1
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Bergant V, Schnepf D, de Andrade Krätzig N, Hubel P, Urban C, Engleitner T, Dijkman R, Ryffel B, Steiger K, Knolle PA, Kochs G, Rad R, Staeheli P, Pichlmair A. mRNA 3'UTR lengthening by alternative polyadenylation attenuates inflammatory responses and correlates with virulence of Influenza A virus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4906. [PMID: 37582777 PMCID: PMC10427651 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes of mRNA 3'UTRs by alternative polyadenylation (APA) have been associated to numerous pathologies, but the mechanisms and consequences often remain enigmatic. By combining transcriptomics, proteomics and recombinant viruses we show that all tested strains of IAV, including A/PR/8/34(H1N1) (PR8) and A/Cal/07/2009 (H1N1) (Cal09), cause APA. We mapped the effect to the highly conserved glycine residue at position 184 (G184) of the viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1). Unbiased mass spectrometry-based analyses indicate that NS1 causes APA by perturbing the function of CPSF4 and that this function is unrelated to virus-induced transcriptional shutoff. Accordingly, IAV strain PR8, expressing an NS1 variant with weak CPSF binding, does not induce host shutoff but only APA. However, recombinant IAV (PR8) expressing NS1(G184R) lacks binding to CPSF4 and thereby also the ability to cause APA. Functionally, the impaired ability to induce APA leads to an increased inflammatory cytokine production and an attenuated phenotype in a mouse infection model. Investigating diverse viral infection models showed that APA induction is a frequent ability of many pathogens. Collectively, we propose that targeting of the CPSF complex, leading to widespread alternative polyadenylation of host transcripts, constitutes a general immunevasion mechanism employed by a variety of pathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Bergant
- Institute of Virology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Schnepf
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Niklas de Andrade Krätzig
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Hubel
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Urban
- Institute of Virology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ronald Dijkman
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institut für allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Institute of Virology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany.
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2
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Mohamed AA, Soler S, Wegner J, Bartok E, Stankovic S, Brooks AG, Schlee M. Influenza A Infection Stimulates RIG-I and Enhances Effector Function of Primary Human NK Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12220. [PMID: 37569596 PMCID: PMC10419028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune surveillance by natural killer (NK) cells and their recruitment to sites of inflammation renders them susceptible to viral infection, potentially modulating their effector function. Here, we analyzed innate RNA receptor signaling in NK cells downstream of direct Influenza A virus (IAV) infection and its impact on NK cell effector function. Infection of NK cells with IAV resulted in the activation of TBK1, NF-ϰB and subsequent type-I IFN secretion. CRISPR-generated knockouts in primary human NK cells revealed that this effect depended on the antiviral cytosolic RNA receptor RIG-I. Transfection of NK cells with synthetic 3p-dsRNA, a strong RIG-I agonist that mimics viral RNA, resulted in a similar phenotype and rendered NK cells resistant to subsequent IAV infection. Strikingly, both IAV infection and 3p-dsRNA transfection enhanced degranulation and cytokine production by NK cells when exposed to target cells. Thus, RIG-I activation in NK cells both supports their cell intrinsic viral defense and enhances their cytotoxic effector function against target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adham Abuelola Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.A.M.); (J.W.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (S.S.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Sofía Soler
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.S.)
| | - Julia Wegner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.A.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Eva Bartok
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.S.)
- Unit of Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sanda Stankovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (S.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (S.S.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Martin Schlee
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.A.M.); (J.W.)
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3
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Lambing S, Tan YP, Vasileiadou P, Holdenrieder S, Müller P, Hagen C, Garbe S, Behrendt R, Schlee M, van den Boorn JG, Bartok E, Renn M, Hartmann G. RIG-I immunotherapy overcomes radioresistance in p53-positive malignant melanoma. J Mol Cell Biol 2023; 15:mjad001. [PMID: 36626927 PMCID: PMC10394996 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy induces DNA damage, resulting in cell-cycle arrest and activation of cell-intrinsic death pathways. However, the radioresistance of some tumour entities such as malignant melanoma limits its clinical application. The innate immune sensing receptor retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is ubiquitously expressed and upon activation triggers an immunogenic form of cell death in a variety of tumour cell types including melanoma. To date, the potential of RIG-I ligands to overcome radioresistance of tumour cells has not been investigated. Here, we demonstrate that RIG-I activation enhanced the extent and immunogenicity of irradiation-induced tumour cell death in human and murine melanoma cells in vitro and improved survival in the murine B16 melanoma model in vivo. Transcriptome analysis pointed to a central role for p53, which was confirmed using p53-/- B16 cells. In vivo, the additional effect of RIG-I in combination with irradiation on tumour growth was absent in mice carrying p53-/- B16 tumours, while the antitumoural response to RIG-I stimulation alone was maintained. Our results identify p53 as a pivotal checkpoint that is triggered by RIG-I resulting in enhanced irradiation-induced tumour cell death. Thus, the combined administration of RIG-I ligands and radiotherapy is a promising approach to treating radioresistant tumours with a functional p53 pathway, such as melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Lambing
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Yu Pan Tan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Paraskevi Vasileiadou
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Stefan Holdenrieder
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, German Heart Centre, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Christian Hagen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Stephan Garbe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Martin Schlee
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Jasper G van den Boorn
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Eva Bartok
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
- Unit of Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Marcel Renn
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
- Mildred Scheel School of Oncology, Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
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4
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Pennemann FL, Mussabekova A, Urban C, Stukalov A, Andersen LL, Grass V, Lavacca TM, Holze C, Oubraham L, Benamrouche Y, Girardi E, Boulos RE, Hartmann R, Superti-Furga G, Habjan M, Imler JL, Meignin C, Pichlmair A. Cross-species analysis of viral nucleic acid interacting proteins identifies TAOKs as innate immune regulators. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7009. [PMID: 34853303 PMCID: PMC8636641 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27192-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell intrinsic antiviral response of multicellular organisms developed over millions of years and critically relies on the ability to sense and eliminate viral nucleic acids. Here we use an affinity proteomics approach in evolutionary distant species (human, mouse and fly) to identify proteins that are conserved in their ability to associate with diverse viral nucleic acids. This approach shows a core of orthologous proteins targeting viral genetic material and species-specific interactions. Functional characterization of the influence of 181 candidates on replication of 6 distinct viruses in human cells and flies identifies 128 nucleic acid binding proteins with an impact on virus growth. We identify the family of TAO kinases (TAOK1, -2 and -3) as dsRNA-interacting antiviral proteins and show their requirement for type-I interferon induction. Depletion of TAO kinases in mammals or flies leads to an impaired response to virus infection characterized by a reduced induction of interferon stimulated genes in mammals and impaired expression of srg1 and diedel in flies. Overall, our study shows a larger set of proteins able to mediate the interaction between viral genetic material and host factors than anticipated so far, attesting to the ancestral roots of innate immunity and to the lineage-specific pressures exerted by viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike L Pennemann
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Assel Mussabekova
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Urban
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexey Stukalov
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Line Lykke Andersen
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Vincent Grass
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Maria Lavacca
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Cathleen Holze
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Lila Oubraham
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Yasmine Benamrouche
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Enrico Girardi
- CeMM - Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rasha E Boulos
- Computer Science and Mathematics Department, School of Arts and Science, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Rune Hartmann
- Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics - Structural Biology, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM - Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Habjan
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Imler
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Carine Meignin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, 82152, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Munich, Germany.
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5
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NUDT2 initiates viral RNA degradation by removal of 5'-phosphates. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6918. [PMID: 34824277 PMCID: PMC8616924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While viral replication processes are largely understood, comparably little is known on cellular mechanisms degrading viral RNA. Some viral RNAs bear a 5′-triphosphate (PPP-) group that impairs degradation by the canonical 5′-3′ degradation pathway. Here we show that the Nudix hydrolase 2 (NUDT2) trims viral PPP-RNA into monophosphorylated (P)-RNA, which serves as a substrate for the 5′-3′ exonuclease XRN1. NUDT2 removes 5′-phosphates from PPP-RNA in an RNA sequence- and overhang-independent manner and its ablation in cells increases growth of PPP-RNA viruses, suggesting an involvement in antiviral immunity. NUDT2 is highly homologous to bacterial RNA pyrophosphatase H (RppH), a protein involved in the metabolism of bacterial mRNA, which is 5′-tri- or diphosphorylated. Our results show a conserved function between bacterial RppH and mammalian NUDT2, indicating that the function may have adapted from a protein responsible for RNA turnover in bacteria into a protein involved in the immune defense in mammals. RNA of some viruses is protected from degradation by a 5′ triphosphate group. Here the authors identify nudix hydrolase 2 (NUDT2) as novel antiviral defense protein that dephosphorylates viral RNA and thereby enables its degradation.
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6
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Wegner J, Zillinger T, Schlee-Guimaraes TM, Bartok E, Schlee M. An epigenetic GPI anchor defect impairs TLR4 signaling in the B cell transdifferentiation model for primary human monocytes BLaER1. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14983. [PMID: 34294787 PMCID: PMC8298422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94386-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting myeloid cells like monocytes detect invading pathogens via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and initiate adaptive and innate immune responses. As analysis of PRR signaling in primary human monocytes is hampered by their restricted expandability, human monocyte models like THP-1 cells are commonly used for loss-of-function studies, such as with CRISPR-Cas9 editing. A recently developed transdifferentiation cell culture system, BLaER1, enables lineage conversion from malignant B cells to monocytes and was found superior to THP-1 in mimicking PRR signaling, thus being the first model allowing TLR4 and inflammasome pathway analysis. Here, we identified an important caveat when investigating TLR4-driven signaling in BLaER1 cells. We show that this model contains glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor-deficient cells, which lack CD14 surface expression when differentiated to monocytes, resulting in diminished LPS/TLR4 but not TLR7/TLR8 responsiveness. This GPI anchor defect is caused by epigenetic silencing of PIGH, leading to a random distribution of intact and PIGH-deficient clones after single-cell cloning. Overexpressing PIGH restored GPI-anchored protein (including CD14) expression and LPS responsiveness. When studying CD14- or other GPI-anchored protein-dependent pathways, researchers should consider this anomaly and ensure equal GPI-anchored protein expression when comparing cells that have undergone single-cell cloning, e. g. after CRISPR-Cas9 editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wegner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Eva Bartok
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Unit of Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martin Schlee
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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7
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Multilevel proteomics reveals host perturbations by SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Nature 2021; 594:246-252. [PMID: 33845483 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03493-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in the urgent need for an in-depth understanding of molecular functions of viral proteins and their interactions with the host proteome. Several individual omics studies have extended our knowledge of COVID-19 pathophysiology1-10. Integration of such datasets to obtain a holistic view of virus-host interactions and to define the pathogenic properties of SARS-CoV-2 is limited by the heterogeneity of the experimental systems. Here we report a concurrent multi-omics study of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Using state-of-the-art proteomics, we profiled the interactomes of both viruses, as well as their influence on the transcriptome, proteome, ubiquitinome and phosphoproteome of a lung-derived human cell line. Projecting these data onto the global network of cellular interactions revealed crosstalk between the perturbations taking place upon infection with SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV at different levels and enabled identification of distinct and common molecular mechanisms of these closely related coronaviruses. The TGF-β pathway, known for its involvement in tissue fibrosis, was specifically dysregulated by SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 and autophagy was specifically dysregulated by SARS-CoV-2 ORF3. The extensive dataset (available at https://covinet.innatelab.org ) highlights many hotspots that could be targeted by existing drugs and may be used to guide rational design of virus- and host-directed therapies, which we exemplify by identifying inhibitors of kinases and matrix metalloproteases with potent antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2.
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8
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Coch C, Stümpel JP, Lilien-Waldau V, Wohlleber D, Kümmerer BM, Bekeredjian-Ding I, Kochs G, Garbi N, Herberhold S, Schuberth-Wagner C, Ludwig J, Barchet W, Schlee M, Hoerauf A, Bootz F, Staeheli P, Hartmann G, Hartmann E. RIG-I Activation Protects and Rescues from Lethal Influenza Virus Infection and Bacterial Superinfection. Mol Ther 2017; 25:2093-2103. [PMID: 28760668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection causes substantial morbidity and mortality in seasonal epidemic outbreaks, and more efficient treatments are urgently needed. Innate immune sensing of viral nucleic acids stimulates antiviral immunity, including cell-autonomous antiviral defense mechanisms that restrict viral replication. RNA oligonucleotide ligands that potently activate the cytoplasmic helicase retinoic-acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) are promising candidates for the development of new antiviral therapies. Here, we demonstrate in an Mx1-expressing mouse model of influenza A virus infection that a single intravenous injection of low-dose RIG-I ligand 5'-triphosphate RNA (3pRNA) completely protected mice from a lethal challenge with influenza A virus for at least 7 days. Furthermore, systemic administration of 3pRNA rescued mice with pre-established fulminant influenza infection and prevented the fatal effects of a streptococcal superinfection. Type I interferon, but not interferon-λ, was required for the therapeutic effect. Our results suggest that the use of RIG-I activating oligonucleotide ligands has the clinical potential to confine influenza epidemics when a strain-specific vaccine is not yet available and to reduce lethality of influenza in severely infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Coch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jan Phillip Stümpel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Vanessa Lilien-Waldau
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, TU Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Beate M Kümmerer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabelle Bekeredjian-Ding
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephan Herberhold
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine Schuberth-Wagner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Janos Ludwig
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Winfried Barchet
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Schlee
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Friedrich Bootz
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Evelyn Hartmann
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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9
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Barik S. What Really Rigs Up RIG-I? J Innate Immun 2016; 8:429-36. [PMID: 27438016 PMCID: PMC6738806 DOI: 10.1159/000447947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene 1) is an archetypal member of the cytoplasmic DEAD-box dsRNA helicase family (RIG-I-like receptors or RLRs), the members of which play essential roles in the innate immune response of the metazoan cell. RIG-I functions as a pattern recognition receptor that detects nonself RNA as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). However, the exact molecular nature of the viral RNAs that act as a RIG-I ligand has remained a mystery and a matter of debate. In this article, we offer a critical review of the actual viral RNAs that act as PAMPs to activate RIG-I, as seen from the perspective of a virologist, including a recent report that the viral Leader-read-through transcript is a novel and effective RIG-I ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailen Barik
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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10
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Schnurr M, Duewell P, Bauer C, Rothenfusser S, Lauber K, Endres S, Kobold S. Strategies to relieve immunosuppression in pancreatic cancer. Immunotherapy 2016; 7:363-76. [PMID: 25917628 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous progress in the understanding of deregulated pathways in pancreatic cancer cells and development of targeted therapies, therapeutic advances with clinical benefit have been scarce over the last decades. The recent success of immunotherapy for some solid cancers has fueled optimism that this approach might also work for pancreatic cancer. However, a highly immunosuppressive microenvironment mediated by tumor, stromal and immune cells creates a major hurdle for immunotherapy. Mouse models have helped to unravel critical immunosuppressive mechanisms that could serve as novel therapeutic targets. Here we review new promising strategies that alone or in combination with other modalities, such as chemotherapy or irradiation, have the potential to lead to tumor immune control and finally better clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Schnurr
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Labzin LI, Schmidt SV, Masters SL, Beyer M, Krebs W, Klee K, Stahl R, Lütjohann D, Schultze JL, Latz E, De Nardo D. ATF3 Is a Key Regulator of Macrophage IFN Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4446-55. [PMID: 26416280 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and IFNs downstream of innate immune pathways are critical for mounting an appropriate immune response to microbial infection. However, the expression of these inflammatory mediators is tightly regulated, as uncontrolled production can result in tissue damage and lead to chronic inflammatory conditions and autoimmune diseases. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is an important transcriptional modulator that limits the inflammatory response by controlling the expression of a number of cytokines and chemokines. However, its role in modulating IFN responses remains poorly defined. In this study, we demonstrate that ATF3 expression in macrophages is necessary for governing basal IFN-β expression, as well as the magnitude of IFN-β cytokine production following activation of innate immune receptors. We found that ATF3 acted as a transcriptional repressor and regulated IFN-β via direct binding to a previously unidentified specific regulatory site distal to the Ifnb1 promoter. Additionally, we observed that ATF3 itself is a type I IFN-inducible gene, and that ATF3 further modulates the expression of a subset of inflammatory genes downstream of IFN signaling, suggesting it constitutes a key component of an IFN negative feedback loop. Consistent with this, macrophages deficient in Atf3 showed enhanced viral clearance in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and vesicular stomatitis virus infection models. Our study therefore demonstrates an important role for ATF3 in modulating IFN responses in macrophages by controlling basal and inducible levels of IFNβ, as well as the expression of genes downstream of IFN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa I Labzin
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne V Schmidt
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marc Beyer
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Krebs
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kathrin Klee
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Stahl
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;
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