1
|
Staszkiewicz R, Sobański D, Bryś K, Och W, Garczarek M, Ulasavets U, Stasiowski M, Dammermann W, Strojny D, Grabarek BO. Effect of Glycemic Disorders and Habits on the Concentration of Selected Neurotrophic Factors in Patients with Lumbosacral Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:908-923. [PMID: 37888810 DOI: 10.2174/0113892010262904230919073351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unhealthy habits, such as overeating processed and high-calorie foods, alcohol abuse, and smoking, negatively impact human health. It has been suggested that the inflammatory process and the resulting growth of nerve fibers within the intervertebral disc (IVD) fissures is the main reason for the pain accompanying IVD degeneration (IVDD). OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether smoking, alcohol consumption, overweight/obesity, or diabetes comorbidity contribute to the development of IVDD and how the aforementioned factors affect the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43) in the study and control groups (intervertebral discs, IVDs from cadavers, and serum samples from voluntary blood donors). METHODS The study group comprised 113 patients diagnosed with IVDD who qualified for microdiscectomy. Two control groups (I and II) were used in this study. The first included 81 IVDs obtained from Caucasian human cadavers. Control group II, on the other hand, included serum samples obtained from 113 voluntary blood donors. The expression profiles of BDNF, GDNF, and GAP-43 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Our statistical analysis confirmed that patients who were overweight/obese, smoked tobacco, consumed alcohol, or had diabetes had a higher risk of IVDD (OR > 1). Statistical analysis showed that BDNF, GAP-43, and GDNF concentrations were significantly higher in the IVDs and serum samples obtained from the study group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, higher levels of BDNF, GDNF, and GAP-43 were noted in IVDD patients who consumed alcohol, smoked tobacco, were overweight/obese, or had comorbid diabetes compared to patients without these risk factors (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION We showed that changes in energy metabolism, habits, and lifestyle, as well as the degenerative process of IVD in the lumbosacral spine contribute to changing the concentration profile of the analyzed neurotrophic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Staszkiewicz
- Department of Neurosurgery, 5th Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Krakow, 30-901, Krakow, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, WSB Academy, 41-300, Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia, 40-555, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dawid Sobański
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski University in Krakow, 30-705, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Szpital sw. Rafala in Krakow, 30-693 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Bryś
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia, 40-555, Katowice, Poland
| | - Waldemar Och
- Neurosurgery Department, Regional Specialist Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Michał Garczarek
- Department of Neurosurgery, 5th Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Krakow, 30-901, Krakow, Poland
| | - Uladzislau Ulasavets
- Department of Neurosurgery, 5th Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Krakow, 30-901, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Stasiowski
- Chair and Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-555, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, 5th Regional Hospital, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Werner Dammermann
- Center for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Damian Strojny
- Institute of Health Protection, State Academy of Applied Sciences in Przemyśl, 37-700 Przemyśl, Poland
| | - Beniamin Oskar Grabarek
- Department of Neurosurgery, 5th Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Krakow, 30-901, Krakow, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, WSB Academy, 41-300, Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hosseini E, Kianifard D. Effect of prenatal stress and extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on anxiety-like behavior in female rats: With an emphasis on prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2949. [PMID: 36942730 PMCID: PMC10097060 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prenatal stress (PS) is a problematic situation resulting in psychological implications such as social anxiety. Ubiquitous extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) have been confirmed as a potential physiological stressor; however, useful neuroregenerative effect of these types of electromagnetic fields has also frequently been reported. The aim of the present study was to survey the interaction of PS and ELF-EMF on anxiety-like behavior. METHOD A total of 24 female rats 40 days of age were distributed into four groups of 6 rats each: control, stress (their mothers were exposed to stress), EMF (their mothers underwent to ELF-EMF), and EMF/stress (their mothers concurrently underwent to stress and ELF-EMF). The rats were assayed using elevated plus-maze and open field tests. RESULTS Expressions of the hippocampus GAP-43, BDNF, and caspase-3 (cas-3) were detected by immunohistochemistry in Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Anxiety-like behavior increased in all treatment groups. Rats in the EMF/stress group presented more serious anxiety-like behavior. In all treatment groups, upregulated expression of cas-3 was seen in PFC, DG, and CA1 and downregulated expression of BDNF and GAP-43 was seen in PFC and DG and the CA1. Histomorphological study showed vast neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampus and PFC. CONCLUSION The results showed ,female rats that underwent PS or/and EMF exhibited critical anxiety-like behavior and this process may be attributed to neurodegeneration in PFC and DG of the hippocampus and possibly decreased synaptic plasticity so-called areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Hosseini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Physiology, Department of basic science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Davoud Kianifard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rangsinth P, Duangjan C, Sillapachaiyaporn C, Isidoro C, Prasansuklab A, Tencomnao T. Caesalpinia mimosoides Leaf Extract Promotes Neurite Outgrowth and Inhibits BACE1 Activity in Mutant APP-Overexpressing Neuronal Neuro2a Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090901. [PMID: 34577601 PMCID: PMC8469274 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is implicated in the imbalance of several proteins, including Amyloid-β (Aβ), amyloid precursor protein (APP), and BACE1. APP overexpression interferes with neurite outgrowth, while BACE1 plays a role in Aβ generation. Medicinal herbs with effects on neurite outgrowth stimulation and BACE1 inhibition may benefit AD. This study aimed to investigate the neurite outgrowth stimulatory effect, along with BACE1 inhibition of Caesalpinia mimosoides (CM), using wild-type (Neuro2a) and APP (Swedish mutant)-overexpressing (Neuro2a/APPSwe) neurons. The methanol extract of CM leaves stimulated neurite outgrowth in wild-type and APP-overexpressing cells. After exposure to the extract, the mRNA expression of the neurite outgrowth activation genes growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and teneurin-4 (Ten-4) was increased in both Neuro2a and Neuro2a/APPSwe cells, while the mRNA expression of neurite outgrowth negative regulators Nogo receptor (NgR) and Lingo-1 was reduced. Additionally, the extract suppressed BACE1 activity in the APP-overexpressing neurons. Virtual screening demonstrated that quercetin-3′-glucuronide, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, clausarinol, and theogallin were possible inhibitors of BACE1. ADMET was analyzed to predict drug-likeness properties of CM-constituents. These results suggest that CM extract promotes neurite outgrowth and inhibits BACE1 activity in APP-overexpressing neurons. Thus, CM may serve as a source of drugs for AD treatment. Additional studies for full identification of bioactive constituents and to confirm the neuritogenesis in vivo are needed for translation into clinic of the present findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panthakarn Rangsinth
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.R.); (C.D.); (C.S.)
| | - Chatrawee Duangjan
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.R.); (C.D.); (C.S.)
| | - Chanin Sillapachaiyaporn
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.R.); (C.D.); (C.S.)
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Anchalee Prasansuklab
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (T.T.); Tel.: +66-2218-8048 (A.P.); +66-2218-1533 (T.T.)
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (T.T.); Tel.: +66-2218-8048 (A.P.); +66-2218-1533 (T.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fujimura M, Usuki F, Nakamura A. Fasudil, a Rho-Associated Coiled Coil-Forming Protein Kinase Inhibitor, Recovers Methylmercury-Induced Axonal Degeneration by Changing Microglial Phenotype in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2020; 168:126-136. [PMID: 30462329 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental neurotoxicant that induces neuropathological changes. In this study, we established chronic MeHg-intoxicated rats. These rats survived, and sustained MeHg-induced axonal degeneration, including the dorsal root nerve and the dorsal column of the spinal cord; these changes persisted 12 weeks after MeHg withdrawal. We demonstrated for the first time the restorative effect of Fasudil, a specific inhibitor of Rho-associated coiled coil-forming protein kinase, on axonal degeneration and corresponding neural dysfunction in the established chronic MeHg-intoxicated rats. To investigate the mechanism of this restorative effect, we focused on the expression of Rho protein families. This was supported by our previous study, which demonstrated that cotreatment with Fasudil prevented axonal degeneration by mitigating neurite extension/retraction incoordination caused by MeHg-induced suppression of Rac1 in vitro and in subacute MeHg-intoxicated rats. However, the mechanism of the restorative effect of Fasudil on axonal degeneration in chronic MeHg-intoxicated rats differed from MeHg-mediated neuritic extension/retraction incoordination. We found that the restorative effect of Fasudil was caused by the Fasudil-induced change of microglial phenotype, from proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory; moreover, Fasudil suppressed Rho-associated coiled coil-forming protein kinase activity. Treatment with Fasudil decreased the expression of proinflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6; furthermore, it inactivated the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells pathway. Additionally, Fasudil treatment was associated with increased levels of anti-inflammatory factors arginase-1 and interleukin-10. These results suggest that Rho-associated coiled coil-forming protein kinase inhibition may recover MeHg-mediated axonal degeneration and neural dysfunction in chronic MeHg intoxication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fusako Usuki
- Department of Clinical Medicine, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Kumamoto 867-0008, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Medicine, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Kumamoto 867-0008, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu S, Chen M, Deng L, Zhang J, Ni W, Wang X, Yao F, Li X, Xu H, Xu J, Xiao J. The repair and autophagy mechanisms of hypoxia-regulated bFGF-modified primary embryonic neural stem cells in spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:603-619. [PMID: 32027101 PMCID: PMC7180297 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no effective strategy for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI), a devastating condition characterized by severe hypoxia and ischemic insults. In this study, we investigated the histology and pathophysiology of the SCI milieu in a rat model and found that areas of hypoxia were unevenly interspersed in compressed SCI. With this new knowledge, we generated embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) expressing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) under the regulation of five hypoxia-responsive elements (5HRE) using a lentiviral vector (LV-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs) to specifically target these hypoxic loci. SCI models treated with bFGF expressed by the LV-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs viral vector demonstrated improved recovery, increased neuronal survival, and inhibited autophagy in spinal cord lesions in the rat model due to the reversal of hypoxic conditions at day 42 after injury. Furthermore, improved functional restoration of SCI with neuron regeneration was achieved in vivo, accompanied by glial scar inhibition and the evidence of axon regeneration across the scar boundary. This is the first study to illustrate the presence of hypoxic clusters throughout the injury site of compressed SCI and the first to show that the transplantation of LV-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs to target this hypoxic microenvironment enhanced the recovery of neurological function after SCI in rats; LV-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs may therefore be a good candidate to evaluate cellular SCI therapy in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Laboratory, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liancheng Deng
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinjing Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Felix Yao
- Molecular Laboratory, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Laboratory, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kalisvaart ACJ, Prokop BJ, Colbourne F. Hypothermia: Impact on plasticity following brain injury. Brain Circ 2019; 5:169-178. [PMID: 31950092 PMCID: PMC6950515 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_21_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is a potent neuroprotectant against multiple forms of brain injury, but in some cases, prolonged cooling is needed. Such cooling protocols raise the risk that TH will directly or indirectly impact neuroplasticity, such as after global and focal cerebral ischemia or traumatic brain injury. TH, depending on the depth and duration, has the potential to broadly affect brain plasticity, especially given the spatial, temporal, and mechanistic overlap with the injury processes that cooling is used to treat. Here, we review the current experimental and clinical evidence to evaluate whether application of TH has any adverse or positive effects on postinjury plasticity. The limited available data suggest that mild TH does not appear to have any deleterious effect on neuroplasticity; however, we emphasize the need for additional high-quality preclinical and clinical work in this area.
Collapse
|
7
|
Cao JY, Lin Y, Han YF, Ding SH, Fan YL, Pan YH, Zhao B, Guo QH, Sun WH, Wan JQ, Tong XP. Expression of nerve growth factor carried by pseudotyped lentivirus improves neuron survival and cognitive functional recovery of post-ischemia in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:508-518. [PMID: 29409115 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been reported to prevent neuronal damage and contributes to the functional recovery in animal brain injury models and human ischemic disease as well. We aimed to investigate a potential therapeutic effect of NGF gene treatment in ischemic stroke and to estimate the functional recovery both at the cellular and cognitive levels in an ischemia rat model. METHODS After microinjection of pseudolentivirus-delivered β-NGF into an established ischemic stroke model in rats (tMCAO), we estimated neuronal cell apoptosis with TUNEL labeling and neurogenesis by cell proliferation marker Ki67 staining in both ischemic core and penumbra of striatum. Furthermore, we used behavioral functional tests, Morris water maze performance, to evaluate cognitive functional recovery in vivo and propose a potential underlying mechanism. RESULTS We found that pseudolentivirus-mediated delivery of β-NGF gene into the brain induced high expression in striatum of the infarct core area after ischemia in rats. The β-NGF overexpression in the striatal infarction core after ischemia not only improved neuronal survival by reducing cell apoptosis and increasing cell proliferation, but also rescued cognitive functional impairment through upregulation of GAP-43 protein expression in tMCAO rat model of ischemia. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a potential β-NGF gene therapy by utilization of pseudolentivirus in ischemia and indicates future applications of NGF gene treatment in ischemic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Cao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Lin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Fei Han
- Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Hao Ding
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ling Fan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao-Hua Pan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Hua Guo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Hua Sun
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Qing Wan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Tong
- Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang YH, Chang SH, Mau-Hsu D, Wang JH, Young TH. Poly(N-(4-aminobutyl)-acrylamide) as mimetic polylysine for improving survival and differentiation of cerebellar granule neurons. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:1194-1201. [PMID: 28561950 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Poly(N-(4-aminobutyl)-acrylamide) (P4Am) and poly-d-lysine (PDL) possess the same butylamine side chain. The main difference is the peptide structure, which is in the main chain of PDL but in the side chain of P4Am. PDL has been extensively used in the preparation of neuronal cultures. We assumed neurons are sensitive enough to distinguish such structure difference so these two cationic polymers were compared at serial coating concentrations for culturing cerebellar granule neurons from 7-day-old Wistar rats in this study. Cellular viability and morphology assay showed no obvious difference for neurons cultured at high coating concentrations (>0.31 µg/mL) of these two polymers. In contrast, the difference in the peptide structure between P4Am and PDL could be distinguished by neurons at low coating concentrations (< 0.16 µg/mL). P4Am at low coating concentration could keep aggregates with three or four thick processes to support a more complete neural network with higher cellular viability than PDL. This suggests the interaction between neurons and the specific peptide structure of P4Am at low coating concentration was able to improve survival and differentiation of cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Although neural cells exhibited different morphologies and activities on high and low P4Am coating concentrations, immunofluorescence imaging confirmed most of cultured cells were functionally mature neurons, stained by neurofilament, synapsin I, and GAP43. The information should be useful for designing new biomaterials for regeneration of damaged circuits following disease or trauma. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1194-1201, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsin Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Hsuan Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Daxen Mau-Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Preventive treatment of astaxanthin provides neuroprotection through suppression of reactive oxygen species and activation of antioxidant defense pathway after stroke in rats. Brain Res Bull 2017; 130:211-220. [PMID: 28161193 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Astaxanthin, a natural antioxidant carotenoid, has been shown to reduce cerebral ischemic injury in rodents. However, there have not been any studies specifically addressing whether preventive administration of astaxanthin can protect against cerebral ischemia. The purpose of this study was to examine whether pretreatment of astaxanthin can protect against ischemic injuries in the adult rats. The rats were pre-administered intragastrically with astaxanthin for seven days (once a day), and middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed at 1h after the final administration. It was found that astaxanthin prevented neurological deficits and reduced cerebral infarction volume. To evaluate the mechanisms underlying this protection, brain tissues were assayed for free radical damage, antioxidant gene expression, cell apoptosis and regeneration. The results showed that the mechanisms involved suppression of reactive oxygen species, activation of antioxidant defense pathway, and inhibition of apoptosis as well as promotion of neural regeneration. Astaxanthin did not alter body weights and the protective effect was found to be dose-dependent. Collectively, our data suggest that pretreatment of astaxanthin can protect against ischemia-related damages in brain tissue through multiple mechanisms, hinting that astaxanthin may have significant protective effects for patients vulnerable or prone to ischemic events.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sheikh A, Takatori A, Hossain MS, Hasan MK, Tagawa M, Nagase H, Nakagawara A. Unfavorable neuroblastoma prognostic factor NLRR2 inhibits cell differentiation by transcriptional induction through JNK pathway. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1223-32. [PMID: 27357360 PMCID: PMC5021041 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel human gene family encoding neuronal leucine rich repeat (NLRR) proteins were identified as prognostic markers from our previous screening of primary neuroblastoma (NB) cDNA libraries. Of the NLRR gene family members, NLRR1 and NLRR3 are associated with the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation, respectively. However, the functional regulation and clinical significance of NLRR2 in NB remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the differential expression of NLRR2, where high expressions of NLRR2 were significantly associated with a poor prognosis of NB (P = 0.0009), in 78 NBs. Enforced expression of NLRR2 in NB cells enhanced cellular proliferation and induced resistance to retinoic acid (RA)‐mediated cell growth inhibition. In contrast, knockdown of NLRR2 exhibited growth inhibition effects and enhanced RA‐induced cell differentiation in NB cells. After RA treatment, NLRR2 expression was increased and correlated with the upregulation of c‐Jun, a member of the activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) family in NB cells. Moreover, the expressions of NLRR2 and c‐Jun were suppressed by treatment with a JNK inhibitor, which ameliorated the promoter activity of the NLRR2 gene while knockdown of c‐Jun reduced NLRR2 expression. We then searched AP‐1 binding consensus in the NLRR2 promoter region and confirmed c‐Jun recruitment at a consensus. Conclusively, NLRR2 must be an inducible gene regulated by the JNK pathway to enhance cell survival and inhibit NB cell differentiation. Therefore, NLRR2 should have an important role in NB aggressiveness and be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of RA resistant and aggressive NB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Sheikh
- Division of Biochemistry and Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takatori
- Division of Biochemistry and Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan. .,Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Md Shamim Hossain
- Division of Biochemistry and Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Md Kamrul Hasan
- Division of Biochemistry and Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tagawa
- Division of Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagase
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pak EJ, Son GD, Yoo BS. Cadmium Inhibits Neurite Outgrowth in Differentiating Human SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:412-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581814550338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium, a highly ubiquitous heavy metal, is well known to induce neurotoxicity. However, the underlying mechanism of cadmium-mediated neurotoxicity remains unclear. We have studied cadmium inhibition of neurite outgrowth using human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells induced to differentiate by all- trans-retinoic acid (RA). Cadmium, at a concentration of 3 μmol/L, had no significant effect on the viability of differentiating SH-SY5Y cells. However, the neurite outgrowth of the differentiating SH-SY5Y cells 48 hours after cadmium treatment (1-3 μmol/L cadmium) was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of RA-stimulated differentiating SH-SY5Y cells with 1 to 3 μmol/L cadmium resulted in decreased level of cross-reactivities with 43-kDa growth-associated protein (GAP-43) in a dose-dependent manner. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, NAC (N-acetyl-l-cysteine), recovered the expression of GAP-43 in cadmium-treated cells. The results indicate that cadmium is able to inhibit neurite outgrowth of differentiating SH-SY5Y cells and that this effect might result from ROS generation by cadmium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Pak
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Dong Son
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Sun Yoo
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liao X, Leung KN. Tryptanthrin induces growth inhibition and neuronal differentiation in the human neuroblastoma LA-N-1 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:512-21. [PMID: 23500671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is one of the most common extracranial solid cancers found in young children. The prognosis of neuroblastoma patients in advanced stages having N-myc amplification remains poor despite intensive multimodal therapy. Agents that trigger neuroblastoma cells to undergo cellular differentiation and thereby stop proliferation have attracted considerable interest as an alternative therapy. Tryptanthrin (12-dihydro-6,12-dioxoindolo-(2,1-b)-quinazoline) is a weakly basic alkaloid isolated from the dried roots of medicinal indigo plants known as Banlangen. It has been shown to possess various biological activities, such as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. However, its effects and mechanism(s) of action on human neuroblastoma cells remain poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effects of tryptanthrin on the growth and differentiation of human neuroblastoma LA-N-1 cells with N-myc amplification. Our results show that tryptanthrin inhibited the growth of the human neuroblastoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies indicated that tryptanthrin induced cell cycle arrest of the human neuroblastoma LA-N-1 cells at the G0/G1 phase. Tryptanthrin also induced neuronal differentiation of LA-N-1 cells, as assessed by morphological criteria, enhancement of acetylcholine esterase activity and up-regulation of various differentiation markers. Moreover, tryptanthrin treatment led to the significant reduction of N-myc expression in LA-N-1 cells while siRNA directed against N-myc induced morphological differentiation of LA-N-1 cells. These results, when taken together, suggest that tryptanthrin suppressed the growth and induced neuronal differentiation in the human neuroblastoma LA-N-1 cells and might be exploited as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of high-risk neuroblastomas with N-myc-amplification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Liao
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Conformational altered p53 affects neuronal function: relevance for the response to toxic insult and growth-associated protein 43 expression. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e484. [PMID: 23392172 PMCID: PMC3734841 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of p53 in neurodegenerative diseases is essentially associated with neuronal death. Recently an alternative point of view is emerging, as altered p53 conformation and impaired protein function have been found in fibroblasts and blood cells derived from Alzheimer's disease patients. Here, using stable transfected SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing APP751wt (SY5Y-APP) we demonstrated that the expression of an unfolded p53 conformation compromised neuronal functionality. In particular, these cells showed (i) augmented expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its metabolites, including the C-terminal fragments C99 and C83 and β-amyloid peptide (ii) high levels of oxidative markers, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal Michael-adducts and 3-nitro-tyrosine and (iii) altered p53 conformation, mainly due to nitration of its tyrosine residues. The consequences of high-unfolded p53 expression resulted in loss of p53 pro-apoptotic activity, and reduction of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) mRNA and protein levels. The role of unfolded p53 in cell death resistance and lack of GAP-43 transcription was demonstrated by ZnCl2 treatment. Zinc supplementation reverted p53 wild-type tertiary structure, increased cells sensitivity to acute cytotoxic injury and GAP-43 levels in SY5Y-APP clone.
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang YG, Jiang DM, Quan ZX, Ou YS. Insulin with chondroitinase ABC treats the rat model of acute spinal cord injury. J Int Med Res 2009; 37:1097-107. [PMID: 19761692 DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is often associated with acute spinal cord injury (ASCI). Insulin and chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) are both therapeutically effective, but the combined therapeutic effect of insulin and ChABC is still not clear. A combination of insulin and ChABC were used to treat a rat model of ASCI. This combination therapy prevented neuronal cell death by improving motor function, increasing cell growth and inhibiting cell apoptosis in ASCI rats. Expression of growth-associated protein 43, a marker of axonal re-growth, increased after combined treatment with insulin and ChABC. These results may provide a basis for a future method of treating ASCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-G Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
De Moliner KL, Wolfson ML, Perrone Bizzozero N, Adamo AM. Growth-associated protein-43 is degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. J Neurosci Res 2005; 79:652-60. [PMID: 15668958 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) is a phosphoprotein whose expression in neurons is related to the initial establishment and remodeling of neural connections. GAP-43 gene expression is known to be regulated at both the transcriptional and the postranscriptional levels. However, very little is known about the cellular mechanism involved in the degradation of this protein. Ubiquitin (Ub) is well known for its role in targeting cytoplasmic proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) consists of a conserved cascade of three enzymatic components that attach Ub covalently to various substrates and control the degradation of protein involved in several important cellular processes. In this study, we investigated the degradation of GAP-43 in transfected NIH 3T3 cells and neuronal cultures. We found that the proteasome inhibitors, lactacystin and MG132 increased the cellular GAP-43 level, leading to the accumulation of polyubiquitinated forms of this protein in transfected cells and that the Ub-proteasome pathway is also involved in the turnover of this protein in neurons. We conclude based on our findings that GAP-43 is a substrate of the UPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L De Moliner
- Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mosevitsky MI. Nerve Ending “Signal” Proteins GAP‐43, MARCKS, and BASP1. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2005; 245:245-325. [PMID: 16125549 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(05)45007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of growth cone pathfinding in the course of neuronal net formation as well as mechanisms of learning and memory have been under intense investigation for the past 20 years, but many aspects of these phenomena remain unresolved and even mysterious. "Signal" proteins accumulated mainly in the axon endings (growth cones and the presynaptic area of synapses) participate in the main brain processes. These proteins are similar in several essential structural and functional properties. The most prominent similarities are N-terminal fatty acylation and the presence of an "effector domain" (ED) that dynamically binds to the plasma membrane, to calmodulin, and to actin fibrils. Reversible phosphorylation of ED by protein kinase C modulates these interactions. However, together with similarities, there are significant differences among the proteins, such as different conditions (Ca2+ contents) for calmodulin binding and different modes of interaction with the actin cytoskeleton. In light of these facts, we consider GAP-43, MARCKS, and BASP1 both separately and in conjunction. Special attention is devoted to a discussion of apparent inconsistencies in results and opinions of different authors concerning specific questions about the structure of proteins and their interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark I Mosevitsky
- Division of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 188300 Gatchina Leningrad District, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen TJ, Huang CW, Wang DC, Chen SS. Co-induction of growth-associated protein GAP-43 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the cochlear nucleus following cochleotomy. Exp Brain Res 2004; 158:151-62. [PMID: 15148562 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-004-1886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2003] [Accepted: 02/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In adult animals, cochlear lesioning leads to a reactive synaptogenesis with a reemergence of growth-associated protein, GAP-43, in the auditory brainstem nuclei. In addition, nitric oxide (NO) is also implicated in synaptogenesis. Three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) responsible for generating NO have been identified and, in neurons, the predominant isoform is neuronal NOS (nNOS). Studies in visual or olfactory systems have found that the NOS expression often correlates with periods of axonal outgrowth and synapse formation; whether NO plays a similar role in the auditory brainstem needs to be examined. In the present study, a unilateral cochleotomy was performed in adult mice to examine the relationship between the reemergence of GAP-43 and the expression pattern of nNOS. Following surgery, GAP-43 re-emerged in the ipsilateral anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) and the immunoreactivity reached a climax around postoperative day (POD) 8; the same expression pattern as that reported in the previous literature is the indicator of synaptogenesis. As for the nNOS immunoreactivity, a dramatic redistribution from a mostly cytoplasmal to a predominantly membranous localization in the ipsilateral AVCN was found especially at POD 4. A similar redistribution pattern in the ipsilateral AVCN for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor was also observed at POD 4, corresponding to the fact that the activation of nNOS is coupled to calcium influx via the NMDA-receptor. Furthermore, the expression of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is an indicator for activity of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), the substrate of NO, which reveals the target area of NO. Therefore, cGMP immunoreactivity was also examined and an obvious increase of cytoplasmal cGMP expression was observed around POD 4. Accordingly, it is suggested that nNOS activity correlates closely with the reactive synaptogenesis following a cochleotomy. Further evidence is shown by the results of fluorescent double staining; nNOS-positive cells were surrounded by GAP-43 labeled regions that appeared to be presynaptic boutons, and the vast majority of nNOS-positive cells also expressed cGMP. The former result indicates that, after surgery, there should be new terminal endings projecting onto the nNOS-positive cells in the AVCN. Furthermore, the latter result suggests a possible role of an autocrine mediator for nNOS in the AVCN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsan-Ju Chen
- Department of Physiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pascale A, Gusev PA, Amadio M, Dottorini T, Govoni S, Alkon DL, Quattrone A. Increase of the RNA-binding protein HuD and posttranscriptional up-regulation of the GAP-43 gene during spatial memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:1217-22. [PMID: 14745023 PMCID: PMC337033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307674100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ELAV-like proteins (HuB, HuC, and HuD) are highly conserved RNA-binding proteins able to selectively associate with the 3' UTR of a subset of target mRNAs and increase their cytoplasmic stability and rate of translation. We previously demonstrated the involvement of these proteins in learning, reporting that they undergo a sustained up-regulation in the hippocampus of mice trained in a spatial discrimination task. Here, we extend this finding, showing that a similar up-regulation occurs in the hippocampus of rats trained in another spatial learning paradigm, the Morris water maze. HuD, a strictly neuron-specific ELAV-like protein, is shown to increase after learning, with a preferential binding to the cytoskeletal fraction. HuD up-regulation is associated with an enhancement of GAP-43 mRNA and protein levels, with an apparently increased HuD colocalization with the GAP-43 mRNA and an increased association of neuronal ELAV-like proteins with the GAP-43 mRNA. These learning-dependent biochemical events appear to be spatiotemporally controlled, because they do not occur in another brain region involved in learning, the retrosplenial cortex, and at the level of protein expression they show extinction 1 month after training despite memory retention. By contrast, HuD mRNA levels still remain increased after 1 month in the CA1 region. This persistence may have implications for long-term memory recall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Pascale
- Department of Experimental and Applied Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hollams EM, Giles KM, Thomson AM, Leedman PJ. MRNA stability and the control of gene expression: implications for human disease. Neurochem Res 2002; 27:957-80. [PMID: 12462398 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020992418511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression is essential for the homeostasis of an organism, playing a pivotal role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and response to specific stimuli. Multiple studies over the last two decades have demonstrated that the modulation of mRNA stability plays an important role in regulating gene expression. The stability of a given mRNA transcript is determined by the presence of sequences within an mRNA known as cis-elements, which can be bound by trans-acting RNA-binding proteins to inhibit or enhance mRNA decay. These cis-trans interactions are subject to a control by a wide variety of factors including hypoxia, hormones, and cytokines. In this review, we describe mRNA biosynthesis and degradation, and detail the cis-elements and RNA-binding proteins known to affect mRNA turnover. We present recent examples in which dysregulation of mRNA stability has been associated with human diseases including cancer, inflammatory disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elysia M Hollams
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine and University Department of Medicine, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wijnberger LDE, Nikkels PGJ, van Dongen AJCM, Noorlander CW, Mulder EJH, Schrama LH, Visser GHA. Expression in the placenta of neuronal markers for perinatal brain damage. Pediatr Res 2002; 51:492-6. [PMID: 11919335 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200204000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Determination of S-100 a and b and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in (cord) blood and amniotic fluid has been used to assess neonatal neuronal damage after compromising conditions. However, these proteins are not only found in nervous tissue, and their expression in placenta and umbilical cord has never been investigated. In this study, S-100 (a and b) and NSE expression in human cord and placental tissue was studied by immunohistochemical analysis. Similar analysis was performed using two other brain-specific markers: glial fibrillary acidic protein and growth-associated protein B-50 (also known as GAP-43 or neuromodulin). Tissue was derived after elective cesarean section in seven women of different gestational ages after uncomplicated or complicated pregnancy. S-100 a and b and NSE immunoreactivity was found in several cell types and structures in the umbilical cord as well as in the placenta of all seven cases. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and B-50 showed no immunoreactivity. These data are of importance for interpreting findings of studies in which S-100 or NSE levels in cord blood or amniotic fluid have been related to neuronal damage in the neonate. The increased levels found may just as well be caused by leakage from placenta or umbilical cord as be caused by brain damage. We conclude that S-100 a and b and NSE are not suitable markers for neonatal brain damage. Brain-restricted proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein and B-50 seem more promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lia D E Wijnberger
- Department of Obstetrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vanhatalo S, Soinila S. Evidence for nodose ganglion as the source of innervation to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Neuroscience 2002; 107:491-7. [PMID: 11719003 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have provided convincing evidence for the presence of peptidergic nerve fibers in the pituitary anterior lobe in several animal species. This study was aimed at elucidating the origin of this innervation by neuroanatomical tracing, denervation experiments, and immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry against substance P and growth-associated protein 43 revealed a dense fiber plexus within the anterior lobe, and these markers were mostly colocalized. Retrograde tracing with Fluorogold from the pituitary gland stained neurons in the hypothalamus, superior cervical ganglia and the nodose ganglia. None of the Fluorogold-labelled neurons in the hypothalamus or superior cervical ganglion were substance P-immunoreactive, while many of the neuronal cell bodies in the nodose ganglion exhibited substance P immunoreactivity. There were no Fluorogold-labelled neurons in the trigeminal, otic or cervical dorsal root ganglia. Surgical transection of the pituitary stalk or bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglion did not abolish the anterior lobe nerve fibers, and anterograde tracing with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindo-carbocyanine perchlorate from the pituitary stalk failed to stain any nerve fibers within the anterior lobe. Our findings suggest that the nodose ganglion neurons likely innervate the pituitary anterior lobe, while neither hypothalamus nor sympathetic superior cervical ganglion may be a source of this innervation. By showing a distinct neuronal system in the pituitary anterior lobe our findings (i) support the previous functional studies demonstrating a distinct regulation of the morphology of the anterior lobe innervation by hormonal changes, and (ii) suggest that the innervation of the pituitary anterior lobe is a part of the visceral innervation by the vagus nerve rather than a part of the other intracranial innervation. These findings provide a neuroanatomic basis for the reported observations about the neural regulation of the pituitary anterior lobe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Vanhatalo
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ziegler DR, Araújo E, Rotta LN, Perry ML, Gonçalves CA. A ketogenic diet increases protein phosphorylation in brain slices of rats. J Nutr 2002; 132:483-7. [PMID: 11880575 DOI: 10.1093/jn/132.3.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic diets have been used to treat seizure disorders of children and recently it was shown to increase the drug-induced seizure threshold in rats. Protein phosphorylation is a major regulatory mechanism of signal transduction that has been implicated in modulating neuronal excitability. We investigated the basal protein phosphorylation in microslices from different brain regions (hippocampus, cerebral cortex and cerebellum) of young rats fed a ketogenic diet, and we evaluated the effect of this diet on weight development and health of these rats based on serum biochemistry. Thirty-day-old rats consumed ad libitum ketogenic (high fat) or control diets for 8 wk. Rats consuming the high fat diet had ketonemia without signs of undernutrition or illness. Microslices were incubated in media containing (32)P-phosphate, and (32)P-phosphoprotein content was analyzed by one- or two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. Basal protein phosphorylation was greater in brain slices from ketogenic rats. Different increments of synapsin I, GAP-43 and GFAP phosphorylation were observed in two-dimensional autoradiography. A ketogenic diet induced metabolic changes affecting the basal status of protein phosphorylation. This change could affect the mechanisms of signal transduction in neural cells involved in the increase in the seizure threshold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denize R Ziegler
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Quattrone A, Pascale A, Nogues X, Zhao W, Gusev P, Pacini A, Alkon DL. Posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression in learning by the neuronal ELAV-like mRNA-stabilizing proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:11668-73. [PMID: 11573004 PMCID: PMC58787 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.191388398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The view that memory is encoded by variations in the strength of synapses implies that long-term biochemical changes take place within subcellular microdomains of neurons. These changes are thought ultimately to be an effect of transcriptional regulation of specific genes. Localized changes, however, cannot be fully explained by a purely transcriptional control of gene expression. The neuron-specific ELAV-like HuB, HuC, and HuD RNA-binding proteins act posttranscriptionally by binding to adenine- and uridine-rich elements (AREs) in the 3' untranslated region of a set of target mRNAs, and by increasing mRNA cytoplasmic stability and/or rate of translation. Here we show that neuronal ELAV-like genes undergo a sustained up-regulation in hippocampal pyramidal cells only of mice and rats that have learned a spatial discrimination paradigm. This learning-specific increase of ELAV-like proteins was localized within cytoplasmic compartments of the somata and proximal dendrites and was associated with the cytoskeleton. This increase was also accompanied by enhanced expression of the GAP-43 gene, known to be regulated mainly posttranscriptionally and whose mRNA is demonstrated here to be an in vivo ELAV-like target. Antisense-mediated knockdown of HuC impaired spatial learning performance in mice and induced a concomitant down-regulation of GAP-43 expression. Neuronal ELAV-like proteins could exert learning-induced posttranscriptional control of an array of target genes uniquely suited to subserve substrates of memory storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Quattrone
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University at Johns Hopkins University, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|