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Abstract
Sialic acids are cytoprotectors, mainly localized on the surface of cell membranes with multiple and outstanding cell biological functions. The history of their structural analysis, occurrence, and functions is fascinating and described in this review. Reports from different researchers on apparently similar substances from a variety of biological materials led to the identification of a 9-carbon monosaccharide, which in 1957 was designated "sialic acid." The most frequently occurring member of the sialic acid family is N-acetylneuraminic acid, followed by N-glycolylneuraminic acid and O-acetylated derivatives, and up to now over about 80 neuraminic acid derivatives have been described. They appeared first in the animal kingdom, ranging from echinoderms up to higher animals, in many microorganisms, and are also expressed in insects, but are absent in higher plants. Sialic acids are masks and ligands and play as such dual roles in biology. Their involvement in immunology and tumor biology, as well as in hereditary diseases, cannot be underestimated. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid is very special, as this sugar cannot be expressed by humans, but is a xenoantigen with pathogenetic potential. Sialidases (neuraminidases), which liberate sialic acids from cellular compounds, had been known from very early on from studies with influenza viruses. Sialyltransferases, which are responsible for the sialylation of glycans and elongation of polysialic acids, are studied because of their significance in development and, for instance, in cancer. As more information about the functions in health and disease is acquired, the use of sialic acids in the treatment of diseases is also envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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2
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Aldinio C, Valenti G, Savoini GE, Kirschner G, Agnati LF, Toffano G. Monosialoganglioside internal ester stimulates the dopaminergic reinnervation of the striatum after unilateral hemitransection in rat. Int J Dev Neurosci 2003; 2:267-75. [DOI: 10.1016/0736-5748(84)90021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/1983] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Aldinio
- Fidia Research Laboratories; Department of Biochemistry; Via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A 35031 Abano Terme Italy
| | - Giacomina Valenti
- Fidia Research Laboratories; Department of Biochemistry; Via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A 35031 Abano Terme Italy
| | - Gian Enrico Savoini
- Fidia Research Laboratories; Department of Biochemistry; Via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A 35031 Abano Terme Italy
| | - Guenter Kirschner
- Fidia Research Laboratories; Department of Biochemistry; Via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A 35031 Abano Terme Italy
| | - Luigi F. Agnati
- Institute of Human Physiology; University of Modena; Via Campi 287 41100 Modena Italy
| | - Gino Toffano
- Fidia Research Laboratories; Department of Biochemistry; Via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A 35031 Abano Terme Italy
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3
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Zhu J, Li YT, Li SC, Cole RB. Structural characterization of gangliosides isolated from mullet milt using electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Glycobiology 1999; 9:985-93. [PMID: 10521534 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/9.10.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry has been used in conjunction with microwave-mediated saponification, periodate oxidation, and clostridial sialidase hydrolysis to enable detailed structural characterization of gangliosides and their derivatives present in mullet milt. The gangliosides extracted from mullet milt were determined to be GM3, GM3 lactone, GM3 methyl ester, and 9-O-acetyl GM3. For the major ganglioside GM3 and all GM3 derivatives, the ceramide composition was revealed to be C18:1/C16:0. GM3 with a C18:0/C16:0 ceramide was also found as a minor ganglioside. Both the ganglioside intramolecular ester and the ganglioside methyl ester (lacking carboxylic acid groups) showed dominant chloride attachment peaks (M + Cl)- in negative ion ESI-MS in addition to low intensity peaks corresponding to (M-H)-. GM3 and O-acetyl GM3 bearing carboxylic acid functions showed only (M-H)-. In positive ion ESI, GM3 and O-acetyl GM3 revealed (M + 2Na-H)+ peaks in addition to (M + Na)+, indicating free exchange of the carboxylic acid proton with a sodium cation, while the ganglioside intramolecular ester and ganglioside methyl ester with no acidic protons yielded only (M + Na)+. The strategy of employing ESI-MS to detect products of established wet chemical reactions represents a general approach for elucidation of ganglioside structural details.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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4
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Abstract
Ganglioside lactones in Minke whale brain were analysed. In order to exclude the possibility of the artificial lactonization of gangliosides during the analytical procedures, lactone species were separated from their parent gangliosides at an early stage by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography using a stepwise elution. Applying the improved method, GM41 lactones were found in grey and white matters of cerebrum and cerebellum, while GD3 monolactone was found only in cerebellar gray matter. The concentration of each ganglioside lactone was one thousandth of the parent ganglioside.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Terabayashi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
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5
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Ogawa T, Terabayashi T, Kawanishi Y. Analysis of oligo- and poly-N-acetylneuraminic acids and their lactones by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Perreault H, Costello CE. Liquid secondary ionization, tandem and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric characterization of glycosphingolipid derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210291205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Kawashima I, Kotani M, Ozawa H, Suzuki M, Tai T. Generation of monoclonal antibodies specific for ganglioside lactones: evidence of the expression of lactone on human melanoma cells. Int J Cancer 1994; 58:263-8. [PMID: 8026889 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910580220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We generated 3 murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for ganglioside lactones by immunizing C3H/HeN mice with purified lactones adsorbed to Salmonella minnesota followed by fusion with mouse myeloma cells. The use of a wide variety of glycolipids, including ganglioside lactones, enabled the precise structures recognized by these MAbs to be elucidated through an ELISA and by immunostaining on thin-layer chromatography. MAb AMR38, which was generated with GM1 lactone, showed restricted specificity, detecting only the GM1 lactone used for immunization. None of the other ganglioside lactones, intact gangliosides (including GM1) or neutral glycolipids tested were recognized. In contrast, MAbs AMR40 and AMR19, which were generated with GD1a lactone and GD3 lactone, respectively, showed broader specificities, recognizing several ganglioside lactones. However, the precise epitopes were different. MAb AMR40 reacted intensely with ganglioside lactones having an external NeuAc alpha 2-->3Gal-sequence (GD1a, GM3, GM1b, GT1b, and IV3NeuAc alpha-nLc4Cer), but not with those having a NeuAc alpha 2-->8NeuAc alpha 2-->3Gal- sequence. On the other hand, MAb AMR19 reacted with ganglioside lactones having a NeuAc alpha 2-->8NeuAc alpha 2-->3Gal- sequence (GD3, O-Ac-GD3, GD2, GDlb, GTlb, GQlb and GTla), but not with those having a NeuAc alpha 2-->3Gal- sequence. None of the intact gangliosides or neutral glycolipids tested were recognized by the MAbs. We also determined the expression of ganglioside lactones on human melanoma cells grown in athymic nude mice by means of an immunofluorescence technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kawashima
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
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8
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Sonnino S, Cantù L, Corti M, Acquotti D, Venerando B. Aggregative properties of gangliosides in solution. Chem Phys Lipids 1994; 71:21-45. [PMID: 8039256 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(94)02304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aggregative properties of gangliosides in diluted aqueous solutions are discussed on the basis of simple and well-established thermodynamic concepts. Theoretical assumptions are compared with experimental data obtained, mainly by scattering techniques, on GM3, GM2, GM1, GD1a, GalNAc-GD1a, GD1b, GD1b lactone and GT1b gangliosides, all containing ceramide portions of similar composition, and on GM1 molecular species containing different well-defined ceramide structures. We also report on mixed aggregates with amphiphilic compounds and on the ganglioside aggregate-soluble protein interaction effects which give rise to very stable lipoproteic complexes of well-defined ganglioside-protein composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sonnino
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Milan, Medical School, Italy
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9
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Costello CE, Juhasz P, Perreault H. New mass spectral approaches to ganglioside structure determinations. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1994; 101:45-61. [PMID: 8029468 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61939-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C E Costello
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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10
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Terabayashi T, Tsuda M, Kawanishi Y. The characteristic negative Cotton effect of ganglioside lactones observed by circular dichroism spectrometry. Anal Biochem 1992; 204:15-21. [PMID: 1514681 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(92)90132-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Circular dichroism spectrometry was applied to gangliosides and their lactones and revealed that the lactones have a characteristic strong negative Cotton effect around 235 nm. Four monolactones and two dilactones, which were formed from GM4, GD3, and GD1b, gave molar ellipticities at the wavelength in magnitude of 10(4), while their parent gangliosides, along with other gangliosides such as GM3, GM1, GD1a, GT1b, and GQ1b, showed no distinct feature. Two ganglioside esters, GM4-methyl ester and O-Ac-GT1b did not show the Cotton effect. The molar ellipticities had an additivity with respect to the number of lactone rings. The Cotton effect was attributed to the carbonyl group on the lactone ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Terabayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
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11
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Cantù L, Corti M, Casellato R, Acquotti D, Sonnino S. Aggregation properties of GD1b, II3Neu5Ac2GgOse4Cer, and of GD1b-lactone, II3[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2----8, 1----9)-alpha-Neu5Ac]GgOse4Cer, in aqueous solution. Chem Phys Lipids 1991; 60:111-8. [PMID: 1814636 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(91)90033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The relevance of the presence of an inner ester in the oligosaccharide chain on the aggregative properties of gangliosides is investigated. Micellar molecular weight and hydrodynamic radius of natural GD1b and of semisynthetic GD1b-lactone are measured by the laser light scattering technique. The presence of the lactone ring causes an increase of 36% for the molecular weight and 16% for the hydrodynamic radius. Measurements on mixtures of GD1b and GD1b-lactone show that mixed micelles are formed with microdomain structure. The results are interpreted in terms of the geometrical packing model for the aggregation of amphiphilic molecules and are correlated to membrane processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cantù
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Milan, Italy
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12
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Levery SB, Salyan ME, Roberts CE, Bouchon B, Hakomori S. Strategies for characterization of ganglioside inner esters. I--Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. BIOMEDICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1990; 19:303-10. [PMID: 2340365 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200190505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of old and new fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometric strategies for characterization of ganglioside inner esters (lactones) is presented. Data obtained for lactones of GD3 (NeuAc alpha 2----8NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal beta 1----4Glc beta 1----1Cer) using negative ion FAB mass spectrometry of underivatized materials, negative ion FAB mass spectrometry following ammonolysis, and positive ion FAB mass spectrometry following ammonolysis and permethylation are presented and discussed. The latter method uses well-known reactions to produce a novel type of ganglioside derivative, highly amenable to analysis by positive ion FAB mass spectrometry, which is introduced to simplify unambiguous location of NeuAc residues involved in ester linkages to other sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Levery
- Biomembrane Institute, Seattle, Washington 98119
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13
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Levery SB, Roberts CE, Salyan MEK, Bouchon B, Hakomori SI. Strategies for characterization of ganglioside inner esters II—gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200190506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Bassi R, Riboni L, Sonnino S, Tettamanti G. Lactonization of GD1b ganglioside under acidic conditions. Carbohydr Res 1989; 193:141-6. [PMID: 2611779 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(89)85113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides that contain the disialosyl residue alpha-Neu5Ac-(2--8)-alpha-Neu5Ac-(2--3)- can lactonize in the presence of traces of acid and this reaction has been studied in detail on GD1b [beta-Gal-(1--3)-beta-GalNAc-(1 --4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2--8)-alpha-Neu5Ac-(2 --3)]-beta-Gal-(1--4)-beta-Glc-1--1)-Cer]. Lactonization occurs rapidly at a proton-ganglioside molar ratio of less than 1. At equilibrium, the ratio of GD1b to its lactone is 3:7. The data suggest the possibility that a proton-driven lactonization of gangliosides may occur in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bassi
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Milan, Italy
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15
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Levery SB, Roberts CE, Salyan ME, Hakomori S. A novel strategy for unambiguous determination of inner esterification sites of ganglioside lactones. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 162:838-45. [PMID: 2757642 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A method is described which is suitable for protection of all free hydroxyl groups of a glycosphingolipid under conditions which will not cleave ester linkages, including inner ester linkages characteristic of ganglioside lactones. The protecting methoxyethoxymethyl group is stable in alkaline media, surviving permethylation procedures which introduce a methyl ether at all sites previously acylated. Hydrolysis, reduction, and acetylation then yield alditol acetate derivatives which can be analyzed by conventional GC-MS to locate the methyl ether groups. The method is used to locate the inner esterification site of GM3 lactone.
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16
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Ando S, Yu RK, Scarsdale JN, Kusunoki S, Prestegard JH. High Resolution Proton NMR Studies of Gangliosides. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)94091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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17
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Tai T, Kawashima I, Tada N, Ikegami S. Different reactivities of monoclonal antibodies to ganglioside lactones. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 958:134-8. [PMID: 3334863 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(88)90255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Six murine monoclonal antibodies were found to react with ganglioside GD2 lactone as well as purified ganglioside GD2. However, the reactivities of these antibodies to various ganglioside lactones were found to differ from each other. Four antibodies only reacted with GD2 lactones, while the other two cross-reacted with lactones of other gangliosides such as GD1b and GT1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tai
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
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18
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Acquotti D, Fronza G, Riboni L, Sonnino S, Tettamanti G. Ganglioside lactones:1H-NMR determination of the inner ester position of GD1b-ganglioside lactone naturally occurring in human brain or produced by chemical synthesis. Glycoconj J 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01049450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Amiel D, Frank C, Harwood F, Fronek J, Akeson W. Tendons and ligaments: a morphological and biochemical comparison. J Orthop Res 1984; 1:257-65. [PMID: 6481509 DOI: 10.1002/jor.1100010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare selected rabbit tendons and ligaments morphologically and biochemically. Five representative structures from each of six age- and sex-matched rabbits were compared. Biochemical analyses included total collagen, reducible collagen cross-links, quantitative collagen typing, DNA, and glycosaminoglycans. Histological and chemical differences were demonstrated between the tendons and the ligaments. Smaller differences were also found between the individual ligaments (collateral and cruciate) and between the two tendons (patellar and Achilles) that were examined. These findings suggest that ligaments are more metabolically active than tendons, having more plump cellular nuclei, higher DNA content, larger amounts of reducible cross-links, and the presence of more type III collagen, as compared with tendons. They also contain slightly less total collagen than tendons and more glycosaminoglycans. We conclude that the tendons and ligaments studied have unique histological and biochemical characteristics, despite their gross similarities. Relatively increased metabolic activity in ligaments, implied by our findings, may be species specific, age related (transient), or may truly represent a structural expression of functional need for more rapid adaptation. Further investigation of other similarities or differences between particular ligaments (or tendons) is indicated, and attention is directed toward the importance of such variables in development of models for tendon and ligament studies.
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Gross SK, Williams MA, McCluer RH. Alkali-labile, sodium borohydride-reducible ganglioside sialic acid residues in brain. J Neurochem 1980; 34:1351-61. [PMID: 7381465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb11215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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Chou KH, Ambers LS, Jungalwala FB. Ganglioside composition of chemically induced rat neural tumors and characterization of hematoside from neurinomas. J Neurochem 1979; 33:863-73. [PMID: 490161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1979.tb09916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Gross S, Summers A, McCluer RH. Formation of ganglioside internal esters by treatment with trichloroacetic acid-phosphotungstic acid reagent. J Neurochem 1977; 28:1133-6. [PMID: 864462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1977.tb10679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Hanfland P, Egli H. Quantitative isolation and purification of blood group-active glycosphingolipids from human B erythrocytes. Vox Sang 1975; 28:438-52. [PMID: 1146273 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1975.tb02792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
11.4 mg of a ceramide hexahexoside (B-I) and 16.4 mg of a ceramide octahexoside (B-II) as blood group B-active glycosphingolipids composed of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and fucose (molar ratios 1:3:1:1 and 1:4:2:1 respectively) have been isolated from 6,400 ml of packed human B erythrocytes. This yield is greater by more than the 13-fold amount of B-I glycosphingolipid and the 20-fold amount of B-II glycosphingolipid which has hitherto been isolated from human erythrocytes. The B-active glycosphingolipids isolated represent about 0.04% of the erythrocyte membrane and in consequence must be regarded as the main representants of B properties of the erythrocytes as far as they have been investigated up to this time. This high yield was achieved by a simple and conservative erythrocyte membrane preparation without loss of serological activity and by the improvement of some chromatographical methods which permitted a high purification without the acetylation-deacetylation procedure. Purity was checked by gas-liquid chromatographical analysis of the sugars as their alditol acetates and by the hemagglutination inhibition technique. 1.7 x 10-8 g of each of these glycosphingolipids completely inhibit the agglutination of human B erythrocytes by 4 hemagglutination units of normal human anti-B sera. A ceramide tetrahexoside and a glycolipid fraction with a high H activity could also be isolated which possibly are blood group-intermediate substances. Lewis blood group-active glycosphingolipids characterized by the hemagglutination inhibition test and by passive hemagglutination are trace constituents of other glycosphingolipid fractions.
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