these microvascular complications of diabetes has also been discussed.

Antidiabetic Phytochemicals From Medicinal Plants: Prospective Candidates for New Drug Discovery and Development

Diabetes, a chronic physiological dysfunction affecting people of different age groups and severely impairs the harmony of peoples' normal life worldwide. Despite the availability of insulin preparations and several synthetic oral antidiabetic drugs, there is a crucial need for the discovery and development of novel antidiabetic drugs because of the development of resistance and side effects of those drugs in long-term use. On the contrary, plants or herbal sources are getting popular day by day to the scientists, researchers, and pharmaceutical companies all over the world to search for potential bioactive compound(s) for the discovery and development of targeted novel antidiabetic drugs that may control diabetes with the least unwanted effects of conventional antidiabetic drugs. In this review, we have presented the prospective candidates comprised of either isolated phytochemical(s) and/or extract(s) containing bioactive phytoconstituents which have been reported in several in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies possessing noteworthy antidiabetic potential. The mode of actions, attributed to antidiabetic activities of the reported phytochemicals and/or plant extracts have also been described to focus on the prospective phytochemicals and phytosources for further studies in the discovery and development of novel antidiabetic therapeutics.

Efficacy and safety of Shenqi Jiangtang Granules plus oral hypoglycemic agent in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 RCTs

OBJECTIVE

Shenqi Jiangtang Granules (SQJTG) has been widely used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). But whether there exists sufficient evidence on the efficacy of SQJTG in the treatment of T2DM is unclear. In order to assess the effects of SQJTG for T2DM, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were carried out.

METHODS

Eight databases, namely, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Scientific Journals Full-Text Database, CBM, and Wanfang database were searched up to May 2020. According to the Cochrane standards, the selection of study, the extraction of data, the assessment of study quality, and the analyses of data were carried out strictly. Then a fixed or random effects model was applied to analyze the outcomes.

RESULTS

Fifteen studies (N = 1392) in total conformed the inclusion criteria to this meta-analysis. Two subgroups were identified, based on different dose of SQJTG: oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA) vs OHA plus SQJTG (1 g); OHA vs. OHA plus SQJTG (1.5-3 g). The pooled results showed that, in comparison with OHA, OHA plus SQJTG significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose in both 1 g subgroup and 1.5-3 g subgroup; 2-hour post-meal blood glucose was also greatly reduced in the SQJTG 1 g subgroup and the SQJTG 1.5-3 g subgroup. Compared with OHA, SQJTG 1 g subgroup significantly reduced levels of glycated hemoglobin A1c, as well as the SQJTG 1.5-3 g subgroup. Homeostasis model-insulin resistance index was also reduced in both SQJTG 1 g subgroup and SQJTG 1.5-3 g subgroup; SQJTG group can also significantly reduce the total adverse events especially in reducing the incidence of hypoglycemia.

CONCLUSIONS

SQJTG is an effective and safe complementary treatment for T2DM patients. This meta-analysis provides an evidence for the treatment in patients with T2DM. While owing to the high heterogeneity and the trials' small sample size, it's crucial to perform large-scale and strict designed studies.

A Beneficial Role of Rooibos in Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

In a rapid increase in cases of diabetes mellitus worldwide, there has been interested in the use of plant-derived polyphenols as nutraceuticals to prevent the onset and progression of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. Aspalathus linearis, commonly known as rooibos, is a rich source of uncommon glycosylated plant polyphenols with various critical health-promoting properties, including the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). This study aimed to examine these effects by meta-analyzing the current evidence in diabetic rodent models. Peer-reviewed studies written in English from two databases, PubMed and Embase, were searched up to 28 February 2018. Studies reporting blood glucose levels in diabetic rodents with and without receiving rooibos extracts or their major phenolic compounds are included. Twelve studies enrolling 88 diabetic rodents treated with rooibos extracts or their polyphenols and 85 diabetic control males reported blood glucose levels. The pooled effect size was -0.89 (95% CI: -1.44 to -0.35) with a substantial heterogeneity (I² = 67.0%). This effect was likely to be modified by type of rooibos extracts and their polyphenols and treatment period. Blood glucose levels were significantly lower in diabetic rodent models treated with the phenolic compound rich in rooibos extracts, PPAG.

Mechanism of Astragalus polysaccharides in attenuating insulin resistance in Rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus via the regulation of liver microRNA‑203a‑3p

Insulin resistance (IR) is a common feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) is a natural medicine that is used to treat T2DM. However, the mechanism by which APS regulates micro (mi)RNA in the treatment of IR has not been investigated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate differential miRNA expression between normal, T2DM model and APS treatment rats, as well as changes in miRNA and its downstream gene expression levels after APS treatment in T2DM Goto Kakizaki (GK) rats. Results suggested that miRNA (miR)-203a-3p expression level was significantly decreased in the liver of T2DM GK rats. Furthermore, it was identified that glucose-regulated protein (GRP)78 was the target gene of miR-203a-3p. GRP78 mRNA and protein expression levels of GRP78, CAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), phosphorylated-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (pJNK)1, and caspase-12 were significantly increased in the liver of T2DM GK rats. Furthermore, miR-203a-3p was upregulated following APS treatment, and the protein expression levels of GRP78, CHOP, pJNK1 and caspase-12 were significantly decreased. In addition, miR-203a-3p overexpression in IR cells decreased the protein expression levels of these factors and anti-miR-203a-3p produced the opposite result. These findings provided evidence that miR-203a-3p may have a functional role in endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) signaling in the liver of T2DM GK rats. In addition, APS attenuated IR in T2DM, likely through upregulating or maintaining the miR-203a-3p expression levels, decreasing GRP78 mRNA and protein expression levels and regulating the protein expression of the ERS signaling pathway.

Characteristics of Chinese herbal medicine usage in ischemic heart disease patients among type 2 diabetes and their protection against hydrogen peroxide-mediated apoptosis in H9C2 cardiomyoblasts

Evidence for long-term use of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) as an adjuvant treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains limited. This study aimed to assess the frequency of use, utilization patterns, and therapeutic effects of adjuvant CHM for ischemic heart disease (IHD) in patients with T2D in Taiwan. We identified 4620 IHD patients with T2D. After matching for age, gender, and insulin use, 988 subjects each were allocated to a CHM group and a non-CHM group. There were no differences in baseline characteristics except for comorbidities. The CHM group contained more cases with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hepatitis, ulcer disease, and hyperlipidemia. The cumulative survival probability was higher in CHM users than in matched non-CHM users aged 60 years or older (P < .0001, log rank test) regardless of gender (P = .0046 for men, P = .0010 for women, log rank test). Among the top 12 CHM combinations, Shu-Jing-Huo-Xue-Tang and Shao-Yao-Gan-Cao-Tang (13.6%) were the most common. This dual combination improved antiapoptotic activity in H₂O₂-exposed H9C2 cells by enhancing phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and could increase the survival of myocardial cells. Our study suggests that adjuvant CHM therapy may increase the survival probability and provides a comprehensive list for future investigations of the safety and efficacy of CHM for IHD patients with T2D.

Novel therapeutic effects of sesamin on diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction

Diabetes is a risk factor that increases the occurrence and severity of cardiovascular events. Cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of mortality of 75% of patients with diabetes >40 years old. Sesamin, the bioactive compound extracted from Sesamum indicum, is a natural compound that has diverse beneficial effects on hypoglycemia and reducing cholesterol. The aim of this study is to investigate sesamin effects to diabetes-inducing cardiac hypertrophy. In the present study bioinformatics analysis demonstrated cardiac hypertrophy signaling may be the most important pathway for upregulating genes in sesamin-treated groups. To verify the bioinformatics prediction, sesamin was used as the main bioactive compound to attenuate the impact of diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) on cardiac function in a rat model. The results revealed that oral administration of sesamin for 4 weeks (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) marginally improved blood glucose levels, body weight and significantly ameliorated the effects on heart rate and blood pressure in rats with type 1 diabetes relative to control rats. The QT interval of sesamin was also reduced relative to the control group. The findings indicated that sesamin has potential cardioprotective effects in the STZ-induced diabetes model. This suggested that this can be used as a novel treatment for patients with diabetes with cardiac dysfunction complication.

Baicalin, baicalein and wogonin inhibits high glucose-induced vascular inflammation in vitro and in vivo

Vascular inflammatory process has been suggested to play a key role in initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, a major complication of diabetes mellitus. Thus, in this study, we attempted to determine whether three structurally related polyphenols found in the Chinese herb Huang Qui, namely baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin, can suppress vascular inflammatory processes induced by high glucose (HG) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and mice. Data showed that HG induced markedly increased vascular permeability, monocyte adhesion, expressions of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Remarkably, all of the above mentioned vascular inflammatory effects of HG were attenuated by pretreatment with baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin. Vascular inflammatory responses induced by HG are critical events underlying development of various diabetic complications, therefore, our results suggest that baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin may have significant therapeutic benefits against diabetic complications and atherosclerosis.

Vicenin-2 and scolymoside inhibit high-glucose-induced vascular inflammation in vitro and in vivo

The vascular inflammatory process has been suggested to play a key role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, a major complication of diabetes mellitus. Thus, in this study, we attempted to determine whether 2 structurally related flavonoids found in Cyclopia subternata, vicenin-2 and scolymoside, can suppress high-glucose (HG)-induced vascular inflammatory processes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and mice. The effects of vicenin-2 and scolymoside on HG-induced vascular inflammation were determined by measuring vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion and migration, cell adhesion molecule (CAM) expression levels, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. In addition, the anti-inflammation mechanism was investigated using immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting. The data showed that HG markedly increased vascular permeability, monocyte adhesion, expression of CAMs, formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Remarkably, pretreatment with vicenin-2 and scolymoside attenuated all of the above-mentioned vascular inflammatory effects of HG. HG-induced vascular inflammatory responses are critical events underlying the development of various diabetic complications; therefore, our results suggest that vicenin-2 and scolymoside have significant therapeutic benefits against diabetic complications and atherosclerosis.

Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatment Improves the Overall Survival Rate of Individuals with Hypertension among Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Modulates In Vitro Smooth Muscle Cell Contractility

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic, multifactorial, and metabolic disorder accounting for 90% diabetes cases worldwide. Among them, almost half of T2D have hypertension, which is responsible for cardiovascular disease, morbidity, and mortality in these patients. The Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) prescription patterns of hypertension individuals among T2D patients have yet to be characterized. This study, therefore, aimed to determine their prescription patterns and evaluate the CHM effect. A cohort of one million randomly sampled cases from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) was used to investigate the overall survival rate of CHM users, and prescription patterns. After matching CHM and non-CHM users for age, gender and date of diagnosis of hypertension, 980 subjects for each group were selected. The CHM users were characterized with slightly longer duration time from diabetes to hypertension, and more cases for hyperlipidaemia. The cumulative survival probabilities were higher in CHM users than in non-CHM users. Among these top 12 herbs, Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan, Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San, Dan-Shen, and Ge-Gen were the most common herbs and inhibited in vitro smooth muscle cell contractility. Our study also provides a CHM comprehensive list that may be useful in future investigation of the safety and efficacy for individuals with hypertension among type 2 diabetes patients.

Disease Prevention and Health Promotion: How Integrative Medicine Fits

As a discipline, preventive medicine has traditionally been described to encompass primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. The fields of preventive medicine and public health share the objectives of promoting general health, preventing disease, and applying epidemiologic techniques to these goals. This paper discusses a conceptual approach between the overlap and potential synergies of integrative medicine principles and practices with preventive medicine in the context of these levels of prevention, acknowledging the relative deficiency of research on the effectiveness of practice-based integrative care. One goal of integrative medicine is to make the widest array of appropriate options available to patients, ultimately blurring the boundaries between conventional and complementary medicine. Both disciplines should be subject to rigorous scientific inquiry so that interventions that are efficacious and effective are systematically distinguished from those that are not. Furthermore, principles of preventive medicine can be infused into prevalent practices in complementary and integrative medicine, promoting public health in the context of more responsible practices. The case is made that an integrative preventive approach involves the responsible use of science with responsiveness to the needs of patients that persist when conclusive data are exhausted, providing a framework to make clinical decisions among integrative therapies.

The topical effect of grape seed extract 2% cream on surgery wound healing

BACKGROUND

Reducing the wound healing time is crucial in wound as it lowers the chance of infection and decreases complications and cost. Grape seed extract has the ability to release endothelial growth factor and its topical application results in contraction and closure of the skin wound. Furthermore, it possesses antioxidant and antibacterial properties. In several studies it has been proved effective in animals. Therefore, due to low side effects and recognition of herbal medicine, we decided to evaluate the effect of grape seed extract 2% herbal cream on human skin lesions.

MATERIALS

This study is a double blind clinical trial conducted on two groups of treatment and placebo. Surgery was performed on skin lesions such as skin tags and moles which were found on the neck, trunk and limbs (except for face). After enrollment and obtaining informed consent from participants, they were randomized into two groups of treatment and placebo. Excision of the lesions was done by surgical scissors. The lesions got restored by secondary intention method. After the first day of treatment, the patients were visited on the 3rd, 7th, 10th, 14th, and 21st day. Grape seed extract cream 2% was produced and coded by the Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences. In order to compare the two groups, T-test was used. For time assessing, analysis of variance with repeated measures was employed.

RESULTS

The results showed complete repair of wounds averagely on day 8 for the treatment group and on day 14 for the placebo group, which was clearly significant in terms of statistical difference (p=0.00).

CONCLUSION

Proanthocyanidins in grape seed extract trigger the release of vascular endothelial growth factor and its topical application causes wound contraction and closure. Curing skin lesions with grape seed extract caused proliferation areas with protected boundaries in epithelium, increased cell density and increased deposition of connective tissue at the wound site which in general improves cellular structure in wound. In addition, its anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties are effective in wound healing.

Antidiabetic and antioxidative effect of jiang tang xiao ke granule in high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a kind of metabolic disease, is increasing over the last four decades in the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Jiang Tang Xiao Ke (JTXK) granule, a naturally occurring ingredient from Chinese herbal medicines, on serum glucose, lipids, and oxidative stress in DM rats induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin. JTXK granule 9 g/kg (based on crude herb equivalent) and pioglitazone 1.5 mg/kg (as a positive control for comparison) were orally administrated to DM rats for 4 weeks. Results showed that administration of JTXK granule reduced serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein levels (by 12%, 33%, 57%, and 44%, resp.) but increased high-density lipoprotein level by 69%, compared with the drug-untreated DM rats. Serum malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels were lowered (by 34% and 52%, resp.) associated with the elevation in serum superoxide dismutase levels (by 60%) after JTXK granule treatment. In addition, JTXK granule suppressed serum alanine aminotransferase activity (up to 50%) and alleviated pathological changes of pancreas and liver tissues in DM rats. The beneficial changes of pioglitazone on biomarkers were also found in DM rats. These findings suggested that JTXK granule may be an alternative medicine for the management of DM.

Type 1 diabetes, cardiovascular complications and sesame ( zhī má)

Diabetes is a major concern among medical practitioners, with the annual mortality rate increasing up to 26.9% in a person aged 65 years or older and 11.3% in the adult. There are many serious complications associated with diabetes, particularly cardiovascular complications due to microvascular diseases. A prerequisite to reduce the risk of microvascular and neurologic complications of type 1 diabetes is normoglycemia. Insulin therapy is the most common treatment used nowadays in type 1 diabetes. However, this method still has many disadvantages such as increased episode of severe hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia unawareness, increased weight gain, transient exacerbation of pre-existing retinopathy, etc. Using insulin pump (the insulin pump is a medical device used for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion to manage the insulin level in the treatment of diabetes mellitus), is associated with known disadvantages including increased ketoacidosis, infection at the infusion site, and the treatment being less suitable in young children (less than 7 years of age). Therefore, alternative treatment for diabetes is still in great demand. We took the approach of traditional Chinese medicine to discuss this matter. Sesame (芝麻 Zhī Má), a herb, has been used medicinally for thousands of years in almost all the countries in the world. The beneficial effects of sesame in remediating diabetes, such as hypoglycemic effects, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic effects, improving fat metabolism, and reducing cholesterol, have been demonstrated in many studies,. However, reports on the effects of sesame in remediating cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients are limited, which necessitates further studies on the effects of sesame on cardiovascular complications.

Fisetin inhibits high-glucose-induced vascular inflammation in vitro and in vivo

AIM AND OBJECTIVE

Fisetin, an active compound isolated from flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, was reported to have antiviral, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. Vascular inflammatory processes have been suggested to play key roles in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, a major complication of diabetes mellitus. Thus, we determined the ability of fisetin to suppress vascular inflammatory processes induced by high glucose (HG) in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and mice.

METHODS

The effects of fisetin on HG-induced vascular inflammation were determined by measuring vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion and migration, cell adhesion molecule (CAM) expression levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation.

RESULTS

HG markedly increased vascular permeability, monocyte adhesion, expressions of CAMs, formation of ROS, and activation of NF-κB. Remarkably, all of the observed vascular inflammatory effects induced by HG were inhibited by pretreatment with fisetin.

CONCLUSION

Vascular inflammatory responses induced by HG are critical events underlying the development of diabetic complications; therefore, our results suggest that fisetin possesses significant therapeutic effects against diabetic complications and atherosclerosis.