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Kirkpatrick LT, Daughtry MR, El-Kadi S, Shi TH, Gerrard DE. O-GlcNAcylation is a gatekeeper of porcine myogenesis. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac326. [PMID: 36219104 PMCID: PMC9683508 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has long been known that growth media withdrawal is a prerequisite for myoblast differentiation and fusion, the underpinning molecular mechanism remains somewhat elusive. Using isolated porcine muscle satellite cells (SCs) as the model, we show elevated O-GlcNAcylation by O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibition impaired SC differentiation (D5 P < 0.0001) but had unnoticeable impacts on SC proliferation. To explore the mechanism of this phenotype, we examined the expression of the transcription factor myogenin, a master switch of myogenesis, and found its expression was downregulated by elevated O-GlcNAcylation. Because insulin/IGF-1/Akt axis is a strong promoter of myoblast fusion, we measured the phosphorylated Akt and found that hyper O-GlcNAcylation inhibited Akt phosphorylation, implying OGA inhibition may also work through interfering with this critical differentiation-promoting pathway. In contrast, inhibition of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) by its specific inhibitor had little impact on either myoblast proliferation or differentiation (P > 0.05). To confirm these in vitro findings, we used chemical-induced muscle injury in the pig as a model to study muscle regenerative myogenesis and showed how O-GlcNAcylation functions in this process. We show a significant decrease in muscle fiber cross sectional area (CSA) when OGA is inhibited (P < 0.05), compared to nondamaged muscle, and a significant decrease compared to control and OGT inhibited muscle (P < 0.05), indicating a significant impairment in porcine muscle regeneration in vivo. Together, the in vitro and in vivo data suggest that O-GlcNAcylation may serve as a nutrient sensor during SC differentiation by gauging cellular nutrient availability and translating these signals into cellular responses. Given the importance of nutrition availability in lean muscle growth, our findings may have significant implications on how muscle growth is regulated in agriculturally important animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila T Kirkpatrick
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Morgan R Daughtry
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Samer El-Kadi
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Tim Hao Shi
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - David E Gerrard
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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2
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Sawada A, Yamamoto T, Sato T. Tceal5 and Tceal7 Function in C2C12 Myogenic Differentiation via Exosomes in Fetal Bovine Serum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2036. [PMID: 35216152 PMCID: PMC8877866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle cells are usually controlled by serum components. Myogenic differentiation is induced by a reduction of serum components in vitro. It has been recently reported that serum contains not only various growth factors with specific actions on the proliferation and differentiation of myogenic cells, but also exogenous exosomes, the function of which is poorly understood in myogenesis. We have found that exosomes in fetal bovine serum are capable of exerting an inhibitive effect on the differentiation of C2C12 myogenic cells in vitro. In this process of inhibition, the downregulation of Tceal5 and Tceal7 genes was observed. Expression of these genes is specifically increased in direct proportion to myogenic differentiation. Loss- or gain- of function studies with Tceal5 and Tceal7 indicated that they have the potential to regulate myogenic differentiation via exosomes in fetal bovine serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aika Sawada
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan;
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Medical-Risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takahiko Sato
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
- International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
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3
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Lu A, Guo P, Pan H, Tseng C, Sinha KM, Yang F, Scibetta A, Cui Y, Huard M, Zhong L, Ravuri S, Huard J. Enhancement of myogenic potential of muscle progenitor cells and muscle healing during pregnancy. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21378. [PMID: 33565161 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001914r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The decline of muscle regenerative potential with age has been attributed to a diminished responsiveness of muscle progenitor cells (MPCs). Heterochronic parabiosis has been used as a model to study the effects of aging on stem cells and their niches. These studies have demonstrated that, by exposing old mice to a young systemic environment, aged progenitor cells can be rejuvenated. One interesting idea is that pregnancy represents a unique biological model of a naturally shared circulatory system between developing and mature organisms. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the muscle regeneration potential of pregnant mice using a cardiotoxin (CTX) injury mouse model. Our results indicate that the pregnant mice demonstrate accelerated muscle healing compared to nonpregnant control mice following muscle injury based on improved muscle histology, superior muscle regeneration, and a reduction in inflammation and necrosis. Additionally, we found that MPCs isolated from pregnant mice display a significant improvement of myogenic differentiation capacity in vitro and muscle regeneration in vivo when compared to the MPCs from nonpregnant mice. Furthermore, MPCs from nonpregnant mice display enhanced myogenic capacity when cultured in the presence of serum obtained from pregnant mice. Our proteomics data from these studies provides potential therapeutic targets to enhance the myogenic potential of progenitor cells and muscle repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Lu
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA
| | - Ping Guo
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA
| | - Haiying Pan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chieh Tseng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Krishna M Sinha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Alex Scibetta
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Ling Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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4
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Wallace MA, Della Gatta PA, Ahmad Mir B, Kowalski GM, Kloehn J, McConville MJ, Russell AP, Lamon S. Overexpression of Striated Muscle Activator of Rho Signaling (STARS) Increases C2C12 Skeletal Muscle Cell Differentiation. Front Physiol 2016; 7:7. [PMID: 26903873 PMCID: PMC4745265 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Skeletal muscle growth and regeneration depend on the activation of satellite cells, which leads to myocyte proliferation, differentiation and fusion with existing muscle fibers. Skeletal muscle cell proliferation and differentiation are tightly coordinated by a continuum of molecular signaling pathways. The striated muscle activator of Rho signaling (STARS) is an actin binding protein that regulates the transcription of genes involved in muscle cell growth, structure and function via the stimulation of actin polymerization and activation of serum-response factor (SRF) signaling. STARS mediates cell proliferation in smooth and cardiac muscle models; however, whether STARS overexpression enhances cell proliferation and differentiation has not been investigated in skeletal muscle cells. Results: We demonstrate for the first time that STARS overexpression enhances differentiation but not proliferation in C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells. Increased differentiation was associated with an increase in the gene levels of the myogenic differentiation markers Ckm, Ckmt2 and Myh4, the differentiation factor Igf2 and the myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) Myf5 and Myf6. Exposing C2C12 cells to CCG-1423, a pharmacological inhibitor of SRF preventing the nuclear translocation of its co-factor MRTF-A, had no effect on myotube differentiation rate, suggesting that STARS regulates differentiation via a MRTF-A independent mechanism. Conclusion: These findings position STARS as an important regulator of skeletal muscle growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita A Wallace
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A Della Gatta
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Bilal Ahmad Mir
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Greg M Kowalski
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Joachim Kloehn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Malcom J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Aaron P Russell
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Burwood, VIC, Australia
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5
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Pas MFW, Visscher AH. Genetic regulation of meat production by embryonic muscle formation - a review. J Anim Breed Genet 2011; 111:404-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1994.tb00477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Musser RE, Dritz SS, Davis DL, Tokach MD, Nelssen JL, Goodband RD, Owen KQ. Effects of L-carnitine in the Gestating Sow Diet on Fetal Muscle Development and Carcass Characteristics of the Offspring. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2007.9706642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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7
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Ramanau A, Schmidt R, Kluge H, Eder K. Body composition, muscle fibre characteristics and postnatal growth capacity of pigs born from sows supplemented with L-carnitine. Arch Anim Nutr 2006; 60:110-8. [PMID: 16649574 DOI: 10.1080/17450390600562528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been shown that supplementation of sows with L-carnitine increases their plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, and it has been hypothesized that this may stimulate fetal myogenesis. This study was performed to investigate whether piglets of sows supplemented with L-carnitine differ in muscle fibre characteristics, chemical body composition and postnatal growth capability from pigs of control sows. Muscle fibre characteristics and chemical body composition were determined at weaning in 21 piglets of control sows and 21 piglets of sows treated with L-carnitine with similar body weights; postnatal growth capability was determined from weaning until slaughter at a body weight of 118 kg in 80 pigs of control sows and 80 pigs of sows treated with L-camitine which had also similar body weights at weaning. Piglets of sows supplemented with L-carnitine did not differ in number, area, diameter and type (percentages of slow twitch oxidative + fast twitch oxidative fibres, and fast twitch glycolytic fibres) of muscle fibres in m. longissimus dorsi and m. semitendinosus and in chermical body composition (concentrations of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat) from piglets of control sows. Postnatal growth capability (body weight gains, feed conversion ratio) from weaning to slaughter as well as carcass composition (carcass yield, meat thickness, fat thickness) was also not different between pigs of sows treated with L-carnitine and pigs of control sows. In conclusion, data of this study do not support the hypothesis that L-carnitine supplementation of sows during pregnancy enhances fetal muscle fibre development and increases postnatal growth capability of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleh Ramanau
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
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8
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Watanabe K, Miyazaki T, Matsuda R. Growth factor array fabrication using a color ink jet printer. Zoolog Sci 2003; 20:429-34. [PMID: 12719645 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.20.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel method for growth factor analysis using a commercial color ink jet printer to fabricate substrata patterned with growth factors. We prepared substrata with insulin printed in a simple pattern or containing multiple areas of varying quantities of printed insulin. When we cultured the mouse myoblast cell line, C2C12, on the insulin-patterned substrata, the cells were grown in the same pattern with the insulin-printed pattern. Cell culture with the latter substrata demonstrated that quantity control of insulin deposition by a color ink jet printer is possible. For further applications, we developed substrata with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) spotted in 16 different areas in varying combinations and concentrations (growth factor array). With this growth factor array, C2C12 cells were cultured, and the onset of muscle cell differentiation was monitored for the expression of the myogenic regulator myogenin. The ratio of cells expressing myogenin varied with the doses of IGF-I and bFGF in the sections, demonstrating a feasibility of growth factor array fabrication by a color ink jet printer. Since a printer manipulates several colors, this method can be easily applied to multivariate analyses of growth factors and attachment factors affecting cell growth and differentiation. This method may provide a powerful tool for cell biology and tissue engineering, especially for stem cell research in investigating unknown conditions for differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Seiler G, Welle M, Busato A, Lin S, Gaschen FP. Mast cell proliferation and alterations in bFGF amount and localization are involved in the response of muscle to dystrophin deficiency in hypertrophic feline dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2001; 11:56-71. [PMID: 11166167 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(00)00151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that basic fibroblast growth factor and mast cells play a key role in the phenotypic differences between human dystrophinopathies and hypertrophic feline muscular dystrophy, serial sections of dystrophin-deficient, carrier and normal cat muscle biopsy specimens were examined. They were stained immunohistochemically for dystrophin and different markers of differentiation such as desmin, vimentin and utrophin. Basic fibroblast growth factor was increased in the myofibers of dystrophic cats compared to normal controls and carriers. An association of basic fibroblast growth factor with fiber regeneration and necrosis was shown. The amount of mast cells was markedly increased in muscle tissue of dystrophic cats with a clear predominance of tryptase-positive cells present in large amounts in the endomysium. Mast cells, like basic fibroblast growth factor, were concentrated in areas of muscle fiber regeneration and necrosis. Our data concerning basic fibroblast growth factor and mast cells are consistent with a highly abnormal cellular environment in feline dystrophic muscle with very high levels of basic fibroblast growth factor which is likely modulated by mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Seiler
- Companion Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Layne MD, Farmer SR. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and basic fibroblast growth factor differentially inhibit the insulin-like growth factor-I induced expression of myogenin in C2C12 myoblasts. Exp Cell Res 1999; 249:177-87. [PMID: 10328964 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a role in several disease states such as sepsis, cachexia, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. TNF-alpha interferes with insulin signaling and inhibits differentiation-specific gene expression in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. We have examined the mechanisms by which TNF-alpha, in comparison to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), inhibits the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)-induced differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. Adhesion of quiescent, suspended myoblasts to collagen in high concentrations of IGF-I (10 nM) induced these cells to proliferate during the initial 24 h postplating and in so doing transiently inhibited the expression of myogenin, an essential transcription factor controlling myoblast differentiation. Low doses of IGF-I (1 nM) were minimally mitogenic and enhanced muscle-specific gene expression. Quiescent myoblasts treated with bFGF in combination with IGF-I did not express myogenin, but expressed proliferating cell nuclear antigen and underwent DNA synthesis. In contrast, TNF-alpha in the presence or absence of 1 nM IGF-I, did not stimulate DNA synthesis in myoblasts. However, TNF-alpha inhibited myogenin mRNA and protein expression. Expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 correlated with myogenin expression and myoblast differentiation, but not with growth arrest. These results indicate that both TNF-alpha and bFGF inhibit myogenin expression but differentially influence myoblast proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Layne
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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11
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Yang F, Johnson BJ, White ME, Hathaway MR, Dayton WR. Effect of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and Des (1-3) IGF-I on the level of IGF binding protein-3 and IGF binding protein-3 mRNA in cultured porcine embryonic muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 1999; 178:227-34. [PMID: 10048587 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199902)178:2<227::aid-jcp12>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 effects proliferation and differentiation of numerous cell types by binding to insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and attenuating their activity or by directly affecting cells in an IGF-independent manner. Consequently, IGFBPs produced by specific cells may affect their differentiation and proliferation. In this study we show that embryonic porcine myogenic cells, unlike murine muscle cell lines, produce significant quantities of a binding protein immunologically identified as IGFBP-3. Nonfusing cells subcultured from highly fused porcine myogenic cell cultures do not produce detectable IGFBP-3 protein or mRNA, thus suggesting the IGFBP-3 is produced by muscle cells in the porcine myogenic cell cultures. Treatment of porcine myogenic cultures with 20 ng of IGF-I or 20 ng of Des (1-3) IGF-I/ml serum-free media for 24 h results in a threefold reduction in the level of IGFBP-3 in conditioned media. This reduction is not affected by cell density over a sixfold range. Additionally, treatment for 24 h with 20 ng of IGF-I/ml media results in a sevenfold decrease in the steady-state level of IGFBP-3 mRNA. This IGF-I-induced decrease in IGFBP-3 mRNA level appears to be relatively unique to myogenic cells. IGF-I treatment also causes a fourfold increase in the steady-state level of myogenin mRNA. This increase in myogenin mRNA suggests that, as expected, IGF-I treatment accelerates differentiation of myogenic cells. The simultaneous decrease in IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein that accompanies IGF-I-induced myogenin expression suggests that differentiation of myogenic cells may be preceded or accompanied by decreased production of IGFBP-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yang
- Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA
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12
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Damon SE, Haugk KL, Birnbaum RS, Quinn LS. Retrovirally mediated overexpression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4: evidence that insulin-like growth factor is required for skeletal muscle differentiation. J Cell Physiol 1998; 175:109-20. [PMID: 9491786 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199804)175:1<109::aid-jcp12>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulate skeletal myoblast proliferation and differentiation. However, the question of whether IGFs are required for myoblast differentiation has not been resolved. To address this issue directly, we used a retroviral vector (LBP4SN) to develop a subline of mouse C2 myoblasts (C2-BP4) that constitutively overexpress IGF binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4). A control C2 myoblast subline (C2-LNL6) was also developed by using the LNL6 control retroviral vector. C2-BP4 myoblasts expressed sixfold higher levels of IGFBP-4 protein than C2-LNL6 myoblasts. 125I-IGF-I cross linking indicated that IGFBP-4 overexpression reduced IGF access to the type-1 IGF receptor tenfold. At low plating densities, myoblast proliferation was inhibited, and myoblast differentiation was abolished in C2-BP4 cultures compared with C2-LNL6 cultures. At high plating densities in which nuclear numbers were equal in the two sets of cultures, C2-BP4 myoblast differentiation was inhibited completely. Differentiation was restored in C2-BP4 cells by treatment with high levels of exogenous IGF-I or with des(1-3)IGF-I, an analog of IGF-I with reduced affinity for IGFBPs. These findings confirm the hypothesis that positive differentiation signals from the IGFs are necessary for C2 myoblast differentiation, and they suggest that the present model of myogenic differentiation, which involves only negative external control of differentiation by mitogens, may be incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Damon
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Tacoma, Washington 98493, USA
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13
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Murry CE, Kay MA, Bartosek T, Hauschka SD, Schwartz SM. Muscle differentiation during repair of myocardial necrosis in rats via gene transfer with MyoD. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:2209-17. [PMID: 8941636 PMCID: PMC507669 DOI: 10.1172/jci119030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarcts heal by scar formation because there are no stem cells in myocardium, and because adult myocytes cannot divide and repopulate the wound. We sought to redirect the heart to form skeletal muscle instead of scar by transferring the myogenic determination gene, MyoD, into cardiac granulation (wound repair) tissue. A replication-defective adenovirus was constructed containing MyoD under transcriptional control of the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat. The virus converted cultured cardiac fibroblasts to skeletal muscle, indicated by expression of myogenin and skeletal myosin heavy chains (MHCs). To determine if MyoD could induce muscle differentiation in vivo, we injected 2 x 10(9) or 10(10) pfu of either the MyoD or a control beta-galactosidase adenovirus into healing rat hearts, injured 1 wk previously by freeze-thaw. After receiving the lower viral dose, cardiac granulation tissue expressed MyoD mRNA and protein, but did not express myogenin or skeletal MHC. When the higher dose of virus was administered, double immunostaining showed that cells in reparative tissue expressed both myogenin and embryonic skeletal MHC. No muscle differentiation occurred after beta-galactosidase transfection. Thus, MyoD gene transfer can induce skeletal muscle differentiation in healing heart lesions. Modifications of this strategy might eventually provide new contractile tissue to repair myocardial infarcts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Murry
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
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14
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Koea JB, Breier BH, Douglas RG, Gluckman PD, Shaw JH. Anabolic and cardiovascular effects of recombinant human growth hormone in surgical patients with sepsis. Br J Surg 1996. [PMID: 8689162 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800830214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The clinical and metabolic effects of 7 days of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in surgical patients with sepsis were determined in a randomized controlled trial. In patients with a mean(s.e.m.) pretreatment rate of net protein catabolism (NPC) of 1.5 g per kg per day or less rhGH treatment decreased NPC from 0.93(0.14) to -0.20(0.24) g per kg per day (n = 5; P < 0.0005) and rendered these patients anabolic. TPN alone decreased NPC from 1.12(0.11) to 0.61(0.11) g per kg per day (n = 5; P < 0.001). In patients with an initial NPC of more than 1.5 g per kg per day rhGH treatment decreased NPC from 2.72(0.12) to 1.08(0.24) g per kg per day (n = 5; P < 0.001) while TPN alone decreased it from 2.41(0.32) to 1.28(0.28) g per kg per day (n = 5; P < 0.005). Use of rhGH was not associated with any adverse effects or improvement in clinical course but did decrease the mean systolic and diastolic pressures during the study period. Thus rhGH is a useful anabolic agent and may have a role in the haemodynamic management of the catabolic patient with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Koea
- Department of Surgery, Auckland Hospital, New Zealand
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15
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Quinn LS, Haugk KL. Overexpression of the type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptor increases ligand-dependent proliferation and differentiation in bovine skeletal myogenic cultures. J Cell Physiol 1996; 168:34-41. [PMID: 8647920 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199607)168:1<34::aid-jcp5>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that overexpression of the type-1 insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor (IGF-1R) in skeletal myogenic cell lines increased proliferation and differentiation responses to IGF. However, it was unclear if such manipulations in primary, untransformed skeletal myogenic cells would result in modulation of these responses, which may be more stringently regulated in primary cells than in myogenic cell lines. In this study, low passage untransformed fetal bovine myogenic cultures were infected with a replication-deficient retroviral expression vector (LISN) coding for the human IGF-1R or with a control retroviral vector (LNL6). Bovine myogenic cultures infected with the LISN vector (Bov-LISN) displayed ten times more IGF-1Rs than controls (Bov-LNL6). Bov-LISN myogenic cultures exhibited elevated rates of IGF-I-stimulated proliferation and increased rates of terminal differentiation which were reduced to control levels by the anti-human IGF-1R antibody alpha IR3. These findings indicate overexpression of the IGF-1R can enhance IGF sensitivity and thereby modify the proliferation and differentiation behavior of untransformed low passage myoblasts. Such manipulations may be useful to increase muscle mass in clinical or agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Quinn
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, American Lake Division, Tacoma, Washington 98493, USA
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16
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Koea JB, Breier BH, Douglas RG, Cluckman PD, Shaw JHF. Anabolic and cardiovascular effects of recombinant human growth hormone in surgical patients with sepsis. Br J Surg 1996. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1996.02115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Quinn LS, Steinmetz B, Maas A, Ong L, Kaleko M. Type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptor overexpression produces dual effects on myoblast proliferation and differentiation. J Cell Physiol 1994; 159:387-98. [PMID: 8188756 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041590302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Using a retroviral vector, we developed a line of C2 mouse skeletal myoblasts, C2-LISN, which expressed high levels of the human type-1 insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor. When switched to low serum medium, C2-LISN myoblasts underwent terminal differentiation extremely rapidly compared to control C2 myoblasts. In high serum conditions which were not permissive for differentiation, C2-LISN myoblasts expressed ten-fold higher levels of the myogenic transcription factor myogenin than did control C2 myoblasts. When cultured in low serum medium with both transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and high concentrations of IGF-I, C2-LISN myoblasts failed to differentiate and grew to very high saturation densities, forming multilayers. Upon removal of TGF-beta, multilayered C2-LISN myoblasts differentiated within 2 days. These results demonstrate that overexpression of the type-1 IGF receptor can amplify signals which stimulate myogenic differentiation. Overexpressed type-1 IGF receptors can also mediate strong mitogenic signals if differentiation is inhibited by TGF-beta. The C2-LISN myoblast cell line may be a useful model to investigate the intracellular pathways which stimulate myogenic differentiation. Additionally, overexpression of the type-1 IGF receptor could provide a strategy to expand populations of differentiation-competent myoblasts for experimental or clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Quinn
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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18
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A highly conserved insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP-5) is expressed during myoblast differentiation. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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19
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Chang KC, Fernandes K, Goldspink G. In vivo expression and molecular characterization of the porcine slow-myosin heavy chain. J Cell Sci 1993; 106 ( Pt 1):331-41. [PMID: 8270635 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.106.1.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the molecular characterization of the porcine slow-myosin heavy chain (HC) beta gene and the isolation of its 5′ end cDNA. In vivo expression study, by in situ hybridization and histochemistry, revealed a highly regular rosette pattern of fiber arrangement, with a slow fiber occupying the central core, in all the skeletal muscles examined. This feature can be advantageous in the distinction of primary and secondary fibers in myogenic lineage studies. In the neonatal heart, beta isoform expression is diffuse, with higher expression occurring in the ventricle than in the atrium. Transient transfection assays showed the porcine promoter functions in a muscle- and differentiation stage-specific manner. In the 5′ regulatory region are several putative positive and negative regulatory elements, including a positive and a negative element in close proximity to each other in intron 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Chang
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
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Quinn LS, Ehsan M, Steinmetz B, Kaleko M. Ligand-dependent inhibition of myoblast differentiation by overexpression of the type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptor. J Cell Physiol 1993; 156:453-61. [PMID: 7689569 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041560304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have paradoxical effects on skeletal myoblast differentiation. While low concentrations of IGF stimulate myoblast differentiation, high concentrations of IGF induce a progressive decrease in myoblast differentiation. The mechanism of this inhibition is unknown. Using a retroviral expression vector, we developed a subline of mouse P2 mouse myoblasts (P2-LISN) which expressed 7.5 times higher levels of type-1 IGF receptors than control (P2-LNL6) myoblasts, which were infected with a virus lacking the type-1 IGF receptor sequence. Overexpression of the type-1 IGF receptor caused the IGF dose-response curves of stimulation and progressive inhibition of differentiation to shift to the left. Additionally, at high insulin and IGF-I concentrations, complete inhibition of P2-LISN myoblast differentiation occurred. These results suggest that inhibition of differentiation at high ligand concentrations was not due to the primary involvement of other species of receptors for IGF. Type-1 IGF receptor downregulation as a mechanism for inhibition of differentiation was also ruled out since P2-LISN myoblasts constitutively expressed high levels of type-1 IGF receptors. Additionally, inhibition of differentiation at high concentrations of IGF-I was not correlated with overt stimulation of proliferation or with IGF binding protein (IGF-BP) release into the culture medium. These results indicate that the type-1 IGF receptor mediates two conflicting signal pathways in myogenic cells, differentiation-inducing and differentiation-inhibitory, which predominate at different ligand concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Quinn
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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Masters BA, Raizada MK. Insulin-like growth factor I receptors and IGF-I actions in neuronal cultures from the brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 692:89-101. [PMID: 7692799 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in primary culture have been used to study IGF-I receptors and IGF-I-induced cellular actions in the brain. Intact neurons in culture specifically bind [125I]IGF with high affinity. The potency for the competition of [125I]IGF-I binding was IGF-I > IGF-II > insulin. A curvilinear Scatchard plot represented high-affinity (0.15 nM) and low-affinity (3 nM) binding sites with a Bmax of 142 fmol and 618 fmol/mg protein, respectively. These binding sites are predominantly localized on neurites with relatively few sites on the cell soma. IGF-I induced synthesis of protein(s) in the M(r) range of 48,000-50,000 with pI values of 6.1-6.4. These observations show that IGF-I receptor mediates induction of specific proteins and suggest that these proteins may be involved in the neurotrophic activity of IGF-I in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Masters
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
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Rehfeldt C, Fiedler I, Weikard R, Kanitz E, Ender K. It is possible to increase skeletal muscle fibre number in utero. Biosci Rep 1993; 13:213-20. [PMID: 7508275 DOI: 10.1007/bf01123503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The administration of porcine somatotropin (pST) to pregnant sows during early gestation (day 10 to 24) induced the formation of significantly more muscle fibres in the semitendinosus muscle of the fetuses, representing a higher growth capacity of skeletal muscle. The pST-treatment during late pregnancy (day 80 to 94) accelerated the development of the fetus resulting in higher body weights and advanced stage of maturity at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rehfeldt
- Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals, Drummerstorf, Germany
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