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Vishnyakov IE. Cell-in-Cell Phenomena in Wall-Less Bacteria: Is It Possible? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084345. [PMID: 35457161 PMCID: PMC9030286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes curious structures formed by the mainly phytopathogenic mycoplasma Acholeplasma laidlawii, as well as the human pathogen Ureaplasma parvum cells which resemble cell-in-cell structures of higher eukaryotes and protists. The probable significance of such structures for the mycoplasma cell is discussed. The possibility of their formation in nature and their potential role in the transformation of genetic material, for example, by maintaining (on the one hand) the stability of the genome in the line of generations during asexual reproduction or (on the other hand) the genome plasticity, are substantiated. It should be especially noted that all the arguments presented are based only on morphological data. However, closer attention to unusual structures, the existence of which was shown by electron microscopy images in this case, may prompt researchers to analyze their data more carefully and find something rare and non-trivial among seemingly trivial things. If it is proven by additional methods that cell-in-cell structures can indeed be formed by prokaryotes without a cell wall, this phenomenon may acquire general biological significance.
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Zhu X, Dong Y, Baranowski E, Li X, Zhao G, Hao Z, Zhang H, Chen Y, Hu C, Chen H, Citti C, Guo A. Mbov_0503 Encodes a Novel Cytoadhesin that Facilitates Mycoplasma bovis Interaction with Tight Junctions. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020164. [PMID: 31979335 PMCID: PMC7074692 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecules contributing to microbial cytoadhesion are important virulence factors. In Mycoplasma bovis, a minimal bacterium but an important cattle pathogen, binding to host cells is emerging as a complex process involving a broad range of surface-exposed structures. Here, a new cytoadhesin of M. bovis was identified by producing a collection of individual knock-out mutants and evaluating their binding to embryonic bovine lung cells. The cytoadhesive-properties of this surface-exposed protein, which is encoded by Mbov_0503 in strain HB0801, were demonstrated at both the mycoplasma cell and protein levels using confocal microscopy and ELISA. Although Mbov_0503 disruption was only associated in M. bovis with a partial reduction of its binding capacity, this moderate effect was sufficient to affect M. bovis interaction with the host-cell tight junctions, and to reduce the translocation of this mycoplasma across epithelial cell monolayers. Besides demonstrating the capacity of M. bovis to disrupt tight junctions, these results identified novel properties associated with cytoadhesin that might contribute to virulence and host colonization. These findings provide new insights into the complex interplay taking place between wall-less mycoplasmas and the host-cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifang Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yaqi Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
| | - Eric Baranowski
- IHAP, ENVT, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31300, France; (E.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Xixi Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
| | - Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
| | - Zhiyu Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
| | - Yingyu Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
| | - Changmin Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
| | - Huanchun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Christine Citti
- IHAP, ENVT, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31300, France; (E.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (G.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (H.C.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 86-131-0071-2906
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Chernov AV, Reyes L, Peterson S, Strongin AY. Depletion of CG-Specific Methylation in Mycoplasma hyorhinis Genomic DNA after Host Cell Invasion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142529. [PMID: 26544880 PMCID: PMC4636357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to the environment requires pathogenic bacteria to alter their gene expression in order to increase long-term survival in the host. Here, we present the first experimental evidence that bacterial DNA methylation affects the intracellular survival of pathogenic Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Using bisulfite sequencing, we identified that the M. hyorhinis DNA methylation landscape was distinct in free-living M. hyorhinis relative to the internalized bacteria surviving in the infected human cells. We determined that genomic GATC sites were consistently highly methylated in the bacterial chromosome suggesting that the bacterial GATC-specific 5-methylcytosine DNA methyltransferase was fully functional both pre- and post-infection. In contrast, only the low CG methylation pattern was observed in the mycoplasma genome in the infective bacteria that invaded and then survived in the host cells. In turn, two distinct populations, with either high or low CG methylation, were detected in the M. hyorhinis cultures continually grown in the rich medium independently of host cells. We also identified that M. hyorhinis efficiently evaded endosomal degradation and uses exocytosis to exit infected human cells enabling re-infection of additional cells. The well-orchestrated changes in the chromosome methylation landscape play a major regulatory role in the mycoplasma life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V. Chernov
- Infectious & Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AC); (AS)
| | - Leticia Reyes
- Department of Infectious Disease & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Scott Peterson
- Infectious & Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alex Y. Strongin
- Infectious & Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AC); (AS)
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Hegde S, Gabriel C, Kragl M, Chopra-Dewasthaly R. Sheep primary cells as in vitro models to investigate Mycoplasma agalactiae host cell interactions. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv048. [PMID: 26187893 PMCID: PMC4535462 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate infection models are imperative for the understanding of pathogens like mycoplasmas that are known for their strict host and tissue specificity, and lack of suitable cell and small animal models has hindered pathogenicity studies. This is particularly true for the economically important group of ruminant mycoplasmas whose virulence factors need to be elucidated for designing effective intervention strategies. Mycoplasma agalactiae serves as a useful role model especially because it is phylogenetically very close to M. bovis and causes similar symptoms by as yet unknown mechanisms. Here, we successfully prepared and characterized four different primary sheep cell lines, namely the epithelial and stromal cells from the mammary gland and uterus, respectively. Using immunohistochemistry, we identified vimentin and cytokeratin as specific markers to confirm the typical cell phenotypes of these primary cells. Furthermore, M. agalactiae’s consistent adhesion and invasion into these primary cells proves the reliability of these cell models. Mimicking natural infections, mammary epithelial and stromal cells showed higher invasion and adhesion rates compared to the uterine cells as also seen via double immunofluorescence staining. Altogether, we have generated promising in vitro cell models to study host–pathogen interactions of M. agalactiae and related ruminant pathogens in a more authentic manner. The study is an important step forward in developing in vitro models that will facilitate analyses of Mycoplasma agalactiae and related ruminant mycoplasmas' host–pathogen interactions at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrilakshmi Hegde
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cordula Gabriel
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Kragl
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria;
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Spuesens EBM, Meyer Sauteur PM, Vink C, van Rossum AMC. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections--does treatment help? J Infect 2014; 69 Suppl 1:S42-6. [PMID: 25267596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of respiratory tract infections (RTI's), especially in children. While severe M. pneumoniae infections are generally treated with antibiotics, the diagnosis as well as treatment of these infections should be reconsidered in the light of recent clinical findings. First, M. pneumoniae was found to be carried in the upper respiratory tract of a relatively high percentage of healthy, asymptomatic children. Clearly, this complicates the diagnosis of a suspected M. pneumoniae RTI and, thus, the decision when to initiate treatment. A complication in the treatment of these infections is that data on the efficacy of antibiotic treatment of M. pneumoniae RTI's are sparse and derived exclusively from comparative studies. A recent Cochrane review concluded that there is insufficient evidence about the efficacy of antibiotics for M. pneumoniae lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in children. Due to side effects associated with the use of tetracyclines and quinolones in children, only macrolides can be used to treat M. pneumoniae infections in young patients. The general applicability of macrolides, however, is currently threatened by the worldwide increase in macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae strains. Finally, limited evidence is available that corticosteroids might have an additional benefit in the treatment of M. pneumoniae infections. In this review, the current issues related to the diagnosis and treatment of M. pneumoniae infections will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel B M Spuesens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Patrick M Meyer Sauteur
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis Vink
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus University College, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Annemarie M C van Rossum
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The mycoplasmas form a large group of prokaryotic microorganisms with over 190 species distinguished from ordinary bacteria by their small size, minute genome, and total lack of a cell wall. Owing to their limited biosynthetic capabilities, most mycoplasmas are parasites exhibiting strict host and tissue specificities. The aim of this review is to collate present knowledge on the strategies employed by mycoplasmas while interacting with their host eukaryotic cells. Prominant among these strategies is the adherence of mycoplasma to host cells, identifying the mycoplasmal adhesins as well as the mammalian membrane receptors; the invasion of mycoplasmas into host cells including studies on the role of mycoplasmal surface molecules and signaling mechanisms in the invasion; the fusion of mycoplasmas with host cells, a novel process that raises intriguing questions of how microinjection of mycoplasma components into eukaryotic cells subvert and damage the host cells. The observations of diverse interactions of mycoplasmas with cells of the immune system and their immunomodulatory effects and the discovery of genetic systems that enable mycoplasmas to rapidly change their surface antigenic composition have been important developments in mycoplasma research over the past decade, showing that mycoplasmas possess an impressive capability of maintaining a dynamic surface architecture that is antigenically and functionally versatile, contributing to the capability of the mycoplasmas to adapt to a large range of habitats and cause diseases that are often chronic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Rottem
- Department of Membrane and Ultrastructure Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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