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The role of components of the extracellular matrix and inflammation on oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:1155-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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2
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The airway epithelium is a direct source of matrix degrading enzymes in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011; 30:1175-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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3
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Chen C, Méndez E, Houck J, Fan W, Lohavanichbutr P, Doody D, Yueh B, Futran ND, Upton M, Farwell DG, Schwartz SM, Zhao LP. Gene expression profiling identifies genes predictive of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2152-62. [PMID: 18669583 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is associated with substantial mortality and morbidity. To identify potential biomarkers for the early detection of invasive OSCC, we compared the gene expressions of incident primary OSCC, oral dysplasia, and clinically normal oral tissue from surgical patients without head and neck cancer or preneoplastic oral lesions (controls), using Affymetrix U133 2.0 Plus arrays. We identified 131 differentially expressed probe sets using a training set of 119 OSCC patients and 35 controls. Forward and stepwise logistic regression analyses identified 10 successive combinations of genes which expression differentiated OSCC from controls. The best model included LAMC2, encoding laminin-gamma2 chain, and COL4A1, encoding collagen, type IV alpha1 chain. Subsequent modeling without these two markers showed that COL1A1, encoding collagen, type I alpha1 chain, and PADI1, encoding peptidyl arginine deiminase, type 1, could also distinguish OSCC from controls. We validated these two models using an internal independent testing set of 48 invasive OSCC and 10 controls and an external testing set of 42 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cases and 14 controls (GEO GSE6791), with sensitivity and specificity above 95%. These two models were also able to distinguish dysplasia (n = 17) from control (n = 35) tissue. Differential expression of these four genes was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. If confirmed in larger studies, the proposed models may hold promise for monitoring local recurrence at surgical margins and the development of second primary oral cancer in patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chen
- Program in Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, DEpartment of Epidemiology, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, M5-C800 P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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4
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Yagihashi S, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. Inhibitory effect of gingerol on the proliferation and invasion of hepatoma cells in culture. Cytotechnology 2008; 57:129-36. [PMID: 19003157 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-008-9121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of [6]-gingerol, a major pungent component in ginger, on the proliferation of a rat ascites hepatoma AH109A cells was investigated by measuring [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into acid-insoluble fraction of the cultured cells and that on the invasion by co-culturing the hepatoma cells with rat mesentery-derived mesothelial cells. [6]-Gingerol inhibited both the proliferation and invasion of hepatoma cells in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 6.25-200 muM (proliferation) and 50-200 muM (invasion). [6]-Gingerol accumulated cells in S phase and elongated doubling time of hepatoma cells, and increased the rate of apoptosis. Hepatoma cells previously cultured with hypoxanthine (HX) and xanthine oxidase (XO) or with hydrogen peroxide showed increased invasive activities. [6]-Gingerol suppressed the reactive oxygen species-potentiated invasive capacity by simultaneously treating AH109A cells with [6]-gingerol, HX and XO or with [6]-gingerol and hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, [6]-gingerol reduced the intracellular peroxide levels in AH109A cells. These results suggest that the suppression of hepatoma cell proliferation by [6]-gingerol may be due to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. They also suggest that the anti-oxidative property of [6]-gingerol may be involved in its anti-invasive activity of hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yagihashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Saiwai-cho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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5
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Cocker R, Oktay MH, Sunkara JL, Koss LG. Mechanisms of progression of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast to invasive cancer. A hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:57-63. [PMID: 17257776 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), a known precursor lesion of invasive cancer of the female breast, is surrounded by a thick basement membrane and a layer of myoepithelial cells. For DCIS to become invasive, both these barriers must be breached by cancer cells. It has been repeatedly suggested that proteolytic enzymes are somehow involved in this process but a direct proof of this event has never been provided. It is our hypothesis that invasion of the DCIS by capillary vessels derived from the periductal necklace of vessels is the most likely mechanism of breaching the basement membrane, providing an escape hatch for cancer cells. This hypothesis was initially tested on ten randomly selected cases of DCIS, with or without invasion. Capillary vessels were visualized by staining histologic sections with an antibody to CD 34 and, in three cases, by combined stain for CD 34 and collagen IV. In five of the 10 cases of DCIS, the presence of discrete capillary vessels invading DCIS could be documented. In two of these five cases, the vessels subdivided the cancerous ducts into territories of unequal sizes. Vascular invasion of DCIS is a plausible mechanism of breaching the basement membrane in DCIS as a prelude to invasion. This hypothesis must be further tested on a much larger number of cases. The hypothesis, if confirmed, may suggest that invasive cancer derived from DCIS may be prevented by antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Cocker
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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6
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Duong TD, Erickson CA. MMP-2 plays an essential role in producing epithelial-mesenchymal transformations in the avian embryo. Dev Dyn 2004; 229:42-53. [PMID: 14699576 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the roles that matrix-degrading proteases may have in development of the chicken embryo, we documented the expression pattern of matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2, 72-kDa type IV collagenase or gelatinase A) and perturbed its function in vitro and in vivo. MMP-2 is expressed as neural crest cells detach from the neural epithelium during an epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) but is rapidly extinguished as they disperse. It is also expressed in the sclerotome and in the dermis at the time that the EMT is initiated, and also as these cells migrate, and is down-regulated once motility has ceased. These patterns suggest that MMP-2 plays a role in cell motility during the EMT and during later morphogenesis. Inhibitors of MMPs, including BB-94 and TIMP-2 (tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-2), prevent the EMT that generates neural crest cells, both in tissue culture and in vivo, but do not affect migration of the cells that have already detached from the neural tube. Similarly, knockdown of MMP-2 expression in the dorsal neural tube using antisense morpholino oligos perturbs the EMT, but also does not affect migration of neural crest cells after they have detached from the neural tube. On the other hand, when somites in culture are treated with TIMP-2, some mesenchymal cells are produced, suggesting that they undergo the EMT, but show greatly reduced migration through the collagen gel. MMP-2 is also expressed in mesenchyme where tissue remodeling is in progress, such as in the developing feather germs, in the head mesenchyme, in the lateral plate mesoderm, and in the limb dermis, especially in the regions where tendons are developing. Comparisons of these expression patterns in multiple embryonic tissues suggest a probable role for MMP-2 in the migration phase of the EMT, in addition to mesenchyme dispersion and tissue remodeling. Developmental Dynamics 229:42-53, 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan D Duong
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
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7
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Abstract
Data from the literature now indicate that cancer cells can specifically interact with the unique extracellular matrix protein, elastin. The interaction is mediated by two elastin-binding proteins (EBP), S-gal/EBP (organized into the elasin receptor/elastonectin complex) and galectin-3, components of two laminin receptors. Studies revealed that the expression of both EBPs is closely associated to the invasive/metastatic potential of various cancer types. This is due to the fact that elastin-ligation of S-gal/EBP induces motogenic, as well as mitogenic signals and releases various elastases from cancer cells and the induction depends on the metastatic potential. Studies also demonstrated that certain cancer cells can synthesize elastin and express lysyl oxydase, providing explanation for frequent appearance of elastic tissue in tumors such as breast or gastric cancers. Clinico-pathological data suggest some correlation with tumor progression of the presence of the elastic tumor stroma. Since elastic tissue may be a significant reservoir of angiostatic molecule(s) this extracellular matrix protein can also have a role in tumor-induced angiogenesis. Soluble elastin as well as elastin peptides are potent inhibitors of the metastatic process in experimental tumor models. On the other hand, elastin peptides can also be used to design targeted therapies exploiting the unique physicochemical nature of this matrix protein. Altogether, these data suggest a significant role for tumor cell-elastin interactions in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Lapis
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
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8
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Murakami T, Toda S, Fujimoto M, Ohtsuki M, Byers HR, Etoh T, Nakagawa H. Constitutive activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in migration-active melanoma cells: role of LEF-1 in melanoma with increased metastatic potential. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 288:8-15. [PMID: 11594745 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A constitutive complex of beta-catenin and LEF-1 has been detected in melanoma cell lines expressing either mutant beta-catenin or mutant APC (Rubinfeld et al., Science, 275, 1790-1792, 1997). However, it has been recently reported that beta-catenin mutations are rare in primary malignant melanoma, but its nuclear and/or cytoplasmic localization, a potential indicator of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway activation, is frequently observed in melanoma (Rimm et al., Am. J. Pathol., 154, 325-329, 1999). In human malignant melanoma, the appearance of the tumorigenic phase represents a capacity for metastasis and is the significant phenotypic step in disease progression. Cell motility in invasive melanoma is thought to play a crucial role in metastatic behavior. In this work, we sought to determine which transcription factor of the LEF/TCF family was preferentially involved in human melanoma from different stages of tumor progression. We show that LEF-1 mRNA expression is predominant in highly migrating cells from metastatic melanomas. These actively migrating melanoma cells showed nuclear and cytoplasmic accumulation of beta-catenin and active transcription from a reporter plasmid of the LEF/TCF binding site. These results may provide a new insight into the role of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in the tumor progression of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Murakami
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical School, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Minamikawachi-machi, Kawachi-gun, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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9
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Kawashiri S, Kumagai S, Kojima K, Harada H, Nakagawa K, Yamamoto E. Reproduction of occult metastasis of head and neck cancer in nude mice. Clin Exp Metastasis 1999; 17:277-82. [PMID: 10545013 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006618332558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The presence of occult metastasis is the most important factor that influences the prognosis in patients with head and neck cancer. To reproduce occult metastasis of oral cancer cells, we serially resected the primary focus in an orthotopic implantation model to examine when metastasis of cancer cells occurs. Human squamous cell carcinoma was implanted into the tongue of nude mice divided into two groups, non-surgery and surgery groups. Mice in the non-surgery group were sacrificed, and the tongue cancer and cervical lymph nodes were resected simultaneously. In the surgery-group, resection of the tongue cancer was performed, and the cervical lymph nodes were resected on day 28. For the non-surgery-group, the incidences of metastasis were 0%, 9%, 36%, 91% and 100% on days 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28, respectively. For the surgery-group, resection of the tongue cancer was performed on days 3, 7 and 14, and the incidence of metastasis on day 28 was 0%, 82% and 91%, respectively. The occult metastasis was reproduced using resected primary cancer on day 7. This time-based model may be useful to clarify the mechanism of metastasis and to develop new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kawashiri
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Japan.
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10
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Abstract
Lymph nodes are the most common and earliest site of malignancies arising in epithelia. However, the reason for this pattern of preferential metastasis is not clear. This article reviews features of the metastatic process and lymph node microenvironment which might potentiate lymph node metastases. There is intriguing evidence that preferential lymph node metastasis is due to (1) the efficiency of lymph nodes as filters of the tumor cells which arrive there, and (2) the probability that adhesive interactions, normally governing the generation of different T-cell immune responses, are responsible for this efficiency and may also promote invasion and proliferation of tumor cells in the lymph node. Manipulation of the cytokine environment in a lymph node draining a primary epithelial tumor may alter both the expression of cell adhesion molecules within the node and the subsequent metastatic ability of the tumor cells arriving at it.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Gendreau
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030-3955, USA
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Theodorescu D, Laderoute KR, Calaoagan JM, Guilding KM. Inhibition of human bladder cancer cell motility by genistein is dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor but not p21ras gene expression. Int J Cancer 1998; 78:775-82. [PMID: 9833772 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19981209)78:6<775::aid-ijc16>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A significant portion of patients who present with non-muscle invasive "superficial" bladder cancer develop the muscle "invasive" life-threatening form of the disease during subsequent follow-up. In clinical studies, overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the p21 ras oncogene have been strongly associated with this phenotypic tumor transition. The marked difference in incidence of invasive bladder cancer in Asia compared to the United States has made us hypothesize that, among other factors, dietary influences have an impact on such tumor progression. A significantly higher dietary consumption of soy products exists in Asia and has led to the notion that the isoflavones present in this diet may contribute to a reduction in the number of invasive transitional cell bladder cancers. In this regard, we sought to determine the effect of genistein, a naturally occurring dietary protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor, on the growth and motility of human bladder cancer cell lines with diverse EGFR and p21ras expression phenotypes and corresponding invasive behaviors. These effects were compared with those of tyrphostin, a pure synthetic EGFR inhibitor. Our results indicate that both genistein and tyrphostin are effective inhibitors of bladder cancer motility and growth, key factors in the development of muscle invasive disease. In addition, the growth and motility inhibitory effects of genistein and tyrphostin are observed preferentially in cells that overexpress the EGFR. Cells that have a mutated p21ras but do not overexpress the EGFR are less inhibited by these 2 compounds, suggesting that their effect is primarily directed at the EGFR signal transduction pathways proximal to the p21ras gene. Our results would seem to corroborate the notion that a high dietary intake of isoflavones is a likely explanation for the decreased incidence of invasive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Theodorescu
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
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12
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Byers HR, Bhawan J. Pathologic parameters in the diagnosis and prognosis of primary cutaneous melanoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1998; 12:717-35. [PMID: 9759576 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(05)70020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the last 10 years on the identification of histologic parameters that are independent predictors of melanoma prognosis, immunohistochemical markers of cells of melanocytic origin and changes in adhesion molecules, cytoskeletal proteins, growth factor receptors, cell signaling, and nuclear proliferation proteins associated with tumor progression. Histologic criteria may never be completely sufficient to predict behavior accurately, because the fundamental change that renders a cell aggressive may not be morphologically reflected and may require immunohistochemical or other molecular markers to establish behavior. To date, it is humbling that no immunohistochemical or molecular marker provides a greater predictable value for aggressive behavior than does the simple calibrated ocular micrometer to measure tumor thickness. Nevertheless, development of multiple histologic parameters with the concept of nontumorigenic RGP and tumorigenic VGP provides a reliable statistical model to predict metastases. Fortunately, nontumorigenic RGP melanomas with greater than 75% regression are rare. Thus, individual patients with melanoma without regression and without the tumorigenic VGP can be given reasonable assurance of 100% survival. Nevertheless, this assurance is based on a statistical model with a finite population studied. Additional studies are needed to confirm this model, as well as more definitive markers to precisely predict outcome for those individuals with tumorigenic VGP melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Byers
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University Medical School, Massachusetts, USA
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Kaddu S, Smolle J, Cerroni L, Kerl H. Prognostic evaluation of specific cutaneous infiltrates in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Cutan Pathol 1996; 23:487-94. [PMID: 9001978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1996.tb01440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between numerous histologic variables and survival was investigated in 54 consecutive lesions of specific skin infiltrates of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) from 27 patients (16 males and 11 females, mean age 65 years, range 42-83 years). All patients were followed for up to 204 months or until death. Histopathologically, the infiltrates showed a patchy perivascular (35%), diffuse (31.5%), nodular (31.5%) or bandlike (1.9%) pattern. In 28% of the cases, an admixture of reactive cells within the infiltrate including eosinophils, histiocytes, neutrophils and plasma cells was observed. Cytomorphologically, small B-lymphocytes with condensed chromatin predominated in most infiltrates. However, some biopsies showed a small but significant number of medium- or large-sized neoplastic cells of the B-lymphocyte lineage with variable cytomorphological features. In a multivariate analysis, several histologic parameters within the infiltrates were found to show a significant association with long survival, namely, an infiltrate of moderate density, a nodular pattern, involvement of the lower dermis only, and presence of predominantly small B-lymphocytes (more than 95%) with condensed chromatin. Histologic variables that independently correlated with relatively short survival included an infiltrate of severe intensity, a diffuse pattern, epidermal changes (especially acanthosis and ulceration), medium-sized and large B-lymphocyte (more than 5%), and reactive cells within the infiltrate (neutrophils, eosinophils, and plasma cells). Overall analysis of our results showed two histologic patterns with a significant prognostic impact (p < 0.01; z = 5.4). Pattern I (33 biopsies) correlated with relatively long survival (2-year survival rate; 97%) and consisted of infiltrates showing predominantly small B-lymphocytes (more than 95%) without reactive cells or epidermal changes. Pattern II (21 biopsies) indicated short survival (2-year survival rate; 49%) and included all the rest of the biopsies i.e., infiltrates with medium- and large-sized B-lymphocytes (more than 5%), admixture of reactive cells, and epidermal changes. Results from our study suggest that histologic features in specific skin infiltrates of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia may be helpful in identifying prognostically different subgroups of patients and planning therapeutic schedules.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- Prognosis
- Retrospective Studies
- Skin/pathology
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaddu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Graz, Austria
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Abstract
In the normal colon, myofibroblasts are closely apposed to colonocytes where they deposit type IV collagen, the main basement membrane component. In colon carcinomas, this epithelial-mesenchymal association is physically disrupted, leading to the production of an abnormal, type IV collagen defective, basement membrane. Tumor-infiltrating myofibroblasts are migratory cells that accumulate at the invasive front of the colorectal carcinomas. They produce lytic enzymes able to degrade the basement membrane surrounding tumor glands. They also participate in the synthesis of the extracellular matrix components of the tumor stroma, which could subsequently alter the adhesive and migratory properties of the epithelial colon cancer cells. These results suggest that tumor-infiltrating myofibroblasts play a role in the invasion and metastasis of colorectal tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martin
- Department of Biology and Therapy of Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Dijon, France
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Stracca-Pansa V, Dickman PS, Zamboni G, Bevilacqua PA, Ninfo V. Extracellular matrix of small round cell tumors of childhood: an immunohistochemical study of 67 cases. PEDIATRIC PATHOLOGY 1994; 14:111-25. [PMID: 8159609 DOI: 10.3109/15513819409022031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-seven childhood tumors were studied immunohistochemically for the extracellular matrix element type IV collagen, laminin, and fibronectin. Tumors included Ewing's sarcoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, small cell osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma or ganglioneuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and lymphoma. It was found that small cell osteosarcoma was often positive for fibronectin but not type IV collagen or laminin, a new observation. In the lymphomas, matrix proteins were rarely found. Ewing's sarcoma was variably positive for type IV collagen and laminin, but fibronectin was absent. Extracellular laminin and fibronectin were found in one of two cases of primitive neuroectodermal tumor. In neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma, the matrix components were rarely found. These results, discrepant with findings in cultured cells, may reflect the altered capacity of tumors to produce these proteins in vitro, which suggests that caution should be exercised in drawing conclusions regarding the nature or histogenesis of tumors from data obtained with cultured tumor cells. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma frequently contained all matrix elements in the extracellular space and in a dotlike pattern in the cytoplasm; alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma rarely contained these proteins and never exhibited the dotlike pattern. The frequent finding of matrix proteins in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma but only rarely in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and the unique immunostaining pattern in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma may prove to be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of childhood tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Stracca-Pansa
- Anatomic Pathology, Ospedale Civile di Venezia, Venice, Italy
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Visser R, Arends JW, Leigh IM, Bosman FT. Patterns and composition of basement membranes in colon adenomas and adenocarcinomas. J Pathol 1993; 170:285-90. [PMID: 8133402 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711700311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We studied the distribution of type IV collagen and type VII collagen in the basement membranes of normal mucosa of the colon, adenomas, and adenocarcinomas using immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence techniques. In normal mucosa, we found regular type IV collagen-positive basement membranes, lining vascular structures and mucosal epithelia. These basement membranes, however, lacked type VII collagen. In adenomas of the colon, intact basement membranes were observed through type IV collagen staining. Type VII collagen staining was also detected, but only in connection with dysplastic epithelium. Adjacent to the dysplastic epithelium in adenomas, histologically normal epithelium also showed type VII collagen staining along the basement membrane, but this was restricted to the epithelium of the luminal surface. These areas were also investigated for expression of keratins 8, 18, and 19, and keratins 5 and 8 (monoclonal antibodies NCL-5D3 and RCK 102, respectively), but altered differentiation was not detected using this technique. In adenocarcinomas of the colon, type IV collagen was irregularly deposited in the basement membrane of neoplastic tubules. Type VII collagen staining was detected only in well or moderately differentiated carcinomas and in higher amounts. Our findings therefore reveal a transient expression of type VII collagen in the transition of dysplastic epithelium into carcinoma, suggesting the involvement of type VII collagen in the process of early invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Visser
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, State University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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19
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Gabazza EC, Taguchi O, Yamakami T, Machishi M, Ibata H, Tsutsui K, Suzuki S. Coagulation-fibrinolysis system and markers of collagen metabolism in lung cancer. Cancer 1992; 70:2631-6. [PMID: 1423192 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19921201)70:11<2631::aid-cncr2820701111>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that the fibrinolysis system and peritumoral connective tissue play important roles in tumor spread. METHODS In this study, the authors evaluated the following parameters in 30 consecutive patients with lung cancer: thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), cross-linked fibrin split products D-dimer (DD), plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin inhibitor complex (PAP), and two antigens related to connective tissue, the aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIIP) and the 7S domain of type IV collagen (7S-collagen). RESULTS Each parameter was increased significantly in the patients with cancer compared with the control subjects. Except for PIIIP, their concentration in blood was elevated to a significantly greater extent in the patients with distant metastases. The PAP concentration correlated well with the plasma concentration of TAT (r = 0.5; P < 0.01) and DD (r = 0.9; P < 0.0001). There was also a strong correlation between the serum concentrations of PIIIP and 7S-collagen (r = 0.7; P < 0.001). In patients with localized disease, DD levels were correlated significantly with those of PIIIP (Spearman rank-order correlation [rs] = 0.6; P < 0.025) and 7S-collagen (rs = 0.6; P < 0.01). In the group with disseminated metastases, there was a significant inverse relationship between serum PAP concentrations and serum concentrations of 7S-collagen (rs = -0.6; P < 0.025). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the presence of a subclinical chronic activation of the parameters of intravascular clotting-fibrinolysis and alterations in the extracellular matrix of patients with lung cancer. These parameters may be useful as indicators of the clinical progression of malignant disease, particularly of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Gabazza
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu-city, Japan
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20
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Byers HR, Etoh T, Vink J, Franklin N, Gattoni-Celli S, Mihm MC. Actin organization and cell migration of melanoma cells relate to differential expression of integrins and actin-associated proteins. J Dermatol 1992; 19:847-52. [PMID: 1293173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1992.tb03795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have recently described marked differences in cell migration rates and organization of actin in human melanoma cell lines isolated from various stages of tumor progression. Metastatic lines derived from lymph node metastases organized actin into stress fiber arrays and had high mean migration rates in vitro when compared to lines from other stages. Melanoma cells also reveal marked differences in localization of alpha-actinin and beta 1 integrins at stress fiber termination sites (focal contacts). Disruption of this organization is induced by antibodies against beta 1 integrins, alpha-actinin, recently postulated as having a role in linkage of actin to beta 1 integrins, is differentially expressed in melanoma cells by Northern blot analysis and a relatively high alpha-actinin to actin ratio is associated with stress fiber formation and increased cell migration. Furthermore, actin-binding protein, which cross-links actin filaments, is also significantly increased in lines exhibiting high migration rates. Control of migration and actin organization may be mediated by extracellular matrices and/or modulation of actin-associated proteins including alpha-actinin and actin binding protein. These findings provide evidence that an interaction of transmembrane adhesion molecules and elements of the cytoskeleton in melanoma cells may be responsible for differences in migration rates and capacity for metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Byers
- Pathology Department, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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21
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Etoh T, Byers HR, Mihm MC. Integrin expression in malignant melanoma and their role in cell attachment and migration on extracellular matrix proteins. J Dermatol 1992; 19:841-6. [PMID: 1293172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1992.tb03794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between melanoma cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) components may be important for invasion and metastasis. The integrins belong to a family of protein heterodimers composed of alpha and beta subunits and the beta 1-integrins are especially important as ECM receptors. We investigated the expression of beta 1-integrins on four human melanoma cell lines (two primary, one from the radial growth phase (RGP) and another from the vertical growth phase (VGP), and two metastatic) and examined their attachment and migration on laminin (LN), type IV collagen (CN) and fibronectin (FN). Among LN and/or CN integrin receptors, only alpha 2 beta 1 (VLA2) was expressed at significantly higher levels in the VGP and metastatic cell lines in comparison to the RGP cell line. In addition, enhanced attachment and migration on LN and CN were significantly inhibited by anti-VLA2 monoclonal antibody (mAb). As to FN receptors, alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 5 beta 1 expression was heterogeneous among the cell lines, however, it was directly related to enhanced attachment and migration on FN, which also could be inhibited by anti-VLA4 and anti-VLA5 mAbs. Our findings provide evidence for a role in beta 1-integrins, in particular alpha 2 beta 1, in melanoma progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Etoh
- Pathology Department, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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22
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Ståhle-Bäckdahl M, Sudbeck BD, Eisen AZ, Welgus HG, Parks WC. Expression of 92-kDa type IV collagenase mRNA by eosinophils associated with basal cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 99:497-503. [PMID: 1402008 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12616171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metalloproteinases are thought to be important for tumor invasion and metastasis. We used in situ hybridization with 35S-labeled cRNA probes to localize sites of expression for 92-kDa type IV collagenase mRNA in sections of nodular basal cell carcinoma. Positive signal for 92-kDa type IV collagenase mRNA was detected in eosinophilic granulocytes within inflammatory infiltrates surrounding the tumor nodules. Eosinophils, however, were not adjacent to tumor cells, suggesting that metalloenzyme production by these granulocytes in this disease may be targeted more to stromal components than to remodeling or destruction of the basement lamina. The identity of the eosinophils was confirmed by cell morphology and specific histochemical staining. No resident or other migratory cells were positive for enzyme mRNA in these samples. Signal specificity for in situ hybridization was shown by a duplication of the results with complementary oligomeric probes and by a lack of signal in sections hybridized with a sense RNA probe or nonspecific oligomer. No signal for 92-kDa type IV collagenase mRNA was detected in circulating eosinophils or in eosinophils associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma. These data suggest that eosinophils migrate into the dermis and express type IV collagenase in response to basal cell carcinoma and that this process may have a role in tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ståhle-Bäckdahl
- Division of Dermatology, Jewish Hospital, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110
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23
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Pitt MA, Hale RJ, Buckley CH. The distribution of type IV collagen in invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Histopathology 1992; 20:139-43. [PMID: 1559668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1992.tb00943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The presence of type IV collagen at the tumour/stromal interface of invasive carcinoma of the cervix was evaluated in 60 cases. It was assessed semi-quantitatively according to its staining characteristics, and expressed as: thick, with or without minimal discontinuity; thin, with or without moderate discontinuity; fragmentary or absent. In each case the tumour type was identified, the differentiation, growth pattern and peritumoural inflammatory infiltrate was graded and lymph node status established. There was, overall, a significant correlation between a paucity of type IV collagen and a poorer prognosis and an infiltrating growth pattern. There was a highly significant correlation for adenocarcinomas in relation to poor outcome, infiltrating growth pattern and lymph node metastases. By contrast, no statistically significant correlation was found between paucity of type IV collagen and the other parameters for either squamous or adenosquamous carcinomas. The presence of absence of type IV collagen may be a useful prognostic marker, particularly for adenocarcinomas, and may play a part in the invasive and metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Pitt
- Department of Reproductive Pathology, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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24
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Leibel SA, Ling CC, Kutcher GJ, Mohan R, Cordon-Cordo C, Fuks Z. The biological basis for conformal three-dimensional radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991; 21:805-11. [PMID: 1869471 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(91)90701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The recent introduction of new computer technology for treatment planning and computer-driven treatment delivery systems, such as multi-leaf collimators and on-line verification systems, has accelerated the development of 3-dimensional (3-D) radiation therapy as a modality for curative cancer treatment. The goal of 3-D treatment planning is to conform the spatial distribution of the high radiation dose to the shape of the tumor contour while concomitantly decreasing the volume of the surrounding normal tissues receiving high radiation doses. The improved precision of tumor coverage and the exclusion of normal tissues should permit tumor dose escalation and may enhance local tumor control. It has been suggested that any survival gains derived from improvements in local control may be offset by the subsequent appearance of distant metastases arising from micrometastases already present at the time of initial diagnosis. However, clinical and laboratory studies indicate that failure to control the primary tumor at the time of initial treatment significantly increases the incidence of metastatic dissemination. This phenomenon is consistent with the hypothesis that the enhanced mitotic activity associated with the re-growth process of locally recurring primary tumors promotes the multi-step transformation of non-metastatic tumor cells into clonogens with metastatic potential, leading to increased overall rates of metastatic disease. These biologic considerations provide support for the need to focus attention on the identification of more effective therapeutic strategies designed to eradicate the primary local tumor completely at the time of initial therapy and serve as the rationale for clinical studies using 3-D conformal radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Leibel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
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25
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Bracke M, Vyncke B, Opdenakker G, Foidart JM, De Pestel G, Mareel M. Effect of catechins and citrus flavonoids on invasion in vitro. Clin Exp Metastasis 1991; 9:13-25. [PMID: 1901781 DOI: 10.1007/bf01831706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Catechins, a group of flavonoid molecules, inhibit invasion of mouse MO4 cells into embryonic chick heart fragments in vitro. The anti-invasive effects can be ranked as follows: (+)-catechin greater than (-)-epicatechin greater than 3-O-methyl-(+)-catechin greater than 3-O-palmitoyl-(+)-catechin. Most of the catechins are unstable in cell culture media, and their spontaneous rearrangement products tend to bind to extracellular matrix (ECM). Due to these interactions proteases such as tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) are linked to the ECM glycoprotein laminin. This leads to a partial inactivation of the enzyme. Within the group of catechins we found a positive correlation between anti-invasive activity and linking of t-PA to laminin. Citrus flavonoids are also anti-invasive in vitro (tangeretin greater than nobiletin greater than hesperidin = naringin). However, these stable molecules show poor affinity for ECM, and do not link enzymes to laminin. These data suggest that catechins and citrus flavonoids inhibit invasion in vitro by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bracke
- Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Whalen
- Department of Surgery, New York Hospital/Cornell Medical College, New York 10021
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27
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Seltzer JL, Akers KT, Weingarten H, Grant GA, McCourt DW, Eisen AZ. Cleavage specificity of human skin type IV collagenase (gelatinase). Identification of cleavage sites in type I gelatin, with confirmation using synthetic peptides. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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28
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Abstract
This manuscript reviews the molecular aspects of tumor cell invasion of extracellular matrix. The changes in cell:substrate and cell:cell receptors that characterize motile cells are discussed for their importance not only in mediating invasive cell behavior, but also as diagnostic markers for invasive potential. Autocrine motility and scatter factors probably have key roles in initiating migratory behavior, while specific and non-specific extracellular matrix alterations can facilitate cell locomotion. The manuscript reviews reported changes, such as induction of cell motility, matrix degrading enzymes, and invasive/metastatic potential, which can follow transfection with ras oncogenes, and details the key roles of metalloproteinases, heparanase, and plasminogen activator in matrix degradation. Enzymatic inhibitors of initial steps in extracellular matrix degradation, such as rTIMP, and synthetic blockers of adhesive steps in tumor cell invasion represent types of reagent with potential as anti-metastatic agents. Their potential usefulness may be increased if they can be incorporated into a novel, long-term, non-traditional delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Starkey
- Microbiology Department, Montana State University, Bozeman
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29
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Arbeit JM. Molecules, cancer, and the surgeon. A review of molecular biology and its implications for surgical oncology. Ann Surg 1990; 212:3-13. [PMID: 2194440 PMCID: PMC1358068 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199007000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between molecules control intra- and intercellular physiology. Cancer is emerging as a disease in which individual molecules are either overproduced, mutated, expressed at inappropriate stages of development, or lost due to inheritance or aberrant mitotic division. The major players in this contest of cellular control are growth factors, growth factor receptors (GFRs), signal transducers, and dominant or suppressor/recessive oncogenes. The tumors most frequently removed by surgeons have been reported to have changes in one or another of these types of molecules. The concept of multistage carcinogenesis, whereby malignancy arises after a sequence of changes that are cumulative, and passed from progenitor to daughter cells, is also being defined as a sequence of molecular, genetic, and chromosomal alterations. Molecular antineoplastic therapy is in early stages of development at the laboratory bench. The future may see patients screened for cancer susceptibility, evaluated for adjuvant therapy, and chosen for particular treatment based on molecular analysis. The types of cancer operations and the scope of surgical resection may change as molecular techniques enhance oncologic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Arbeit
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco
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30
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Seltzer JL, Weingarten H, Akers KT, Eschbach ML, Grant GA, Eisen AZ. Cleavage specificity of type IV collagenase (gelatinase) from human skin. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)47153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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