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Krajewski O, Opiełka M, Urbanowicz K, Chojnowski K, Kochany P, Pawłowski K, Tomaszewska J, Peters GJ, Smoleński RT, Bełdzińska MM. Management of neurological symptoms in Lesch-Nyhan disease: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 165:105847. [PMID: 39117131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan Disease (LND) is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder arising from hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 gene mutations, leading to a complete deficiency. LND presents a complex neurological profile characterized by generalized dystonia, motor dysfunctions and self-injurious behavior, which management is challenging. We conducted a systematic review of studies assessing the efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in management of neurological symptoms in LND (PROSPERO registration number:CRD42023446513). Among 34 reviewed full-text papers; 22 studies were rated as having a high risk of bias. Considerable heterogeneity was found in studies regarding the timing of treatment implementation, adjunctive treatments and outcome assessment. Single-patient studies and clinical trials often showed contradictory results, while therapeutic failures were underreported. S-Adenosylmethionine and Deep Brain Stimulation were the most studied treatment methods and require further research to address inconsistencies. The evidence from levodopa studies underlines that optimal timing of treatment implementation should be thoroughly investigated. Standardized study design and reducing publication bias are crucial to overcome current limitations of assessing intervention efficacy in LND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliwier Krajewski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Opiełka
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland
| | | | - Karol Chojnowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland; Department of Developmental Neurology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland
| | - Paweł Kochany
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland; Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland
| | - Kacper Pawłowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland
| | - Jagoda Tomaszewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam U.M.C., VU University Medical Center (VUMC), Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Ryszard T Smoleński
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland.
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Lee MTW, Mahy W, Rackham MD. The medicinal chemistry of mitochondrial dysfunction: a critical overview of efforts to modulate mitochondrial health. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1281-1311. [PMID: 34458736 PMCID: PMC8372206 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00113b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are subcellular organelles that perform a variety of critical biological functions, including ATP production and acting as hubs of immune and apoptotic signalling. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been extensively linked to the pathology of multiple neurodegenerative disorders, resulting in significant investment from the drug discovery community. Despite extensive efforts, there remains no disease modifying therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. This manuscript aims to review the compounds historically used to modulate the mitochondrial network through the lens of modern medicinal chemistry, and to offer a perspective on the evidence that relevant exposure was achieved in a representative model and that exposure was likely to result in target binding and engagement of pharmacology. We hope this manuscript will aid the community in identifying those targets and mechanisms which have been convincingly (in)validated with high quality chemical matter, and those for which an opportunity exists to explore in greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Mahy
- MSD The Francis Crick Institute 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT UK
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PGC1s and Beyond: Disentangling the Complex Regulation of Mitochondrial and Cellular Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136913. [PMID: 34199142 PMCID: PMC8268830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is the central engine of living organisms as it provides energy and building blocks for many essential components of each cell, which are required for specific functions in different tissues. Mitochondria are the main site for energy production in living organisms and they also provide intermediate metabolites required for the synthesis of other biologically relevant molecules. Such cellular processes are finely tuned at different levels, including allosteric regulation, posttranslational modifications, and transcription of genes encoding key proteins in metabolic pathways. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator 1 (PGC1) proteins are transcriptional coactivators involved in the regulation of many cellular processes, mostly ascribable to metabolic pathways. Here, we will discuss some aspects of the cellular processes regulated by PGC1s, bringing up some examples of their role in mitochondrial and cellular metabolism, and how metabolic regulation in mitochondria by members of the PGC1 family affects the immune system. We will analyze how PGC1 proteins are regulated at the transcriptional and posttranslational level and will also examine other regulators of mitochondrial metabolism and the related cellular functions, considering approaches to identify novel mitochondrial regulators and their role in physiology and disease. Finally, we will analyze possible therapeutical perspectives currently under assessment that are applicable to different disease states.
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Višnjić D, Lalić H, Dembitz V, Tomić B, Smoljo T. AICAr, a Widely Used AMPK Activator with Important AMPK-Independent Effects: A Systematic Review. Cells 2021. [PMID: 34064363 DOI: 10.3390/cellsl0051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAr) has been one of the most commonly used pharmacological modulators of AMPK activity. The majority of early studies on the role of AMPK, both in the physiological regulation of metabolism and in cancer pathogenesis, were based solely on the use of AICAr as an AMPK-activator. Even with more complex models of AMPK downregulation and knockout being introduced, AICAr remained a regular starting point for many studies focusing on AMPK biology. However, there is an increasing number of studies showing that numerous AICAr effects, previously attributed to AMPK activation, are in fact AMPK-independent. This review aims to give an overview of the present knowledge on AMPK-dependent and AMPK-independent effects of AICAr on metabolism, hypoxia, exercise, nucleotide synthesis, and cancer, calling for caution in the interpretation of AICAr-based studies in the context of understanding AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Višnjić
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Physiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Lalić
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Physiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vilma Dembitz
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Physiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Barbara Tomić
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Physiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Smoljo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Physiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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AICAr, a Widely Used AMPK Activator with Important AMPK-Independent Effects: A Systematic Review. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051095. [PMID: 34064363 PMCID: PMC8147799 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAr) has been one of the most commonly used pharmacological modulators of AMPK activity. The majority of early studies on the role of AMPK, both in the physiological regulation of metabolism and in cancer pathogenesis, were based solely on the use of AICAr as an AMPK-activator. Even with more complex models of AMPK downregulation and knockout being introduced, AICAr remained a regular starting point for many studies focusing on AMPK biology. However, there is an increasing number of studies showing that numerous AICAr effects, previously attributed to AMPK activation, are in fact AMPK-independent. This review aims to give an overview of the present knowledge on AMPK-dependent and AMPK-independent effects of AICAr on metabolism, hypoxia, exercise, nucleotide synthesis, and cancer, calling for caution in the interpretation of AICAr-based studies in the context of understanding AMPK signaling pathway.
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Torres RJ. Current understanding of Lesch-Nyhan disease and potential therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2019.1652597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa J. Torres
- Department of Biochemistry, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan Disease (LND) is a rare X-linked recessive metabolic and neurological syndrome due to the deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). Besides its well known “housekeeping” function this purine salvage enzyme has revealed an unexpected role in neurodevelopment, unveiled by the peculiar neurological symptoms flanking hyperuricemia in LND: dystonia, choreoathetosis, compulsive self-injurious behaviour. Several lines of research have tried to find the molecular basis for the neurological phenotype after the disease was first described in 1964. Dopaminergic deficit was then found to underlie the neurologic symptoms but the aetiology for such alteration seemed inexplicable. A number of detailed studies in the last 50 years addressed the genetic, metabolic, cognitive, behavioral and anatomical features of this disease. Initial investigations seeked for accumulation of toxic metabolites or depletion of essential molecules to disclose potential connections between purine recycling and neuronal dysfunction. In the last two decades sophisticated biotechnological methods were used for a deeper insight in the genetic and molecular aspects, unveiling a network of combined gene dysregulations in neuronal development and differentiation producing neurotransmission defects. These studies, conducted with several different approaches, allowed consistent steps forward, demonstrating transcriptional aberrations affecting different metabolic pathways in HPRT deficiency, yet leaving many questions still unsolved.
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Khasnavis T, Torres RJ, Sommerfeld B, Puig JG, Chipkin R, Jinnah HA. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of the selective dopamine D1 receptor antagonist ecopipam in patients with Lesch-Nyhan disease. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 118:160-166. [PMID: 27179999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) is a genetic disorder that has characteristic metabolic, neurologic, and behavioral features. There are multiple behavioral problems including impulsivity, aggressiveness, and severe recurrent self-injurious behavior (SIB). This last behavior varies considerably across subjects and may encompass self-biting, self-hitting, scratching, head banging, and other injurious actions. Current treatments for SIB involve behavioral extinction, sedatives, physical restraints, and removal of teeth. Because these interventions do not reliably control SIB, better treatments are urgently needed. Animal studies have suggested that D1-dopamine receptor antagonists such as ecopipam may suppress SIB. These observations have led to proposals that such drugs might provide effective treatment for in LND. The current study describes the results of a double-blind, three-period, crossover trial of a single dose of ecopipam in subjects with LND. The study was designed for 20 patients, but it was terminated after recruitment of only 10 patients, because interim analysis revealed unanticipated side effects. These side effects were most likely related to starting with a single large dose without any titration phase. Despite the limited data due to early termination, the drug appeared to reduce SIB in most cases. Subjects who completed the trial were eligible to continue the drug in an open-label extension phase lasting a year, and one patient who elected to continue has maintained a striking reduction in SIB for more than a year with no apparent side effects. These results suggest ecopipam could be a useful treatment for SIB in, but further studies are needed to establish an appropriate dosing regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Khasnavis
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rosa J Torres
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain; Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Garcia Puig
- Department Internal Medicine, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard Chipkin
- Psyadon Pharmaceuticals, 20451 Seneca Meadows Parkway, Germantown, MD, 20876, USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Andris F, Denanglaire S, Baus E, Rongvaux A, Steuve J, Flavell RA, Leo O. Metabolic stress boosts humoral responses in vivo independently of inflammasome and inflammatory reaction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2245-53. [PMID: 21248260 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvant formulations boost humoral responses by acting through several, yet incompletely elucidated pathways. In this study, we show that oligomycin or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribonucleoside (AICAR) enhances Ab production when coinjected with T cell-dependent Ags. Oligomycin and AICAR lead to intracellular ATP reduction, suggesting that metabolic stress could be sensed by immune cells and leads to increased humoral responses. AICAR promotes IL-4 and IL-21 by naive Th cells but does not affect dendritic cell activation/maturation in vitro or in vivo. Accordingly, the adjuvant effect of AICAR or oligomycin does not require MyD88 or caspase-1 expression in vivo. Because AICAR is well tolerated in humans, this compound could represent a novel and safe adjuvant promoting humoral responses in vivo with a minimal reactogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Andris
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium.
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Giri S, Khan M, Nath N, Singh I, Singh AK. The role of AMPK in psychosine mediated effects on oligodendrocytes and astrocytes: implication for Krabbe disease. J Neurochem 2008; 105:1820-33. [PMID: 18248608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is an inherited neurological disorder caused by the deficiency of galactocerebrosidase activity resulting in accumulation of psychosine, which leads to energy depletion, loss of oligodendrocytes, induction of gliosis, and inflammation by astrocytes in CNS. In this study, for the first time, we report the regulation of 'cellular energy switch,' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), by psychosine in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Psychosine treatment significantly down-regulated AMPK activity, resulting in increased biosynthesis of lipids including cholesterol and free fatty acid in oligodendrocytes cell line (MO3.13) and primary astrocytes. Pharmacological activator of AMPK, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranoside (AICAR) attenuated the psychosine-mediated down-regulation of AMPK and restored altered biosynthesis of lipids. AICAR treatment also down-regulated psychosine induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase in primary astrocytes. However, AICAR treatment had no effect on psychosine induced-reactive oxygen species generation, arachidonic acid release, and death of oligodendrocytes; suggesting the specific role of AMPK in regulation of psychosine-mediated inflammatory response of astrocytes but not in cell death of oligodendrocytes. This study delineates an explicit role for AMPK in psychosine induced inflammation in astrocytes without directly affecting the cell death of oligodendrocytes. It also suggests that AMPK activating agents act as anti-inflammatory agents and can hold a therapeutic potential in Krabbe disease/twitcher disease, particularly when used in combination with drugs, which protect oligodendrocyte cell loss, such as sPLA2 inhibitor [Giri et al., J. Lipid Res. 47 (2006), 1478].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Giri
- Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Lin A, Sekhon C, Sekhon B, Smith A, Chavin K, Orak J, Singh I, Singh A. Attenuation of ischemia-reperfusion injury in a canine model of autologous renal transplantation. Transplantation 2004; 78:654-9. [PMID: 15371664 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000131664.18670.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the potential therapeutic effects of a combination therapy consisting of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribonucleoside (AICAR) and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) to attenuate ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in a canine model of autologous renal transplantation. METHODS Male mongrel dogs (15-20 kg) underwent left nephrectomy followed by flushing and static preservation of the kidney in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution for 48 hr. The treatment group received AICAR (50 mg/kg) plus NAC (100 mg/kg) intravenously before the left nephrectomy. The compounds were added to the UW solution as well. All dogs underwent right nephrectomy 48 hr later followed by autotransplantation of the preserved left kidney. Treated dogs received a second dose of AICAR and NAC before implantation of the renal autograft. RESULTS The treated dogs had excellent urine output posttransplant, with peak serum creatinine of 7.26 mg/dL on postoperative day (POD) 3 that normalized after 14 days. The control group were anuric and developed clinical symptoms of uremia on POD 1. Morphologic evaluation supported the protective effects of combination therapy. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed decrease of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and inducible nitric oxide synthase; and TUNEL assay showed decreased apoptosis in the treated group. CONCLUSIONS Combination therapy with AICAR and NAC attenuates renal I/R injury and improves the outcome of the transplanted kidney after prolonged cold preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angello Lin
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Giri S, Nath N, Smith B, Viollet B, Singh AK, Singh I. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranoside inhibits proinflammatory response in glial cells: a possible role of AMP-activated protein kinase. J Neurosci 2004; 24:479-87. [PMID: 14724246 PMCID: PMC6729991 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4288-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2003] [Revised: 11/04/2003] [Accepted: 11/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is tightly regulated by the cellular AMP:ATP ratio and plays a central role in the regulation of energy homeostasis and metabolic stress. A pharmacological activator of AMPK, 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide riboside (AICAR) inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-6) and inducible nitric oxide synthase in primary rat astrocytes, microglia, and peritoneal macrophages. AICAR attenuates the LPS-induced activation of nuclear factor kappaB via downregulation of IkappaB kinase alpha/beta activity. It also inhibits nuclear translocation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) transcription factor by inhibiting the expression of C/EBP-delta in brain glial cells. The dominant negative form of AMPKalpha2 (D157A) and its antisense documents a possible role of AMPK in the regulation of the cellular proinflammatory process. AICAR also inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators in serum and their expression in CNS of rats injected with a sublethal dose of LPS by intraperitoneal injection. These observations in cultured cells as well as in the animal model suggest that AICAR may be of therapeutic value in treating inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Giri
- Department of Pediatrics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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