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Said MF, Moussa BA, Mahrouse MA, Marie SM, Mohamed NM. Exploring new imines as anti-inflammatory COX and 5-LOX inhibitors with an improved pharmacokinetic profile. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:311-334. [PMID: 38293746 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Dual COX/5-LOX inhibition is a bright strategy for developing new potent and safe anti-inflammatory agents. Methods: New imines were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity. The most active compounds were further investigated for their safety profile. Their molecular docking and physicochemical parameters were assessed. A new LC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantification of compound 4d in rat plasma. Results: Synthesized compounds were found to have anti-inflammatory activity (77-88% edema inhibition). In addition, 4d, 5m and 7d showed analgesic activity (92.50, 95.71 and 96.28% protection, respectively). 4d showed dual COX-2/5-LOX activity. Molecular docking expected the binding pattern of compounds in COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX active sites. The in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters of compound 4d were also obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona F Said
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, PO Box 11562, Egypt
| | - Bahia A Moussa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, PO Box 11562, Egypt
| | - Marianne A Mahrouse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, PO Box 11562, Egypt
| | - Sarah M Marie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, PO Box 11562, Egypt
| | - Nada M Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology & Information MTI, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Balaji S. Metabophore-mediated retro-metabolic ('MeMeReMe') approach in drug design. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103736. [PMID: 37586644 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical toxicity assessments of new drugs require the use of in silico prediction techniques as ethics, cost, time, and complexity limit in vitro and in vivo methods. This review discusses the fundamental concepts of biophores especially toxicophores and their detection methodologies, tools and techniques, as well as ongoing challenges, and methods for overcoming them. This will guide the design community in manipulating lead compounds via a pre-determined pathway based on the MeMeReMe approach. The ideas discussed will be useful both for predicting toxicity and for de-risking leads through optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetharaman Balaji
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 57614, India.
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3
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Dang NL, Matlock MK, Hughes TB, Swamidass SJ. The Metabolic Rainbow: Deep Learning Phase I Metabolism in Five Colors. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:1146-1164. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Le Dang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Matthew K. Matlock
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Tyler B. Hughes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - S. Joshua Swamidass
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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4
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Borges RS, Palheta IC, Ota SSB, Morais RB, Barros VA, Ramos RS, Silva RC, Costa JDS, Silva CHTP, Campos JM, Santos CBR. Toward of Safer Phenylbutazone Derivatives by Exploration of Toxicity Mechanism. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24010143. [PMID: 30609687 PMCID: PMC6337259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A drug design for safer phenylbutazone was been explored by reactivity and docking studies involving single electron transfer mechanism, as well as toxicological predictions. Several approaches about its structural properties were performed through quantum chemistry calculations at the B3LYP level of theory, together with the 6-31+G(d,p) basis sets. Molecular orbital and ionization potential were associated to electron donation capacity. The spin densities contribution showed a preferential hydroxylation at the para-positions of phenyl ring when compared to other positions. In addition, on electron abstractions the aromatic hydroxylation has more impact than alkyl hydroxylation. Docking studies indicate that six structures 1, 7, 8 and 13–15 have potential for inhibiting human as well as murine COX-2, due to regions showing similar intermolecular interactions to the observed for the control compounds (indomethacin and refecoxib). Toxicity can be related to aromatic hydroxylation. In accordance to our calculations, the derivatives here proposed are potentially more active as well safer than phenylbutazone and only structures 8 and 13–15 were the most promising. Such results can explain the biological properties of phenylbutazone and support the design of potentially safer candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosivaldo S Borges
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Moléculas Bioativas-NESBio, College of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Medicinal e Modelagem Molecular, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
| | - Ivanete C Palheta
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Moléculas Bioativas-NESBio, College of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
| | - Sirlene S B Ota
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Moléculas Bioativas-NESBio, College of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Medicinal e Modelagem Molecular, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
| | - Roberto B Morais
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Moléculas Bioativas-NESBio, College of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Medicinal e Modelagem Molecular, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
| | - Valéria A Barros
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Moléculas Bioativas-NESBio, College of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Medicinal e Modelagem Molecular, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
| | - Ryan S Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia-Rede BIONORTE, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.
| | - Rai C Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Medicinal e Modelagem Molecular, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
- Laboratorio de Modelagem e Química Computacional-LMQC, Federal University of Amapá, Department of Biological Sciences. Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, Km 02, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.
| | - Josivan da S Costa
- Laboratorio de Modelagem e Química Computacional-LMQC, Federal University of Amapá, Department of Biological Sciences. Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, Km 02, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.
| | - Carlos H T P Silva
- Laboratório Computacional de Química Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Joaquín M Campos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Cleydson B R Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Medicinal e Modelagem Molecular, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia-Rede BIONORTE, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.
- Laboratorio de Modelagem e Química Computacional-LMQC, Federal University of Amapá, Department of Biological Sciences. Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, Km 02, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.
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5
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Pérez-Rodríguez M, García-Mendoza E, Farfán-García ED, Das BC, Ciprés-Flores FJ, Trujillo-Ferrara JG, Tamay-Cach F, Soriano-Ursúa MA. Not all boronic acids with a five-membered cycle induce tremor, neuronal damage and decreased dopamine. Neurotoxicology 2017; 62:92-99. [PMID: 28595910 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several striatal toxins can be used to induce motor disruption. One example is MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine), whose toxicity is accepted as a murine model of parkinsonism. Recently, 3-Thienylboronic acid (3TB) was found to produce motor disruption and biased neuronal damage to basal ganglia in mice. The aim of this study was to examine the toxic effects of four boronic acids with a close structural relationship to 3TB (all having a five-membered cycle), as well as boric acid and 3TB. These boron-containing compounds were compared to MPTP regarding brain access, morphological disruption of the CNS, and behavioral manifestations of such disruption. Data was collected through acute toxicity evaluations, motor behavior tests, necropsies, determination of neuronal survival by immunohistochemistry, Raman spectroscopic analysis of brain tissue, and HPLC measurement of dopamine in substantia nigra and striatum tissue. Each compound showed a distinct profile for motor disruption. For example, motor activity was not disrupted by boric acid, but was decreased by two boronic acids (caused by a sedative effect). 3TB, 2-Thienyl and 2-furanyl boronic acid gave rise to shaking behavior. The various manifestations generated by these compounds can be linked, in part, to different levels of dopamine (measured by HPLC) and degrees of neuronal damage in the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Clearly, motor disruption is not induced by all boronic acids with a five-membered cycle as substituent. Possible explanations are given for the diverse chemico-morphological changes and degrees of disruption of the motor system, considering the role of boron and the structure-toxicity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Pérez-Rodríguez
- Departamentos de Fisiología, Bioquímica y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, México City, Mexico
| | - Esperanza García-Mendoza
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Col. La Fama, Del. Tlalpan, México City, Mexico
| | - Eunice D Farfán-García
- Departamentos de Fisiología, Bioquímica y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, México City, Mexico
| | - Bhaskar C Das
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Madison Avenue, Box 1243 New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Fabiola J Ciprés-Flores
- Departamentos de Fisiología, Bioquímica y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, México City, Mexico
| | - José G Trujillo-Ferrara
- Departamentos de Fisiología, Bioquímica y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, México City, Mexico
| | - Feliciano Tamay-Cach
- Departamentos de Fisiología, Bioquímica y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, México City, Mexico
| | - Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Departamentos de Fisiología, Bioquímica y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, México City, Mexico.
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6
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Dang NL, Hughes TB, Miller GP, Swamidass SJ. Computational Approach to Structural Alerts: Furans, Phenols, Nitroaromatics, and Thiophenes. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1046-1059. [PMID: 28256829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Structural alerts are commonly used in drug discovery to identify molecules likely to form reactive metabolites and thereby become toxic. Unfortunately, as useful as structural alerts are, they do not effectively model if, when, and why metabolism renders safe molecules toxic. Toxicity due to a specific structural alert is highly conditional, depending on the metabolism of the alert, the reactivity of its metabolites, dosage, and competing detoxification pathways. A systems approach, which explicitly models these pathways, could more effectively assess the toxicity risk of drug candidates. In this study, we demonstrated that mathematical models of P450 metabolism can predict the context-specific probability that a structural alert will be bioactivated in a given molecule. This study focuses on the furan, phenol, nitroaromatic, and thiophene alerts. Each of these structural alerts can produce reactive metabolites through certain metabolic pathways but not always. We tested whether our metabolism modeling approach, XenoSite, can predict when a given molecule's alerts will be bioactivated. Specifically, we used models of epoxidation, quinone formation, reduction, and sulfur-oxidation to predict the bioactivation of furan-, phenol-, nitroaromatic-, and thiophene-containing drugs. Our models separated bioactivated and not-bioactivated furan-, phenol-, nitroaromatic-, and thiophene-containing drugs with AUC performances of 100%, 73%, 93%, and 88%, respectively. Metabolism models accurately predict whether alerts are bioactivated and thus serve as a practical approach to improve the interpretability and usefulness of structural alerts. We expect that this same computational approach can be extended to most other structural alerts and later integrated into toxicity risk models. This advance is one necessary step toward our long-term goal of building comprehensive metabolic models of bioactivation and detoxification to guide assessment and design of new therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Le Dang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Tyler B Hughes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - S Joshua Swamidass
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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7
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Lamie PF, Ali WAM, Bazgier V, Rárová L. Novel N-substituted indole Schiff bases as dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes: Synthesis, biological activities in vitro and docking study. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:803-813. [PMID: 27541263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Two new series of N-substituted indole derivatives 4a-l and 5a-h were synthesized. Their chemical structures were confirmed using spectroscopic tools including IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR mass spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The results showed no significant cytotoxic activity on either cancer or normal human cells. Anti-inflammatory activity for all target compounds was evaluated in vitro. Compounds 5a-h were found to have better anti-inflammatory activity than 4a-l. The inhibitory activity of COX-2 and 5-LOX were tested for 5a-h. Three compounds, 5c, 5d and 5f showed excellent COX-2 inhibitory activity with IC50 ranging from 0.98 to 1.23 μM compared to the reference celecoxib (1.54 μM). These compounds had a reasonable selectivity index between 7.03 and 8.05. Additionally, p-methylbenzoyl derivative 5g (IC50 = 5.78 μM) had superior 5-LOX inhibitory activity, higher than quercetin. 5e was close to quercetin in its LOX inhibitory activity. Compounds 5a-h were docked inside the active site of COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe F Lamie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | | | - Vaclav Bazgier
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Rárová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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8
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Grillo MP. Detecting reactive drug metabolites for reducing the potential for drug toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1281-302. [PMID: 26005795 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1048222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A number of withdrawn drugs are known to undergo bioactivation by a range of drug metabolizing enzymes to chemically reactive metabolites that bind covalently to protein and DNA resulting in organ toxicity and carcinogenesis, respectively. An important goal in drug discovery is to identify structural sites of bioactivation within discovery molecules for providing strategic modifications that eliminate or minimize reactive metabolite formation, while maintaining target potency, selectivity and desired pharmacokinetic properties leading to the development of efficacious and nontoxic drugs. AREAS COVERED This review covers experimental techniques currently used to detect reactive drug metabolites and provides recent examples where information from mechanistic in vitro studies was successfully used to redesign candidate drugs leading to blocked or minimized bioactivation. Reviewed techniques include in vitro radiolabeled drug covalent binding to protein and reactive metabolite trapping with reagents such as glutathione, cyanide, semicarbazide and DNA bases. Case studies regarding reactive metabolite detection using a combination of varied techniques, including liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and NMR analyses and subsequent structural modification are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Information derived from state-of-art mechanistic drug metabolism studies can be used successfully to direct medicinal chemistry towards the synthesis of candidate drugs devoid of bioactivation liabilities, while maintaining desired pharmacology and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Grillo
- MyoKardia , 333 Allerton Ave, South San Francisco, CA 94080 , USA
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9
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Liu R, Yu X, Wallqvist A. Data-driven identification of structural alerts for mitigating the risk of drug-induced human liver injuries. J Cheminform 2015; 7:4. [PMID: 25717346 PMCID: PMC4339691 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-015-0053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of structural alerts to de-prioritize compounds with undesirable features as drug candidates has been gaining in popularity. Hundreds of molecular structural moieties have been proposed as structural alerts. An emerging issue is that strict application of these alerts will result in a significant reduction of the chemistry space for new drug discovery, as more than half of the oral drugs on the market match at least one of the alerts. To mitigate this issue, we propose to apply a rigorous statistical analysis to derive/validate structural alerts before use. Method To derive human liver toxicity structural alerts, we retrieved all small-molecule entries from LiverTox, a U.S. National Institutes of Health online resource for information on human liver injuries induced by prescription and over-the-counter drugs and dietary supplements. We classified the compounds into hepatotoxic, nonhepatotoxic, and possible hepatotoxic classes, and performed detailed statistical analyses to identify molecular structural fragments highly enriched in the hepatotoxic class beyond random distribution as structural alerts for human liver injuries. Results We identified 12 molecular fragments present in multiple marketed drugs that one can consider as common “drug-like” fragments, yet they are strongly associated with drug-induced human liver injuries. Thus, these fragments may be considered as robust hepatotoxicity structural alerts suitable for use in drug discovery screening programs. Conclusions The use of structural alerts has contributed to the identification of many compounds with potential toxicity issues in modern drug discovery. However, with a large number of structural alerts published to date without proper validation, application of these alerts may restrict the chemistry space and prevent discovery of valuable drugs. To mitigate this issue, we showed how to use statistical analyses to develop a small, robust, and broadly applicable set of structural alerts. Hepatotoxic-specific filters for flagging high risk compounds. ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13321-015-0053-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Liu
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 2405 Whittier Drive, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Xueping Yu
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 2405 Whittier Drive, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 2405 Whittier Drive, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
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10
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Dalvie D, Kalgutkar AS, Chen W. Practical approaches to resolving reactive metabolite liabilities in early discovery. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 47:56-70. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.984813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Chen G, Jiang L, Dong L, Wang Z, Xu F, Ding T, Fu L, Fang Q, Liu Z, Shan X, Liang G. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel indole-2-one and 7-aza-2-oxindole derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:1869-92. [PMID: 25378906 PMCID: PMC4207570 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s65997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis, a typically acute inflammatory disease, is the biggest cause of death in ICU (intensive care unit). Novel anti-inflammatory alternatives are still in urgent need. In this study, we designed and synthesized 30 indole-2-one and 7-aza-2-oxindole derivatives based on the skeleton of tenidap, and their anti-inflammatory activity was determined by evaluating the inhibitory potency against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 release in RAW264.7 macrophages. Quantitative SAR (structure-activity relationship) analysis revealed that a high molecular polarizability and low lipid/water partition coefficient (ALogP) in indole-2-one are beneficial for anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, compounds 7i and 8e inhibited the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, PGES, and iNOS in LPS-stimulated macrophages, and 7i exhibited a significant protection from LPS-induced septic death in mouse models. These data present a series of new indole-2-one compounds with potential therapeutic effects in acute inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaozhi Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengli Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, The 5th Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Fu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qilu Fang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China ; Wenzhou Undersun Biotchnology Co, Ltd, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoou Shan
- Department of Pediatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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12
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Structure–toxicity relationship and structure–activity relationship study of 2-phenylaminophenylacetic acid derived compounds. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71:207-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Zhu H, Luo M. Chemical structure informing statistical hypothesis testing in metabolomics. Bioinformatics 2014; 30:514-22. [PMID: 24319000 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Metabolomics has been shown as an effective tool to study various biological and biomedical phenotypes, whereas interrogating the inherently noisy metabolite concentration data with limited sample size remains a major challenge. Accumulating evidence suggests that metabolites' structures are relevant to their bioactivities. RESULTS We present a new strategy to boost the statistical power of hypothesis testing in metabolomics by incorporating quantitative molecular descriptors for each metabolite. The strategy selects potentially informative summary molecular descriptors and outputs chemical structure-informed false discovery rates. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is demonstrated by both simulation studies and a real application. In a metabolomic study on Alzheimer's disease, the posterior inclusion probability for summary molecular descriptors reaches 0.97. By incorporating the structure data, our approach uniquely identifies multiple Alzheimer's disease signatures, which are consistent with existing evidence. These results evidently suggest the value of the proposed approach for metabolomic hypothesis-testing problems. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION A code package implementing the strategy is freely available at https://github.com/HongjieZhu/CIMA.git.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics and Programming, Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA, Exploratory Clinical & Translational Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA and Center for Human Health Assessment, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Durham, NC 27709, USA
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Lepailleur A, Bureau R, Halm-Lemeille MP, Bouquet M, Pecquet R, Paris-Soubayrol C, Goff JL, André V, Lecluse Y, Lebailly P, Maire MA, Vasseur P. Assessment of the genotoxic and carcinogenic potentials of 3-aminothiophene derivatives using in vitro and in silico methodologies. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:775-86. [PMID: 24127219 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thiophene derivatives, a class of compounds widely used in products such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals or dyestuffs, represent chemicals of concern. Indeed, the thiophene ring is often considered as a structural moiety that may be involved in toxic effects in humans. We primarily focus on the genotoxic/mutagenic and carcinogenic potentials of the methyl 3-amino-4-methylthiophene-2-carboxylate (1), a precursor of the articaine local anesthetic (4) which falls within the scope of the European REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of CHemicals) legislation. To discern some structure-toxicity relationships, we also studied two related compounds, namely the 3-amino 4-methylthiophene (2) and the 2-acetyl 4-chlorothiophene (3). Techniques employed to assess mutagenic and DNA-damaging effects involved the Salmonella mutagenicity assay (or Ames test) and the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (or Comet assay). In the range of tested doses, none of these derivatives led to a positive response in the Ames tests and DNA damage was only observed in the Comet assay after high concentration exposure of 2. The study of their carcinogenic potential using the in vitro SHE (Syrian Hamster Embryo) cell transformation assay (CTA) highlighted the activity of compound 2. A combination of experimental data with in silico predictions of the reactivity of thiophene derivatives towards cytochrome P450 (CYP450), enabled us to hypothesize possible pathways leading to these toxicological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Lepailleur
- Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, FR CNRS INC3M - SF ICORE, Université de Caen Basse - Normandie, U.F.R. des Sciences Pharmaceutiques), F-14032, Caen, France
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15
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Zuniga FI, Loi D, Ling KHJ, Tang-Liu DDS. Idiosyncratic reactions and metabolism of sulfur-containing drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:467-85. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.668528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Chen W, Caceres-Cortes J, Zhang H, Zhang D, Humphreys WG, Gan J. Bioactivation of Substituted Thiophenes Including α-Chlorothiophene-Containing Compounds in Human Liver Microsomes. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:663-9. [DOI: 10.1021/tx100386z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Chen
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Janet Caceres-Cortes
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - W. Griffith Humphreys
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jinping Gan
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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Park BK, Boobis A, Clarke S, Goldring CEP, Jones D, Kenna JG, Lambert C, Laverty HG, Naisbitt DJ, Nelson S, Nicoll-Griffith DA, Obach RS, Routledge P, Smith DA, Tweedie DJ, Vermeulen N, Williams DP, Wilson ID, Baillie TA. Managing the challenge of chemically reactive metabolites in drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10:292-306. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd3408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Kalgutkar AS, Mascitti V, Sharma R, Walker GW, Ryder T, McDonald TS, Chen Y, Preville C, Basak A, McClure KF, Kohrt JT, Robinson RP, Munchhof MJ, Cornelius P. Intrinsic Electrophilicity of a 4-Substituted-5-cyano-6-(2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)pyrimidine Derivative: Structural Characterization of Glutathione Conjugates in Vitro. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:269-78. [DOI: 10.1021/tx100429x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit S. Kalgutkar
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, ‡Medicinal Chemistry Department and §Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Vincent Mascitti
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, ‡Medicinal Chemistry Department and §Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Raman Sharma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, ‡Medicinal Chemistry Department and §Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory W. Walker
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, ‡Medicinal Chemistry Department and §Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tim Ryder
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, ‡Medicinal Chemistry Department and §Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thomas S. McDonald
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, ‡Medicinal Chemistry Department and §Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yue Chen
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, ‡Medicinal Chemistry Department and §Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Cathy Preville
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, ‡Medicinal Chemistry Department and §Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Arindrajit Basak
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, ‡Medicinal Chemistry Department and §Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kim F. McClure
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, ‡Medicinal Chemistry Department and §Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Kohrt
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, ‡Medicinal Chemistry Department and §Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ralph P. Robinson
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, ‡Medicinal Chemistry Department and §Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael J. Munchhof
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, ‡Medicinal Chemistry Department and §Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Peter Cornelius
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, ‡Medicinal Chemistry Department and §Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Lai Y, Ma L, Huang W, Yu X, Zhang Y, Ji H, Tian J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-[4-(amino/methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methylene-indolin-2-one derivatives as novel COX-1/2 and 5-LOX inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7349-53. [PMID: 21055929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen new 3-[4-(amino/methylsulfonyl)phenyl]methylene-indolin-2-one derivatives were synthesized. Six compounds displayed potent inhibitory activities against COX-1/2 and 5-LOX with IC(50) in the range of 0.10-9.87 μM. Particularly, 10f exhibited well balanced inhibitory action on these enzymes (IC(50)=0.10-0.56 μM). More importantly, 10f and several other compounds had comparable or stronger anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, but better gastric tolerability in vivo, as compared with darbufelone mesilate and tenidap sodium. Therefore, our findings may aid in the design of new and safe anti-inflammatory reagents for the intervention of painful inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis at clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisheng Lai
- Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.
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Hu Y, Yang S, Shilliday FB, Heyde BR, Mandrell KM, Robins RH, Xie J, Reding MT, Lai Y, Thompson DC. Novel Metabolic Bioactivation Mechanism for a Series of Anti-Inflammatory Agents (2,5-Diaminothiophene Derivatives) Mediated by Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1522-31. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.032581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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21
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Approaches for minimizing metabolic activation of new drug candidates in drug discovery. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2010:511-44. [PMID: 20020275 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00663-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A large body of circumstantial evidence suggests that metabolic activation of drug candidates to chemically reactive electrophilic metabolites that are capable of covalently modifying cellular macromolecules may result in acute and/or immune system-mediated idiosyncratic toxicities in humans. Thus, minimizing the potential for metabolic activation of new drug candidates during the drug discovery and lead optimization stage represents a prudent strategy to help discover and develop the next generation of safe and effective therapeutic agents. In the present chapter, we discuss the scientific methodologies that currently are available to industrial pharmaceutical scientists for assessing and minimizing metabolic activation during drug discovery, their attributes and limitations, and future scientific directions that have the potential to help advance progress in this field. We also propose a roadmap that should help utilize the armamentarium of available scientific tools in a logical way and contribute to addressing metabolic activation issues in the drug discovery-setting in a rapid, scientifically appropriate, and resource-conscious manner.
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22
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Jian W, Yao M, Zhang D, Zhu M. Rapid Detection and Characterization of in Vitro and Urinary N-Acetyl-l-cysteine Conjugates Using Quadrupole-Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry and Polarity Switching. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1246-55. [DOI: 10.1021/tx900035j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Jian
- Bioanalysis and Discovery Analytical Research and Biotransforamtion, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Ming Yao
- Bioanalysis and Discovery Analytical Research and Biotransforamtion, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Duxi Zhang
- Bioanalysis and Discovery Analytical Research and Biotransforamtion, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Mingshe Zhu
- Bioanalysis and Discovery Analytical Research and Biotransforamtion, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
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23
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Wen B, Fitch WL. Screening and characterization of reactive metabolites using glutathione ethyl ester in combination with Q-trap mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:90-100. [PMID: 18720456 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes a new analytical approach for the detection and characterization of chemically reactive metabolites using glutathione ethyl ester (GSH-EE) as the trapping agent in combination with hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Polarity switching was applied between a negative precursor ion (PI) survey scan and the positive enhanced product ion (EPI) scan. The negative PI scan step was carried out monitoring the anion at m/z 300, corresponding to deprotonated gamma-glutamyl-dehydroalanyl-glycine ethyl ester originating from the GSH-EE moiety. Samples resulting from incubations in the presence of GSH-EE were cleaned and concentrated by solid-phase extraction, followed by the PI-EPI analysis. Unambiguous identification of GSH-EE-trapped reactive metabolites was greatly facilitated by the unique survey scan of the anion at m/z 300, which achieved less background interference, in particular, from endogenous glutathione adducts present in human liver microsomes. Further structural characterization was achieved by analyzing positive MS(2) spectra that featured rich fragments without mass cutoff and were acquired in the same liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The effectiveness and reliability of this approach was evaluated using a number of model compounds in human liver microsomal incubations, including acetaminophen, amodiaquine, carbamazepine, 4-ethylphenol, imipramine and ticlopidine. In addition, iminoquinone reactive metabolites of mianserin were trapped and characterized for the first time using this method. Compared to neutral loss (NL) scanning assays using GSH as the trapping agent, the results have demonstrated superior selectivity, sensitivity, and reliability of this current approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Roche Palo Alto, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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24
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Mahajan MK, Evans CA. Dual negative precursor ion scan approach for rapid detection of glutathione conjugates using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:1032-1040. [PMID: 18320543 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Screening for conjugates formed by the tripeptide glutathione with new chemical entities is an essential step during the drug discovery process, as the formation of these conjugates serves as an indicator for the presence of reactive electrophilic intermediates. To increase the selectivity and throughput of this analysis, various mass spectral scan types have evolved over time. Historically, samples were analyzed under positive ionization conditions for the neutral loss of m/z 129 (loss of the pyroglutamic acid moiety from glutathione); however, more recently, negative precursor ion scanning for the loss of m/z 272 (deprotonated gamma-glutamyl-dehydroalanyl-glycine from glutathione) has emerged as a more selective tool. Further increasing the selectivity, we report on an extension of this methodology by incorporating a simultaneous dual negative precursor ion scan for two commonly observed ion fragments from glutathione conjugates, m/z 272 and 254 (the dehydrated form of m/z 272). This negative dual precursor ion scan methodology was first validated using substrates known to undergo metabolic bioactivation (diclofenac, carbamazepine, and 3-methyl indole) and has then been applied to the routine analysis of proprietary compounds undergoing active lead optimization. In comparison to alternative scan methodologies, the increased selectivity offered by this simultaneous dual precursor method results in a reduction in the generation of false positive results as well as reduced data interpretation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh K Mahajan
- Preclinical Drug Discovery, Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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Bauman JN, Frederick KS, Sawant A, Walsky RL, Cox LM, Obach RS, Kalgutkar AS. Comparison of the Bioactivation Potential of the Antidepressant and Hepatotoxin Nefazodone with Aripiprazole, a Structural Analog and Marketed Drug. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:1016-29. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.020545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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26
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Chapter 2 Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Learning from Recent Cases of Drug Attrition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-0854(07)02002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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27
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Erve JC. Chemical toxicology: reactive intermediates and their role in pharmacology and toxicology. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 2:923-46. [PMID: 17125409 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.6.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Reactive intermediates formed during the metabolism of drugs have been investigated extensively over the past decades. Today, interest in reactive intermediates in drug discovery is focused on minimising bioactivation in hopes of reducing the risk of causing so-called idiosyncratic toxicity. These efforts are justified based on the 'hapten hypothesis', namely, that on binding to protein, reactive intermediates may elicit an immune response to the modified protein, leading to a cascade of events that ultimately manifests as a toxic outcome. However, the pharmacological action of certain drugs depends on reactive intermediates that modify critical amino acid residues of proteins, typically enzymes, thereby altering their activity. Thus, the notion that reactive intermediates are inherently dangerous is unjustified. When a reactive intermediate is necessary for the desired pharmacological effect of a drug, the selectivity it displays towards the target protein is crucial, as off-target binding may produce unwanted toxicities. On the other hand, reactive intermediates may play no role in toxicity. This review provides a balanced perspective, primarily focusing on the proposed role of reactive intermediates in drug toxicity, while also highlighting examples in which they are involved in causing the desired pharmacology. It is hoped that this knowledge can help scientists involved in drug discovery and development in their challenging task of producing safe and effective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Cl Erve
- Wyeth Research, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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Ma S, Subramanian R. Detecting and characterizing reactive metabolites by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:1121-39. [PMID: 16967439 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic activation of a drug leading to reactive metabolite(s) that can covalently modify proteins is considered an initial step that may lead to drug-induced organ toxicities. Characterization of reactive metabolites is critical to designing new drug candidates with an improved toxicological profile. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) predominates over all analytical tools used for screening and characterization of reactive metabolites. In this review, a brief description of experimental approaches employed for assessing reactive metabolites is followed by a discussion on the reactivity of acyl glucuronides and acyl coenzyme A thioesters. Techniques for high-throughput screening and quantitation of reactive metabolite formation are also described, along with proteomic approaches used to identify protein targets and modification sites by reactive metabolites. Strategies for dealing with reactive metabolites are reviewed. In conclusion, we discuss the challenges and future needs in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Ma
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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29
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Blagg J. Structure–Activity Relationships for In vitro and In vivo Toxicity. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY VOLUME 41 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(06)41024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mohideen P, Bornemann M, Sugihara J, Genadio V, Sugihara V, Arakaki R. The metabolic effects of troglitazone in patients with diabetes and end-stage renal disease. Endocrine 2005; 28:181-6. [PMID: 16388091 DOI: 10.1385/endo:28:2:181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZD) are effective agents for the treatment of hyperglycemia, and appear ideal in diabetic patients with progressive or end-stage renal disease because of its predominant hepatic clearance. Troglitazone, the first available TZD for clinical use, was withdrawn due to safety concerns; however, studies completed with this agent can provide a better understanding of the class effect of TZDs. This study was an open-label, controlled clinical trial examining the safety and efficacy of troglitazone in type 2 diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Twelve subjects were randomized to parallel study groups and treated for 6 mo with or without troglita-zone at a maximum dose of 600 mg/d in addition to continuing their previous diabetes medications (insulin or sulfonylurea). The results showed no significant differences in glycemic control with or without troglit-azone treatment for 6 mo. However, there was a significant reduction in insulin dosage with troglitazone treatment (22.9 +/- 7.3 units/d) than without troglita-zone treatment (54 +/- 12.9 units/d) (p < 0.05), as well as the change in the insulin dosage from baseline between the two groups (troglitazone, -8.4 units vs control, +4.3 units, p < 0.05). Weight changes and aspartate amino-transferase levels greater than 1.5 times the upper limit of normal were not observed in participants of either treatment group. This study demonstrates that troglit-azone was safe and effective for the treatment of hyper-glycemia in patients requiring dialysis, and strongly supports the clinical use of currently available TZDs in diabetic patients with renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pharis Mohideen
- Department of Medicine of the John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, USA
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Baughman TM, Graham RA, Wells-Knecht K, Silver IS, Tyler LO, Wells-Knecht M, Zhao Z. METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF PIOGLITAZONE IDENTIFIED FROM RAT AND HUMAN LIVER MICROSOMES AND FRESHLY ISOLATED HEPATOCYTES. Drug Metab Dispos 2005; 33:733-8. [PMID: 15764718 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.104.002683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pioglitazone is in the class of compounds known as the thiazolidinediones and is used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. The first in its class compound, troglitazone, was withdrawn from the U.S. market in 2000 due to a high incidence of hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver failure. Reactive ring-opened products of troglitazone have been identified and evidence suggests that these reactive intermediates might be a potential cause of hepatotoxicity. The present work shows that pioglitazone has a reactive ring-opened product which was trapped by glutathione and positively identified by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry accurate mass measurements. The novel thiazolidinedione ring-opened products of pioglitazone were identified in rat and human liver microsomes and in freshly isolated rat but not human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Baughman
- Metabolic and Antiviral CEDD DMPK, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Abstract
Drugs and chemicals can undergo enzyme-catalyzed bioactivation reactions within cellular systems, with the formation of reactive chemical species. These reactive metabolites can lead to thiol depletion, reversible protein modification (glutathionylation and nitration), further irreversible protein adduct formation and subsequent irreversible protein damage. The incorporation of potentially reactive chemical moieties - toxicophores - within new therapeutic agents should be limited. However, this cannot always be prevented, particularly when the structural feature responsible for toxicity is also responsible for the pharmacological efficacy. The identification and further knowledge of critical levels of thiol depletion and/or covalent modification of protein will aid in the development of new drugs. Importantly, the identification of drug-thiol conjugation should provide a warning of potential problems, yet not hinder the development of a potentially therapeutically useful drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Williams
- Drug Safety Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK L69 3GE.
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