1
|
Lynch MJ, Deshpande M, Kurniyati K, Zhang K, James M, Miller M, Zhang S, Passalia FJ, Wunder EA, Charon NW, Li C, Crane BR. Lysinoalanine cross-linking is a conserved post-translational modification in the spirochete flagellar hook. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad349. [PMID: 38047041 PMCID: PMC10691653 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Spirochetes cause Lyme disease, leptospirosis, syphilis, and several other human illnesses. Unlike other bacteria, spirochete flagella are enclosed within the periplasmic space where the filaments distort and push the cell body by the action of the flagellar motors. We previously demonstrated that the oral pathogen Treponema denticola (Td) and Lyme disease pathogen Borreliella burgdorferi (Bb) form covalent lysinoalanine (Lal) cross-links between conserved cysteine and lysine residues of the FlgE protein that composes the flagellar hook. In Td, Lal is unnecessary for hook assembly but is required for motility, presumably due to the stabilizing effect of the cross-link. Herein, we extend these findings to other, representative spirochete species across the phylum. We confirm the presence of Lal cross-linked peptides in recombinant and in vivo-derived samples from Treponema spp., Borreliella spp., Brachyspira spp., and Leptospira spp. As was observed with Td, a mutant strain of Bb unable to form the cross-link has greatly impaired motility. FlgE from Leptospira spp. does not conserve the Lal-forming cysteine residue which is instead substituted by serine. Nevertheless, Leptospira interrogans FlgE also forms Lal, with several different Lal isoforms being detected between Ser-179 and Lys-145, Lys-148, and Lys-166, thereby highlighting species or order-specific differences within the phylum. Our data reveal that the Lal cross-link is a conserved and necessary posttranslational modification across the spirochete phylum and may thus represent an effective target for the development of spirochete-specific antimicrobials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lynch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Maithili Deshpande
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kurni Kurniyati
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Milinda James
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Michael Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Felipe J Passalia
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Elsio A Wunder
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Nyles W Charon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Chunhao Li
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Brian R Crane
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lynch MJ, Deshpande M, Kyrniyati K, Zhang K, James M, Miller M, Zhang S, Passalia FJ, Wunder EA, Charon NW, Li C, Crane BR. Lysinoalanine crosslinking is a conserved post-translational modification in the spirochete flagellar hook. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.13.544825. [PMID: 37398457 PMCID: PMC10312707 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.13.544825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Spirochete bacteria cause Lyme disease, leptospirosis, syphilis and several other human illnesses. Unlike other bacteria, spirochete flagella are enclosed within the periplasmic space where the filaments distort and push the cell body by action of the flagellar motors. We previously demonstrated that the oral pathogen Treponema denticola (Td) catalyzes the formation of covalent lysinoalanine (Lal) crosslinks between conserved cysteine and lysine residues of the FlgE protein that composes the flagellar hook. Although not necessary for hook assembly, Lal is required for motility of Td, presumably due to the stabilizing effect of the crosslink. Herein, we extend these findings to other, representative spirochete species across the phylum. We confirm the presence of Lal crosslinked peptides in recombinant and in vivo -derived samples from Treponema spp., Borreliella spp., Brachyspira spp., and Leptospira spp.. Like with Td, a mutant strain of the Lyme disease pathogen Borreliella burgdorferi unable to form the crosslink has impaired motility. FlgE from Leptospira spp. does not conserve the Lal-forming cysteine residue which is instead substituted by serine. Nevertheless, Leptospira interrogans also forms Lal, with several different Lal isoforms being detected between Ser-179 and Lys-145, Lys-148, and Lys-166, thereby highlighting species or order-specific differences within the phylum. Our data reveals that the Lal crosslink is a conserved and necessary post-translational modification across the spirochete phylum and may thus represent an effective target for spirochete-specific antimicrobials. Significance Statement The phylum Spirochaetota contains bacterial pathogens responsible for a variety of diseases, including Lyme disease, syphilis, periodontal disease, and leptospirosis. Motility of these pathogens is a major virulence factor that contributes to infectivity and host colonization. The oral pathogen Treponema denticola produces a post-translational modification (PTM) in the form of a lysinoalanine (Lal) crosslink between neighboring subunits of the flagellar hook protein FlgE. Herein, we demonstrate that representative spirochetes species across the phylum all form Lal in their flagellar hooks. T. denticola and B. burgdorferi cells incapable of forming the crosslink are non-motile, thereby establishing the general role of the Lal PTM in the unusual type of flagellar motility evolved by spirochetes.
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu H, Pan J, Dabbour M, Kumah Mintah B, Chen W, Yang F, Zhang Z, Cheng Y, Dai C, He R, Ma H. Synergistic effects of pH shift and heat treatment on solubility, physicochemical and structural properties, and lysinoalanine formation in silkworm pupa protein isolates. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112554. [PMID: 36869538 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The application of silkworm pupa protein isolates (SPPI) in food industry was limited because SPPI's solubility is poor and it contains a potential harmful component of lysinoalanine (LAL) which formed during protein extraction. In this study, combined treatments of pH shift and heating were performed to improve the solubility of SPPI and to reduce the content of LAL. The experimental results showed that the promoting effect on SPPI's solubility by alkaline pH shift + heat treatment was greater than that by acidic pH shift + heat. And an 8.62 times increase of solubility was observed after pH 12.5 + 80 ℃ treatment compared to the control SPPI sample which was extracted at pH 9.0 without pH shift treatment. Very strong positive correlation was found between alkali dosage and SPPI solubility (Pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.938). SPPI with pH 12.5 shift treatment showed the highest thermal stability. Alkaline pH shift combined with heat treatment altered the micromorphology of SPPI and destroyed the disulfide bonds between macromolecular subunits (72 and 95 kDa), resulting in reduced particle size and increased zeta potential and free sulfhydryl content of the isolates. The fluorescence spectra analysis showed red shifts phenomena with pH increasing and fluorescence intensity increase with temperature increasing, implying the alterations in the tertiary structure of protein. Compared to the control SPPI sample, the amount of LAL reduced by 47.40 %, 50.36 % and 52.39 % using pH 12.5 + 70 ℃, pH 12.5 + 80 ℃ and pH 12.5 + 90 ℃ treatment, respectively. These findings provide fundamental information for the development and application of SPPI in food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haining Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Jiayin Pan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Mokhtar Dabbour
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, P.O. Box 13736, Moshtohor, Qaluobia, Egypt
| | | | - Wen Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Zhaoli Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 196 Huayang West Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Chunhua Dai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Ronghai He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Evangelista RL, Hojilla‐Evangelista MP, Cermak SC, Van Tassel DL. Physical properties and processing of
Silphium integrifolium
seeds to obtain oil and enriched protein meal. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roque L. Evangelista
- Bio‐Oils Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR) Peoria Illinois USA
| | | | - Steven C. Cermak
- Bio‐Oils Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR) Peoria Illinois USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Møller AH, Hammershøj M, Dos Passos NHM, Tanambell H, Stødkilde L, Ambye-Jensen M, Danielsen M, Jensen SK, Dalsgaard TK. Biorefinery of Green Biomass─How to Extract and Evaluate High Quality Leaf Protein for Food? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14341-14357. [PMID: 34845908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing need for protein for both feed and food in order to meet future demands. It is imperative to explore and utilize novel protein sources such as protein from leafy plant material, which contains high amounts of the enzyme ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo). Leafy crops such as grasses and legumes can in humid climate produce high protein yields in a sustainable way when compared with many traditional seed protein crops. Despite this, very little RuBisCo is utilized for foods because proteins in the leaf material has a low accessibility to monogastrics. In order to utilize the leaf protein for food purposes, the protein needs to be extracted from the fiber rich leaf matrix. This conversion of green biomass to valuable products has been labeled green biorefinery. The green biorefinery may be tailored to produce different products, but in this Review, the focus is on production of food-grade protein. The existing knowledge on the extraction, purification, and concentration of protein from green biomass is reviewed. Additionally, the quality and potential application of the leaf protein in food products and side streams from the green biorefinery will be discussed along with possible uses of side streams from the protein production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Hauer Møller
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- CBIO, Aarhus University Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
- CiFOOD, Aarhus University Centre for Innovative Food Research, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Marianne Hammershøj
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- CBIO, Aarhus University Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
- CiFOOD, Aarhus University Centre for Innovative Food Research, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Natalia Hachow Motta Dos Passos
- CBIO, Aarhus University Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hartono Tanambell
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- CiFOOD, Aarhus University Centre for Innovative Food Research, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Lene Stødkilde
- CBIO, Aarhus University Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Morten Ambye-Jensen
- CBIO, Aarhus University Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marianne Danielsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- CBIO, Aarhus University Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
- CiFOOD, Aarhus University Centre for Innovative Food Research, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Søren K Jensen
- CBIO, Aarhus University Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Trine K Dalsgaard
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- CBIO, Aarhus University Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
- CiFOOD, Aarhus University Centre for Innovative Food Research, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Y, Zhang Z, Ren W, Wang Y, Mintah BK, Dabbour M, Hou Y, He R, Cheng Y, Ma H. Inhibition Effect of Ultrasound on the Formation of Lysinoalanine in Rapeseed Protein Isolates during pH Shift Treatment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8536-8545. [PMID: 34296617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
pH shift is an effective technique for modifying functional properties of food proteins. However, it can increase lysinoalanine (LAL) content under alkali conditions, thus limiting the use of proteins. This study investigated the inhibition effect of ultrasonic parameters on LAL formation in rapeseed protein isolates (RPI) during pH shift treatment (pH-ST). Results showed that the content of LAL decreased by 49.5% and 74.1%, following the use of ultrasound (28 kHz, 40 W/L, 40 °C, and 30 min) under alkali and acidic treatment, respectively. Structural analysis showed that after ultrasonic irradiation, increased sulfhydryl groups and amino acids reduced the dehydroalanine and, thus, decreased LAL content. Particle size, secondary structure, and microstructure (SEM, AFM) analyses showed relative dispersion in protein distribution, reducing intermolecular or intramolecular cross-linking, thereby lowering the LAL content. Thus, ultrasonic-aided pH-ST may be an operational technique toward minimizing LAL formation in RPI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
- College of Grain Engineering, Food & Drug, Jiangsu Vocational college of Finance &Economics, 8 Meicheng East Road, Huaian, Jiangsu 223001,China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Zhaoli Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 196 Huayang West Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Wenbin Ren
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 196 Huayang West Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Benjamin Kumah Mintah
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Mokhtar Dabbour
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, P.O. Box 13736, Moshtohor, Qaluobia, Egypt
| | - Yizhi Hou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Ronghai He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kurz F, Hengst C, Kulozik U. RP-HPLC method for simultaneous quantification of free and total thiol groups in native and heat aggregated whey proteins. MethodsX 2020; 7:101112. [PMID: 33194562 PMCID: PMC7644750 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide formation of whey proteins during heat treatment via thiol oxidation is important with regard to techno-functional properties. Due to the formation of other oxidation products than disulfides, the decrease in free thiol concentration is not proportional to the disulfide formation. Thus, in order to evaluate thiol reactivity and disulfide concentration both parameters are required. Currently applied methods focus mainly on the loss of free thiols using the spectrophotometric Ellman's assay. Next to that, we improved an existing RP-HPLC assay using the thiol reagent 4,4′-Dithiodipyridine (DTDP) to quantify free thiols as well as total (free thiols and disulfide bonds) thiols of native and heat-treated whey proteins. Thereby, the sample preparation technique, the sample handling, and the analysis technique were optimized. Thus, the paper provides a simple RP-HPLC method for quantification of thiol oxidation reactions to determine heat-induced changes in the structure of whey proteins. In addition, the method should be applicable to other protein systems due to the method validation by proteins of different amounts of free and total thiols in their structure.Simple RP-HPLC method for quantification of free and total thiols using 4,4′-Dithiodipyridine (DTDP). High recovery rates for free and total thiols. High stability within 24 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Kurz
- Chair of Food and Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Claudia Hengst
- Chair of Food and Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kulozik
- Chair of Food and Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lynch MJ, Miller M, James M, Zhang S, Zhang K, Li C, Charon NW, Crane BR. Structure and chemistry of lysinoalanine crosslinking in the spirochaete flagella hook. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:959-965. [PMID: 31406373 PMCID: PMC6764852 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The flagellar hook protein FlgE from spirochaete bacteria self-catalyzes the formation of an unusual inter-subunit lysinoalanine (Lal) crosslink that is critical for cell motility. Unlike other known examples of Lal biosynthesis, conserved cysteine and lysine residues in FlgE spontaneously react to form Lal without the involvement of additional enzymes. Oligomerization of FlgE via its D0 and Dc domains drives assembly of the crosslinking site at the D1-D2 domain interface. Structures of the FlgED2 domain, dehydroalanine (DHA) intermediate and Lal crosslinked FlgE subunits reveal successive snapshots of the reaction. Cys178 flips from a buried configuration to release hydrogen sulfide (H2S/HS-) and produce DHA. Interface residues provide hydrogen bonds to anchor the active site, facilitate β-elimination of Cys178 and polarize the peptide backbone to activate DHA for reaction with Lys165. Cysteine-reactive molecules accelerate DHA formation, whereas nucleophiles can intercept the DHA intermediate, thereby indicating a potential for Lal crosslink inhibitors to combat spirochaetal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lynch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michael Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Milinda James
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Chunhao Li
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nyles W Charon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Brian R Crane
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee TC, Edrington TC, Bell E, Burzio LA, Glenn KC. Effect of common processing of soybeans on the enzymatic activity and detectability of the protein, Dicamba Mono-Oxygenase (DMO), introduced into dicamba-tolerant MON 87708. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 102:98-107. [PMID: 30562601 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the safety of genetically engineered crops includes evaluating the risk (hazard and exposure) of consuming their newly expressed proteins. The dicamba monooxygenase (DMO) protein, introduced into soybeans to confer tolerance (DT) to dicamba herbicide, was previously characterized and identified to pose no food or feed safety hazards. Most agricultural commodities (e.g., soybeans, maize) enter the food supply after processing methods that can include exposure to high temperatures, harsh solvents or pH extremes that can adversely impact the structure and function of proteins. To understand the likelihood of exposure to DMO in foods from DT soy, enzymatically active and/or immunodetectable forms of DMO were measured in pilot-scale productions of two soy foods (soymilk and tofu), and eight processed fractions (full fat flour, inactivated full fat flour, defatted flour, toasted meal, protein isolate, protein concentrate, crude lecithin, and refined, bleached and deodorized oil). Western blot analysis detected DMO in tofu and in five of the eight processed fractions. DMO activity was not detected in either soymilk or tofu, nor in six of the eight processed fractions. Therefore, many commercial soy processing methods can denature and/or degrade introduced proteins, like DMO. Although the DMO protein has shown no evidence of hazard, this study demonstrates that processing further reduces any food or feed risk by limiting dietary exposure to intact DMO protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Lee
- Bayer U.S. - Crop Science, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West., St. Louis, MO, 63017, USA.
| | - Thomas C Edrington
- Bayer U.S. - Crop Science, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West., St. Louis, MO, 63017, USA
| | - Erin Bell
- Bayer U.S. - Crop Science, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West., St. Louis, MO, 63017, USA
| | - Luis A Burzio
- Bayer U.S. - Crop Science, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West., St. Louis, MO, 63017, USA
| | - Kevin C Glenn
- Bayer U.S. - Crop Science, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West., St. Louis, MO, 63017, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Friedman M. Chemistry, Antimicrobial Mechanisms, and Antibiotic Activities of Cinnamaldehyde against Pathogenic Bacteria in Animal Feeds and Human Foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10406-10423. [PMID: 29155570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamaldehyde is a major constituent of cinnamon essential oils produced by aromatic cinnamon plants. This compound has been reported to exhibit antimicrobial properties in vitro in laboratory media and in animal feeds and human foods contaminated with disease-causing bacteria including Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. This integrated review surveys and interprets our current knowledge of the chemistry, analysis, safety, mechanism of action, and antibiotic activities of cinnamaldehyde in food animal (cattle, lambs, calves, pigs, poultry) diets and in widely consumed liquid (apple, carrot, tomato, and watermelon juices, milk) and solid foods. Solid foods include various fruits (bayberries, blueberries, raspberries, and strawberries), vegetables (carrots, celery, lettuce, spinach, cucumbers, and tomatoes), meats (beef, ham, pork, and frankfurters), poultry (chickens and turkeys), seafood (oysters and shrimp), bread, cheese, eggs, infant formula, and peanut paste. The described findings are not only of fundamental interest but also have practical implications for food safety, nutrition, and animal and human health. The collated information and suggested research needs will hopefully facilitate and guide further studies needed to optimize the use of cinnamaldehyde alone and in combination with other natural antimicrobials and medicinal antibiotics to help prevent and treat food animal and human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Albany, California 94710, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zou Y, Bian H, Li P, Sun Z, Sun C, Zhang M, Geng Z, Xu W, Wang D. Optimization and physicochemical properties of nutritional protein isolate from pork liver with ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction. Anim Sci J 2017; 89:456-466. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zou
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing; Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing China
| | - Huan Bian
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing; Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing China
| | - Pengpeng Li
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing; Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing China
| | - Zhilan Sun
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing; Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing China
| | - Chong Sun
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing; Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing China
| | - Muhan Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing; Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing China
| | - Zhiming Geng
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing; Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing China
| | - Weimin Xu
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing; Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing China
| | - Daoying Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing; Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oddo A, Münzker L, Hansen PR. Peptide Macrocycles Featuring a Backbone Secondary Amine: A Convenient Strategy for the Synthesis of Lipidated Cyclic and Bicyclic Peptides on Solid Support. Org Lett 2015; 17:2502-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Oddo
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena Münzker
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul R. Hansen
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huson MG, Church JS, Poole JM, Weisman S, Sriskantha A, Warden AC, Campbell PM, Ramshaw JAM, Sutherland TD. Controlling the molecular structure and physical properties of artificial honeybee silk by heating or by immersion in solvents. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52308. [PMID: 23300639 PMCID: PMC3533894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybee larvae produce silken cocoons that provide mechanical stability to the hive. The silk proteins are small and non-repetitive and therefore can be produced at large scale by fermentation in E. coli. The recombinant proteins can be fabricated into a range of forms; however the resultant material is soluble in water and requires a post production stabilizing treatment. In this study, we describe the structural and mechanical properties of sponges fabricated from artificial honeybee silk proteins that have been stabilized in aqueous methanol baths or by dry heating. Aqueous methanol treatment induces formation of ß-sheets, with the amount of ß-sheet dictated by methanol concentration. Formation of ß-sheets renders sponges insoluble in water and generates a reversibly compressible material. Dry heat treatments at 190°C produce a water insoluble material, that is stiffer than the methanol treated equivalent but without significant secondary structural changes. Honeybee silk proteins are particularly high in Lys, Ser, Thr, Glu and Asp. The properties of the heat treated material are attributed to generation of lysinoalanine, amide (isopeptide) and/or ester covalent cross-links. The unique ability to stabilize material by controlling secondary structure rearrangement and covalent cross-linking allows us to design recombinant silk materials with a wide range of properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mickey G Huson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Materials Science and Engineering, Geelong, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rombouts I, Lagrain B, Brijs K, Delcour JA. Cross-linking of wheat gluten proteins during production of hard pretzels. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2429-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
15
|
Michaelsen KF, Hoppe C, Roos N, Kaestel P, Stougaard M, Lauritzen L, Mølgaard C, Girma T, Friis H. Choice of foods and ingredients for moderately malnourished children 6 months to 5 years of age. Food Nutr Bull 2010; 30:S343-404. [PMID: 19998864 DOI: 10.1177/15648265090303s303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is consensus on how to treat severe malnutrition, but there is no agreement on the most cost-effective way to treat infants and young children with moderate malnutrition who consume cereal-dominated diets. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the nutritional qualities of relevant foods and ingredients in relation to the nutritional needs of children with moderate malnutrition and to identify research needs. The following general aspects are covered: energy density, macronutrient content and quality, minerals and vitamins, bioactive substances, antinutritional factors, and food processing. The nutritional values of the main food groups--cereals, legumes, pulses, roots, vegetables, fruits, and animal foods--are discussed. The special beneficial qualities of animal-source foods, which contain high levels of minerals important for growth, high-quality protein, and no antinutrients or fibers, are emphasized. In cereal-dominated diets, the plant foods should be processed to reduce the contents of antinutrients and fibers. Provision of a high fat content to increase energy density is emphasized; however, the content of micronutrients should also be increased to maintain nutrient density. The source of fat should be selected to supply optimal amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially n-3 fatty acids. Among multiple research needs, the following are highlighted: to identify the minimum quantity of animal foods needed to support acceptable child growth and development, to examine the nutritional gains of reducing contents of antinutrients and fibers in cereal- and legume-based diets, and to examine the role of fat quality, especially PUFA content and ratios, in children with moderate malnutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brennan DF, Barford D. Eliminylation: a post-translational modification catalyzed by phosphothreonine lyases. Trends Biochem Sci 2009; 34:108-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 11/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
17
|
Deepalakshmi PD. Characterization of recombinant protein mutants by top-down sequencing using quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2009; 15:641-649. [PMID: 19679944 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Top-down sequencing using quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry is used as a direct way of locating the mutated sites of recombinant proteins and posttranslational modification in a protein. Several mutants of barstar, expressed in E.coli, were confirmed by analyzing the fragmentation pattern of mutants. A contaminant protein, that appeared while purifying mutants of barstar, was identified as acyl carrier protein from E.coli with a posttranslational modification on serine residue, indicating that the protein was biologically active. A mutant of ribosomal protein S6 has been characterized with neutral loss of ammonia at the N-terminal region of the protein. The power of the "top-down" approach in characterizing the mutants of recombinant proteins has been demonstrated.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The success of genome sequencing has heightened the demand for new means to manipulate proteins. An especially desirable goal is the ability to modify a target protein at a specific site with a functional group of orthogonal reactivity. Here, we achieve that goal by exploiting the intrinsic electrophilicity of the thioester intermediate formed during intein-mediated protein splicing. Detailed kinetic analyses of the reaction of nitrogen nucleophiles with a chromogenic small-molecule thioester revealed that the alpha-hydrazino acetyl group was the optimal nucleophile for attacking a thioester at neutral pH to form a stable linkage. A bifunctional reagent bearing an alpha-hydrazino acetamido and azido group was synthesized in high overall yield. This reagent was used to attack the thioester linkage between a target protein and intein, and thereby append an azido group to the target protein in a single step. The azido protein retained full biological activity. Furthermore, its azido group was available for chemical modification by Huisgen 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Thus, the mechanism of intein-mediated protein splicing provides the means to install a useful functional group at a specific site-the C terminus-of virtually any protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeet Kalia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1322, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shimizu A, Nakanishi T, Miyazaki A. Detection and characterization of variant and modified structures of proteins in blood and tissues by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:686-712. [PMID: 16565975 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Some variant proteins cause diseases, and some diseases result in increases of proteins with abnormally modified structures. The detection, characterization, and estimation of the relative amounts of protein variants and abnormally modified proteins are important for clinical diagnosis and for elucidation of the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of diseases. Analysis of the covalent structures of proteins using matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization MS (LC-ESI-MS), which had been developed by the early 1990s, have largely replaced analyses by conventional protein chemistry. Here, we review the detection and characterization of hemoglobin variants, HbA1c measurement, detection of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, and identification of variants of transthyretin (TTR) and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) using soft ionization MS. We also propose the diagnostic application of the signals of modified forms of TTR, that is, S-sulfonated TTR and S-homocysteinyl TTR. The relative peak height ratio of the abnormal/normal components gives valuable information about the instability of variants and enables the detection of unstable Hb subunits or thalassemia heterozygotes. We found unique modified structures of TTR that suggested changes in amyloid fibrils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shimizu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakucho, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Somoza V, Wenzel E, Weiss C, Clawin-Rädecker I, Grübel N, Erbersdobler HF. Dose-dependent utilisation of casein-linked lysinoalanine, N(epsilon)-fructoselysine and N(epsilon)-carboxymethyllysine in rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006; 50:833-41. [PMID: 16917812 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200600021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
During the heat treatment of protein-containing foods, the amino acid lysine is most prone to undergo chemical reactions in the course of amino acid cross-linking or Maillard reactions. Among the reaction products formed, lysinoalanine (LAL), N(epsilon)-fructoselysine (FL) and N(epsilon)-carboxymethyllysine (CML) are those which serve as sensitive markers for the heat treatment applied. From a nutritional perspective, these compounds are ingested with the diet in considerable amounts but information about their metabolic transit and putative in vivo effects is scarce. In the present study, casein-linked LAL, FL and CML were administered to rats in two different doses for 10 days. Quantitation of LAL, FL and CML in plasma, tissue and faeces samples revealed that the kidneys are the predominant sites of accumulation and excretion. The maximum percent of dietary LAL, FL and CML excreted in the urine was 5.6, 5.2 and 29%, whereas the respective recoveries in the kidneys were 0.02, 26 and 1.4%. The plasma and tissue analyses revealed that the endogenous load of either compound is increased by its dietary intake. But the dose-dependent utilisation of dietary protein-linked LAL, FL and CML in rats has been demonstrated for the first time to vary substantially from each other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Somoza
- German Research Centre for Food Chemistry, Garching, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nakanishi T, Sato T, Sakoda S, Yoshioka M, Shimizu A. Modification of cysteine residue in transthyretin and a synthetic peptide: analyses by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1698:45-53. [PMID: 15063314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Revised: 10/08/2003] [Accepted: 10/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine and cystine in protein are modified to various derivatives in vitro and in vivo. By electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), we previously found derivatives of serum transthyretin (TTR) in which cysteine residue at position 10 was changed to glycine residue and sulfocysteine residue. The change, cysteine to glycine, was unique and the origin of the sulfonic acid group was controversial. In the present paper, we show the molecular masses of various TTR derivatives including these two, and the modification process was studied using a synthetic peptide with the same sequence as cysteine containing part of TTR, i.e., SKCPLMVK. After incubation of the peptide at pH 8.3, various derivatives were generated, which showed changes of cysteine residue to glycine, dehydroalanine, S-thiocysteine, and S-sulfocysteine residues, which were confirmed by molecular mass and collision-induced dissociation spectra. Dehydroalanine may react with other amino acids and contribute to form cross-linking fibril, causing amyloidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toyofumi Nakanishi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-cho, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Abstract
The recent three-dimensional structure of histidine ammonia-lyase revealed that the enzyme contains a 3,5-dihydro-5-methylidene-4H-imidazol-4-one (MIO) ring, which forms autocatalytically from an Ala-Ser143-Gly triad. This novel prosthetic group, which is also present in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, activates substrates by electrophilic interaction. Modern analytical methods, theoretical calculations and molecular biology tools have given further insight into the mode of action of MIO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Poppe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Gellért tér 4, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|