1
|
Ren X, Tang X, Huang T, Hu Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y. FTO plays a crucial role in gastrointestinal cancer and may be a target for immunotherapy: an updated review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1241357. [PMID: 37916161 PMCID: PMC10616962 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1241357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer is a common malignancy with high mortality and poor prognosis. Therefore, developing novel effective markers and therapeutic targets for gastrointestinal cancer is currently a challenging and popular topic in oncology research. Accumulating studies have reported that N6-methyladenosine is the most abundant epigenetic modification in eukaryotes. N6-methyladenosine plays an essential role in regulating RNA expression and metabolism, including splicing, translation, stability, decay, and transport. FTO, the earliest demethylase discovered to maintain the balance of N6-adenosine methylation, is abnormally expressed in many tumors. In this review, we discuss the molecular structure and substrate selectivity of FTO. we focus on the role of FTO in gastrointestinal tumor proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, autophagy, immune microenvironment, and its molecular mechanisms. We also discuss its potential in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqing Ren
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tian Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zenan Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongning Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang G, Tanaka T, Kinugasa H, Kanzaki H, Chen MX, Ichimura K, Nakagawa M, Jin ZS, Zheng RY, Yoshino T. Microsatellite Instability Analysis and Its Prognostic Value in Invasive Nonampullary Duodenal Adenocarcinoma. Oncology 2022; 100:290-302. [PMID: 35350032 DOI: 10.1159/000519805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nonampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma (NADA) is a rare disease. Although several prognostic factors have been reported for this disease, they remain controversial due to their rarity. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed 54 cases of invasive NADA, focusing on the microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype, programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, and prognostic factors. METHODS Expression of the PD-L1 protein and cell differentiation markers in tumors was detected by immunohistochemistry. Microsatellite markers (NR-21, NR-22, NR-24, BAT-25, and BAT-26) were amplified for MSI assessment by PCR. RESULTS The incidence of MSI in invasive NADA was 35.2%. No significant correlation between the MSI phenotype and clinicopathological factors was observed. Positive expression of PD-L1 by immune cells was common in advanced-stage disease (p = 0.054), and positive expression of PD-L1 in cancer cells correlated significantly with the histologically undifferentiated type (p = 0.016). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated a significantly better overall survival (OS) in patients with MSI (p = 0.013) and at early-stage disease (p = 0.000) than in those with microsatellite-stable or at late tumor stages. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that MSI (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.282, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.106-0.751, p = 0.011) and early tumor stage (stage I-II) (HR: 8.81, 95% CI: 2.545-30.500, p = 0.001) were independent better prognostic factors of OS. CONCLUSIONS MSI and early tumor stage (stage I-II) were independent better prognostic factors of OS. A high proportion of MSI phenotypes and positive PD-L1 expression may be helpful for identifying immune checkpoint inhibitors as a novel therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takehiro Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kinugasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kanzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Meng-Xi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koichi Ichimura
- Department of Pathology, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakagawa
- Department of Endoscopy, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Zai-Shun Jin
- Department of Pathology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Ru-Yi Zheng
- Medical Imaging Center, The Mine Hospital of Xu Zhou, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tadashi Yoshino
- Department of Pathology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang G, Zheng RY, Jin ZS. Correlations between microsatellite instability and the biological behaviour of tumours. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:2891-2899. [PMID: 31617076 PMCID: PMC6861542 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-03053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Microsatellites are widely distributed repetitive DNA motifs, accounting for approximately 3% of the genome. Due to mismatch repair system deficiency, insertion or deletion of repetitive units often occurs, leading to microsatellite instability. In this review, we aimed to explore the relationship between MSI and biological behaviour of colorectal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, lymphoma/leukaemia and endometrial carcinoma, as well as the application of frameshift peptide vaccines in cancer therapy. Methods The relevant literature from PubMed and Baidu Xueshu were reviewed in this article. The ClinicalTrials.gov database was searched for clinical trials related to the specific topic. Results Microsatellite instability is divided into three subtypes: high-level, low-level microsatellite instability, and stable microsatellites. The majority of tumour patients with high-level microsatellite instability often show a better efficacy and prognosis than those with low-level microsatellite instability or stable microsatellites. In coding regions, especially for genes involved in tumourigenesis, microsatellite instability often results in inactivation of proteins and contributes to tumourigenesis. Moreover, the occurrence of microsatellite instability in coding regions can also cause the generation of frameshift peptides that are thought to be unknown and novel to the individual immune system. Thus, these frameshift peptides have the potential to be biomarkers to raise tumour-specific immune responses. Conclusion MSI has the potential to become a key predictor for evaluating the degree of malignancy, efficacy and prognosis of tumours. Clinically, MSI patterns will provide more valuable information for clinicians to create optimal individualized treatment strategies based on frameshift peptides vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ru-Yi Zheng
- Medical Imaging Center, The Mine Hospital of Xu Zhou, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zai-Shun Jin
- Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, 157000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hung CM, Yu AY, Lai YT, Shaner PJL. Developing informative microsatellite markers for non-model species using reference mapping against a model species' genome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23087. [PMID: 26976328 PMCID: PMC4791680 DOI: 10.1038/srep23087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellites have a wide range of applications from behavioral biology, evolution, to agriculture-based breeding programs. The recent progress in the next-generation sequencing technologies and the rapidly increasing number of published genomes may greatly enhance the current applications of microsatellites by turning them from anonymous to informative markers. Here we developed an approach to anchor microsatellite markers of any target species in a genome of a related model species, through which the genomic locations of the markers, along with any functional genes potentially linked to them, can be revealed. We mapped the shotgun sequence reads of a non-model rodent species Apodemus semotus against the genome of a model species, Mus musculus, and presented 24 polymorphic microsatellite markers with detailed background information for A. semotus in this study. The developed markers can be used in other rodent species, especially those that are closely related to A. semotus or M. musculus. Compared to the traditional approaches based on DNA cloning, our approach is likely to yield more loci for the same cost. This study is a timely demonstration of how a research team can efficiently generate informative (neutral or function-associated) microsatellite markers for their study species and unique biological questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ming Hung
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Yun Yu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Lai
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jen L Shaner
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang BX, Yin BL, He B, Chen C, Zhao M, Zhang WX, Xia ZK, Pan YZ, Tang JQ, Zhou XM, Yin N. Overexpression of DNA damage-induced 45 α gene contributes to esophageal squamous cell cancer by promoter hypomethylation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2012; 31:11. [PMID: 22313682 PMCID: PMC3364148 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Environmental factors-induced dysfunction of esophageal squamous epithelium, including genomic DNA impairment and apoptosis, play an important role in the pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell cancer. DNA damage-induced 45α (GADD45α) has been found promoting DNA repair and removing methylation marker, Therefore, in this study we will investigate whether GADD45α expression is induced and its mechanism in esophageal squamous cell cancer. Methods Two human esophageal squamous cell lines (ESCC), ECA109 and KYSE510 were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Lipofectamine 2000 was used to transfect cells. mRNA level of GADD45α was measured by reverse transcription-quantitive PCR (RT-qPCR), protein level of GADD45α was detected by western blot and Immunohistochemistry. Global DNA methylation of tissue sample was measured using the Methylamp Global DNA Methylation Quantification Ultra kit (Epigentek Group) and promoter methylation was measured by bisulfite sequencing. Results GADD45a mRNA and protein levels were increased significantly in tumor tissue than that in adjacent normal tissue. Hypomethylation of global genomic DNA and GADD45α promoter were found in ESCC. The cell sensitivity to Cisplatin DDP was decreased significantly in Eca109 and Kyse510 cells, in which GADD45α expression was down-regulated by RNA interference (RNAi). In addition, silence of GADD45a expression in ESCC cells inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Conclusion Overexpression of GADD45α gene is due to DNA hypomethylation in ESCC. GADD45α may be a protective factor in DDP chemotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao xiang Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gabriel LAR, Traboulsi EI. Genetic diagnostic methods for inherited eye diseases. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2011; 18:24-9. [PMID: 21572730 PMCID: PMC3085148 DOI: 10.4103/0974-9233.75881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate molecular diagnosis of genetic eye diseases has proven to be of great importance because of the prognostic and therapeutic value of an accurate ascertainment of the underlying genetic mutation. Efforts continue in diagnostic laboratories to develop strategies that allow the discovery of responsible gene/mutations in the individual patient using the least number of assays and economizing on the expenses and time involved in the process. Once the ophthalmologist has made the best possible clinical diagnosis, blood samples are obtained for genetic testing. In this paper we will review the basic laboratory methods utilized to identify the chromosomal or mutational etiology of genetic diseases that affect the eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A R Gabriel
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus and the Center for Genetic Eye Diseases, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang W, He L, Liu W, Sun C, Ratain MJ. Exploring the relationship between polymorphic (TG/CA)n repeats in intron 1 regions and gene expression. Hum Genomics 2009; 3:236-45. [PMID: 19403458 PMCID: PMC2735212 DOI: 10.1186/1479-7364-3-3-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The putative role of (TG/CA)n repeats in the regulation of transcription has recently been reported for several cancer- and disease-related genes, including the genes encoding the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 2 (HSD11B2) and interferon-gamma (IFNG). These studies indicated a correlation between gene expression levels and the presence or length of (TG/CA)n repeats in their intron 1 regions. A genome-wide search for genes with similar features may provide evidence of whether these dinucleotide repeats represent a class of universal regulators of gene expression, which has recently begun to be investigated as a quantitative complex phenotype. Using a public database of simple repeats, we identified 330 genes containing potentially polymorphic long (TG/CA)n repeats (n >or= 12) in their intron 1 regions. One known physiological pathway, the calcium signalling pathway, was found to be enriched among the genes containing long repeats. In addition, certain biological processes, such as cation transport, signal transduction and ion transport, were found to be enriched in these genes. Genotyping of the long repeats showed that the majority of these dinucleotide repeats were polymorphic in the HapMap CEU (Caucasians from Utah, USA) samples of northern and western European ancestry. Evidence for a significant association between these repeats and gene expression was not observed in the genes selected based on their expression profiles in the HapMap CEU samples. Our current findings, therefore, do not support a role for these repeats as a class of universal gene expression regulators. A more comprehensive evaluation of the relationship between these repeats and gene expression, potentially in other tissues, may be necessary to illustrate their roles in gene regulation in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
An JY, Fan ZM, Gao SS, Zhuang ZH, Qin YR, Li JL, He X, Tsao GSW, Wang LD. Loss of heterozygosity in multistage carcinogenesis of esophageal carcinoma at high-incidence area in Henan Province, China. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:2055-60. [PMID: 15810068 PMCID: PMC4305771 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i14.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: Microsatellites are the repeated DNA sequences scattered widely within the genomes and closely linked with many important genes. This study was designed to characterize the changes of microsatellite DNA loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in esophageal carcinogenesis.
METHODS: Allelic deletions in 32 cases of matched precancerous, cancerous and normal tissues were examined by syringe microdissection under an anatomic microscope and microsatellite polymorphism analysis using 15 polymorphic markers on chromosomes 3p, 5q, 6p, 9p, 13q, 17p, 17q and 18q.
RESULTS: Microsatellite DNA LOH was observed in precancerous and cancerous tissues, except D9S1752. The rate of LOH increased remarkably with the lesions progressed from basal cell hyperplasia (BCH) to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (P<0.05). Three markers, D9S171, D13S260 and TP53, showed the highest incidence of LOH (>60%). LOH loci were different in precancerous and cancerous tissues. LOH in D3S1234 and TP53 was the common event in different lesions from the same patients.
CONCLUSION: Microsatellite DNA LOH occurs in early stage of human esophageal carcinogenesis, even in BCH. With the lesion progressed, gene instability increases, the accumulation of this change may be one of the important mechanisms driving precancerous lesions to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ye An
- Laboratory for Cancer Research and the Third Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
|