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Beauchet A, Bollier N, Grison M, Rofidal V, Gévaudant F, Bayer E, Gonzalez N, Chevalier C. The CELL NUMBER REGULATOR FW2.2 protein regulates cell-to-cell communication in tomato by modulating callose deposition at plasmodesmata. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:883-901. [PMID: 38588030 PMCID: PMC11444278 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
FW2.2 (standing for FRUIT WEIGHT 2.2), the founding member of the CELL NUMBER REGULATOR (CNR) gene family, was the first cloned gene underlying a quantitative trait locus (QTL) governing fruit size and weight in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, despite this discovery over 20 yr ago, the molecular mechanisms by which FW2.2 negatively regulates cell division during fruit growth remain undeciphered. In the present study, we confirmed that FW2.2 is a membrane-anchored protein whose N- and C-terminal ends face the apoplast. We unexpectedly found that FW2.2 is located at plasmodesmata (PD). FW2.2 participates in the spatiotemporal regulation of callose deposition at PD and belongs to a protein complex which encompasses callose synthases. These results suggest that FW2.2 has a regulatory role in cell-to-cell communication by modulating PD transport capacity and trafficking of signaling molecules during fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Beauchet
- INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Norbert Bollier
- INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Magali Grison
- CNRS, UMR5200 Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Université Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Valérie Rofidal
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Sup Agro, Université Montpellier, Montpellier F-34060, France
| | - Frédéric Gévaudant
- INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bayer
- CNRS, UMR5200 Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Université Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Christian Chevalier
- INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
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2
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Tran TM, Billakurthi K. Tomato FW2.2/CNR might regulate fruit size via plasmodesmata callose deposition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:679-680. [PMID: 38688006 PMCID: PMC11444273 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Thu M Tran
- Assistant Features Editor, Plant Physiology, American Society of Plant Biologists
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Kumari Billakurthi
- Assistant Features Editor, Plant Physiology, American Society of Plant Biologists
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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3
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Chen J, Xu X, Liu W, Feng Z, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Sun M, Gan L, Zhou T, Xuan Y. Plasmodesmata Function and Callose Deposition in Plant Disease Defense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2242. [PMID: 39204678 PMCID: PMC11359699 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Callose, found in the cell walls of higher plants such as β-1,3-glucan with β-1,6 branches, is pivotal for both plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stressors. Plasmodesmata (PD), membranous channels linking the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells, facilitate molecular transport, crucial for developmental and physiological processes. The regulation of both the structural and transport functions of PD is intricate. The accumulation of callose in the PD neck is particularly significant for the regulation of PD permeability. This callose deposition, occurring at a specific site of pathogenic incursion, decelerates the invasion and proliferation of pathogens by reducing the PD pore size. Scholarly investigations over the past two decades have illuminated pathogen-induced callose deposition and the ensuing PD regulation. This gradual understanding reveals the complex regulatory interactions governing defense-related callose accumulation and protein-mediated PD regulation, underscoring its role in plant defense. This review systematically outlines callose accumulation mechanisms and enzymatic regulation in plant defense and discusses PD's varied participation against viral, fungal, and bacterial infestations. It scrutinizes callose-induced structural changes in PD, highlighting their implications for plant immunity. This review emphasizes dynamic callose calibration in PD constrictions and elucidates the implications and potential challenges of this intricate defense mechanism, integral to the plant's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Chen
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China; (J.C.); (W.L.); (Z.F.); (Q.C.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China; (J.C.); (W.L.); (Z.F.); (Q.C.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Ziyang Feng
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China; (J.C.); (W.L.); (Z.F.); (Q.C.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Quan Chen
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China; (J.C.); (W.L.); (Z.F.); (Q.C.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - You Zhou
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China; (J.C.); (W.L.); (Z.F.); (Q.C.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Miao Sun
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China; (J.C.); (W.L.); (Z.F.); (Q.C.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Liping Gan
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China; (J.C.); (W.L.); (Z.F.); (Q.C.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Tiange Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
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Barr Z, Tilsner J. Cell-to-Cell Connectivity Assays for the Analysis of Cytoskeletal and Other Regulators of Plasmodesmata. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2604:193-202. [PMID: 36773234 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2867-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton has close but so far incompletely understood connections to plasmodesmata, the cell junctions of plants. Plasmodesmata are essential for plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses and facilitate the intercellular exchange of metabolites and hormones but also macromolecules such as proteins and RNAs. The molecular size exclusion limited of plasmodesmata is dynamically regulated, including by actin-associated proteins. Therefore, experimental analysis of plasmodesmal regulation can be relevant to plant cytoskeleton research. This chapter presents two simple imaging-based protocols for analyzing macromolecular cell-to-cell connectivity in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Barr
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Cell & Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK.
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5
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Miras M, Pottier M, Schladt TM, Ejike JO, Redzich L, Frommer WB, Kim JY. Plasmodesmata and their role in assimilate translocation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 270:153633. [PMID: 35151953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During multicellularization, plants evolved unique cell-cell connections, the plasmodesmata (PD). PD of angiosperms are complex cellular domains, embedded in the cell wall and consisting of multiple membranes and a large number of proteins. From the beginning, it had been assumed that PD provide passage for a wide range of molecules, from ions to metabolites and hormones, to RNAs and even proteins. In the context of assimilate allocation, it has been hypothesized that sucrose produced in mesophyll cells is transported via PD from cell to cell down a concentration gradient towards the phloem. Entry into the sieve element companion cell complex (SECCC) is then mediated on three potential routes, depending on the species and conditions, - either via diffusion across PD, after conversion to raffinose via PD using a polymer trap mechanism, or via a set of transporters which secrete sucrose from one cell and secondary active uptake into the SECCC. Multiple loading mechanisms can likely coexist. We here review the current knowledge regarding photoassimilate transport across PD between cells as a prerequisite for translocation from leaves to recipient organs, in particular roots and developing seeds. We summarize the state-of-the-art in protein composition, structure, transport mechanism and regulation of PD to apprehend their functions in carbohydrate allocation. Since many aspects of PD biology remain elusive, we highlight areas that require new approaches and technologies to advance our understanding of these enigmatic and important cell-cell connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Miras
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Mathieu Pottier
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - T Moritz Schladt
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - J Obinna Ejike
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Laura Redzich
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Ji-Yun Kim
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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6
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Fernandez JC, Burch-Smith TM. Investigating Plasmodesmata Function in Arabidopsis Thaliana Using a Low-Pressure Bombardment System and GFP Movement Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:273-283. [PMID: 35349147 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are nanopores in the plant cell wall that allow direct cell-to-cell communication. They are key for plant growth, development, and defense. However, studying these pores is challenging due to their small size, with diameters of 30-50 nm and lengths that match cell wall thickness. One particular challenge is measuring how much cell-to-cell trafficking is facilitated by the plasmodesmata in a tissue or between particular cells. Here, we present an approach for studying plasmodesmata-mediated trafficking in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana by using an easy-to-build and affordable low-pressure particle bombardment apparatus. Using low-pressure particle bombardment at around 60 psi, we are able to transform individual cells in the leaf epidermis and study by confocal fluorescence microscopy the subsequent cell-to-cell trafficking of the diffusible molecule green fluorescent protein (GFP). The technique and equipment could be used by any plant biologist to measure intercellular trafficking through plasmodesmata under varying growth conditions including exposure to different stresses, light conditions, chemical treatments, or in various mutant backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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7
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Diao M, Huang S. Quantification of Plasmodesmata Permeability in Arabidopsis Leaves by Tracing the Movement of GFP. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:313-320. [PMID: 35349150 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) play an important role in plant growth and development and defense. The permeability of PD is strictly regulated. Here, we describe an assay for measuring the permeability of PD in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, which relies on tracing intercellular movement of green fluorescent protein (GFP) upon transient expression of the protein-encoding plasmid delivered by particle bombardment. The method allows to assess GFP movement at single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Diao
- iHuman Institute, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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8
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Sankoh AF, Burch-Smith TM. Approaches for investigating plasmodesmata and effective communication. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 64:102143. [PMID: 34826658 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are integral plant cell wall components that provide routes for intercellular communication, signaling, and resource sharing. They are therefore essential for plant growth and survival. Much effort has been put forth to understand how PD are generated and their structure is refined for function and to determine how they regulate intercellular trafficking. This review provides an overview of some of the approaches that have been used to study PD structure and function, highlighting those that may be more widely adopted to address questions of PD cell biology and function. Extending our focus on the importance of communication, we address how effective communication strategies can increase diversity and accessibility in the research laboratory, focusing on challenges faced by our deaf/hard-of-hearing colleagues, and highlight successful approaches to including them in the research laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie F Sankoh
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
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9
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Dmitrieva VA, Domashkina VV, Ivanova AN, Sukhov VS, Tyutereva EV, Voitsekhovskaja OV. Regulation of plasmodesmata in Arabidopsis leaves: ATP, NADPH and chlorophyll b levels matter. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5534-5552. [PMID: 33974689 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In mature leaves, cell-to-cell transport via plasmodesmata between mesophyll cells links the production of assimilates by photosynthesis with their export to sink organs. This study addresses the question of how signals derived from chloroplasts and photosynthesis influence plasmodesmata permeability. Cell-to-cell transport was analyzed in leaves of the Arabidopsis chlorophyll b-less ch1-3 mutant, the same mutant complemented with a cyanobacterial CAO gene (PhCAO) overaccumulating chlorophyll b, the trxm3 mutant lacking plastidial thioredoxin m3, and the ntrc mutant lacking functional NADPH:thioredoxin reductase C. The regulation of plasmodesmata permeability in these lines could not be traced back to the reduction state of the thioredoxin system or the types and levels of reactive oxygen species produced in chloroplasts; however, it could be related to chloroplast ATP and NADPH production. The results suggest that light enables plasmodesmata closure via an increase in the ATP and NADPH levels produced in photosynthesis, providing a control mechanism for assimilate export based on the rate of photosynthate production in the Calvin-Benson cycle. The level of chlorophyll b influences plasmodesmata permeability via as-yet-unidentified signals. The data also suggest a role of thioredoxin m3 in the regulation of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria A Dmitrieva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valentina V Domashkina
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra N Ivanova
- Laboratory of Plant Anatomy, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Research Park, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Elena V Tyutereva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga V Voitsekhovskaja
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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10
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Rahman MS, Madina MH, Plourde MB, dos Santos KCG, Huang X, Zhang Y, Laliberté JF, Germain H. The Fungal Effector Mlp37347 Alters Plasmodesmata Fluxes and Enhances Susceptibility to Pathogen. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061232. [PMID: 34204123 PMCID: PMC8228402 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melampsora larici-populina (Mlp) is a devastating pathogen of poplar trees, causing the defoliating poplar leaf rust disease. Genomic studies have revealed that Mlp possesses a repertoire of 1184 small secreted proteins (SSPs), some of them being characterized as candidate effectors. However, how they promote virulence is still unclear. This study investigates the candidate effector Mlp37347’s role during infection. We developed a stable Arabidopsis transgenic line expressing Mlp37347 tagged with the green fluorescent protein (GFP). We found that the effector accumulated exclusively at plasmodesmata (PD). Moreover, the presence of the effector at plasmodesmata favors enhanced plasmodesmatal flux and reduced callose deposition. Transcriptome profiling and a gene ontology (GO) analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the effector revealed that the genes involved in glucan catabolic processes are up-regulated. This effector has previously been shown to interact with glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), and in silico docking analysis supported the strong binding between Mlp37347 and GAD1 in this study. In infection assays, the effector promoted Hyalonoperospora arabidopsidis growth but not bacterial growth. Our investigation suggests that the effector Mlp37347 targets PD in host cells and promotes parasitic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Saifur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.S.R.); (M.H.M.); (M.B.P.); (K.C.G.d.S.)
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mst Hur Madina
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.S.R.); (M.H.M.); (M.B.P.); (K.C.G.d.S.)
| | - Mélodie B. Plourde
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.S.R.); (M.H.M.); (M.B.P.); (K.C.G.d.S.)
| | - Karen Cristine Gonçalves dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.S.R.); (M.H.M.); (M.B.P.); (K.C.G.d.S.)
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jean-François Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada;
| | - Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (M.S.R.); (M.H.M.); (M.B.P.); (K.C.G.d.S.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Fichman Y, Myers RJ, Grant DG, Mittler R. Plasmodesmata-localized proteins and ROS orchestrate light-induced rapid systemic signaling in Arabidopsis. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/671/eabf0322. [PMID: 33622982 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abf0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Systemic signaling and systemic acquired acclimation (SAA) are key to the survival of plants during episodes of abiotic stress. These processes depend on a continuous chain of cell-to-cell signaling events that extends from the initial tissue that senses the stress (the local tissue) to the entire plant (systemic tissues). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ are key signaling molecules thought to be involved in this cell-to-cell mechanism. Here, we report that the systemic response of Arabidopsis thaliana to a local treatment of high light stress, which resulted in local ROS accumulation, required ROS generated by respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (RBOHD). ROS increased cell-to-cell transport and plasmodesmata (PD) pore size in a manner dependent on PD-localized protein 1 (PDLP1) and PDLP5, and this process was required for the propagation of the systemic ROS signals and SAA. Furthermore, aquaporins and several Ca2+-permeable channels in the glutamate receptor-like (GLR), mechanosensitive small conductance-like (MSL), and cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNGC) families were involved in this systemic signaling process. However, we determined that these channels were required primarily to amplify the systemic signal in each cell along the path of the systemic ROS wave, as well as to establish local and systemic acclimation. Thus, PD and RBOHD-generated ROS orchestrate light stress-induced rapid cell-to-cell spread of systemic signals in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Fichman
- The Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Ronald J Myers
- The Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - DeAna G Grant
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Missouri, W136 Veterinary Medicine Building 1600 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ron Mittler
- The Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St, Columbia, MO 65201, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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12
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Wang X, Sager R, Lee JY. Evaluating molecular movement through plasmodesmata. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 160:99-117. [PMID: 32896335 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are membrane-lined cytoplasmic passageways that facilitate the movement of nutrients and various types of molecules between cells in the plant. They are highly dynamic channels, opening or closing in response to physiological and developmental stimuli or environmental challenges such as biotic and abiotic stresses. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that such dynamic controls occur through integrative cellular mechanisms. Currently, a few fluorescence-based methods are available that allow monitoring changes in molecular movement through plasmodesmata. In this chapter, following a brief introduction to those methods, we provide a detailed step-by-step protocol for the Drop-ANd-See (DANS) assay, which is advantageous when it is desirable to measure plasmodesmal permeability non-invasively, in situ and in real-time. We discuss the experimental conditions one should consider to produce reliable and reproducible DANS results along with troubleshooting ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ross Sager
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.
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13
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Lachner LA, Galstyan LG, Krause K. A highly efficient protocol for transforming Cuscuta reflexa based on artificially induced infection sites. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00254. [PMID: 32789286 PMCID: PMC7417715 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic plant genus Cuscuta is notoriously difficult to transform and to propagate or regenerate in vitro. With it being a substantial threat to many agroecosystems, techniques allowing functional analysis of gene products involved in host interaction and infection mechanisms are, however, in high demand. We set out to explore whether Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of different plant parts can provide efficient alternatives to the currently scarce and inefficient protocols for transgene expression in Cuscuta. We used fluorescent protein genes on the T-DNA as markers for transformation efficiency and transformation stability. As a result, we present a novel highly efficient transformation protocol for Cuscuta reflexa cells that exploits the propensity of the infection organ to take up and express transgenes with the T-DNA. Both, Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying binary transformation vectors with reporter fluorochromes yielded high numbers of transformation events. An overwhelming majority of transformed cells were observed in the cell layer below the adhesive disk's epidermis, suggesting that these cells are particularly susceptible to infection. Cotransformation of these cells happens frequently when Agrobacterium strains carrying different constructs are applied together. Explants containing transformed tissue expressed the fluorescent markers in in vitro culture for several weeks, offering a future possibility for development of transformed cells into callus. These results are discussed with respect to the future potential of this technique and with respect to the special characteristics of the infection organ that may explain its competence to take up the foreign DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Levon Galstyan Galstyan
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
- Present address:
Faculty of Food TechnologiesArmenian National Agrarian UniversityYerevanArmenia
| | - Kirsten Krause
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
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Yang X, Lu Y, Wang F, Chen Y, Tian Y, Jiang L, Peng J, Zheng H, Lin L, Yan C, Taliansky M, MacFarlane S, Wu Y, Chen J, Yan F. Involvement of the chloroplast gene ferredoxin 1 in multiple responses of Nicotiana benthamiana to Potato virus X infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2142-2156. [PMID: 31872217 PMCID: PMC7094082 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast protein ferredoxin 1 (FD1), with roles in the chloroplast electron transport chain, is known to interact with the coat proteins (CPs) of Tomato mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus. However, our understanding of the roles of FD1 in virus infection remains limited. Here, we report that the Potato virus X (PVX) p25 protein interacts with FD1, whose mRNA and protein levels are reduced by PVX infection or by transient expression of p25. Silencing of FD1 by Tobacco rattle virus-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) promoted the local and systemic infection of plants by PVX. Use of a drop-and-see (DANS) assay and callose staining revealed that the permeability of plasmodesmata (PDs) was increased in FD1-silenced plants together with a consistently reduced level of PD callose deposition. After FD1 silencing, quantitative reverse transcription-real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis and LC-MS revealed these plants to have a low accumulation of the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA), which contributed to the decreased callose deposition at PDs. Overexpression of FD1 in transgenic plants manifested resistance to PVX infection, but the contents of ABA and SA, and the PD callose deposition were not increased in transgenic plants. Overexpression of FD1 interfered with the RNA silencing suppressor function of p25. These results demonstrate that interfering with FD1 function causes abnormal plant hormone-mediated antiviral processes and thus enhances PVX infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanzhen Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chengqi Yan
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Michael Taliansky
- The James Hutton Institute, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stuart MacFarlane
- The James Hutton Institute, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Diao M, Wang Q, Huang S. Quantitative Plasmodesmata Permeability Assay for Pavement Cells of Arabidopsis Leaves. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3206. [PMID: 33655002 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are intercellular channels between walled plant cells that enable the transportation of materials between adjacent cells, which are important for plant growth and development. The permeability of PD must be tightly regulated. Assays to determine the permeability of PD are crucial for related studies on the regulation of PD development and permeability. Here we describe an assay for the determination of PD permeability via the observation and quantification of GFP diffusion and cell-to-cell transport of CMV MP-GFP in Arabidopsis leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Diao
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,iHuman Institute, Shanghai Tech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qiannan Wang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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16
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A linear nonribosomal octapeptide from Fusarium graminearum facilitates cell-to-cell invasion of wheat. Nat Commun 2019; 10:922. [PMID: 30804501 PMCID: PMC6389888 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a destructive wheat pathogen. No fully resistant cultivars are available. Knowledge concerning the molecular weapons of F. graminearum to achieve infection remains limited. Here, we report that deletion of the putative secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene cluster fg3_54 compromises the pathogen’s ability to infect wheat through cell-to-cell penetration. Ectopic expression of fgm4, a pathway-specific bANK-like regulatory gene, activates the transcription of the fg3_54 cluster in vitro. We identify a linear, C- terminally reduced and d-amino acid residue-rich octapeptide, fusaoctaxin A, as the product of the two nonribosomal peptide synthetases encoded by fg3_54. Chemically-synthesized fusaoctaxin A restores cell-to-cell invasiveness in fg3_54-deleted F. graminearum, and enables colonization of wheat coleoptiles by two Fusarium strains that lack the fg3_54 homolog and are nonpathogenic to wheat. In conclusion, our results identify fusaoctaxin A as a virulence factor required for cell-to-cell invasion of wheat by F. graminearum. Fusarium graminearum is a fungal pathogen of wheat and other cereals. Here the authors identify a gene cluster in F. graminearum encoding the production of a non-ribosomal peptide that is required for infection of wheat through cell-to-cell penetration.
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17
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O’Lexy R, Kasai K, Clark N, Fujiwara T, Sozzani R, Gallagher KL. Exposure to heavy metal stress triggers changes in plasmodesmatal permeability via deposition and breakdown of callose. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3715-3728. [PMID: 29901781 PMCID: PMC6022669 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Both plants and animals must contend with changes in their environment. The ability to respond appropriately to these changes often underlies the ability of the individual to survive. In plants, an early response to environmental stress is an alteration in plasmodesmatal permeability with accompanying changes in cell to cell signaling. However, the ways in which plasmodesmata are modified, the molecular players involved in this regulation, and the biological significance of these responses are not well understood. Here, we examine the effects of nutrient scarcity and excess on plasmodesmata-mediated transport in the Arabidopsis thaliana root and identify two CALLOSE SYNTHASES and two β-1,3-GLUCANASES as key regulators of these processes. Our results suggest that modification of plasmodesmata-mediated signaling underlies the ability of the plant to maintain root growth and properly partition nutrients when grown under conditions of excess nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthsabel O’Lexy
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Koji Kasai
- Department of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natalie Clark
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Department of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kimberly L Gallagher
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Correspondence:
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18
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Abstract
Plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic communication channels that are vital for the physiology and development of all plants. They facilitate the intercellular movement of various cargos - ranging from small molecules, such as sugars, ions and other essential nutrients and chemicals, to large complex molecules, such as proteins and different types of RNA species - by bridging neighboring cells across their cell walls. Structurally, an individual channel consists of the cytoplasmic sleeve that is formed between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane leaflets. Plasmodesmata are highly versatile channels; they vary in number and structure, and undergo constant adjustments to their permeability in response to many internal and external cues. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we provide an overview of plasmodesmata form and function, with highlights on their development and variation, associated components and mobile factors. In addition, we present methodologies that are currently used to study plasmodesmata-mediated intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross E Sager
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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19
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Cui W, Lee JY. Arabidopsis callose synthases CalS1/8 regulate plasmodesmal permeability during stress. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16034. [PMID: 27243643 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants need to cope with biotic and abiotic stress through well-coordinated cell-to-cell communication to survive as sedentary organisms. Environmental challenges such as wounding, low temperature, oxidative states and pathogen infection are known to affect the symplasmic molecular exchange between plant cells determined by plasmodesmal permeability. However, the signalling pathways and mechanisms by which different environmental stressors affect plasmodesmal permeability are not well understood. Here we show that regulating callose accumulation at plasmodesmal channels is a common strategy to alter plasmodesmal permeability under both pathogen infection and mechanical wounding stress. We have identified Arabidopsis callose synthase 1 (CalS1) and CalS8 as key genes involved in this process, and have integrated these new players into both known and novel signalling pathways that control responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Our studies provide experimental data that indicate the presence of specialized pathways tuned to respond to particular stressors, and new insights into how plants regulate plasmodesmata in response to environmental assaults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weier Cui
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA
| | - Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA
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20
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Lee JY. Plasmodesmata: a signaling hub at the cellular boundary. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 27:133-40. [PMID: 26247123 PMCID: PMC4618179 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Effective intercellular communication is crucial for the survival of plants. Because plant cells are encased in rigid cell walls, direct cell-to-cell exchange of cytoplasmic content is only possible through plasmodesmata (PD), membrane-lined nanotubes that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. PD are highly dynamic communication channels that can undergo various structural and functional modifications. Recent findings in the field suggest that defense signaling pathways are tightly linked to the regulation of PD, and the restriction of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication is an essential innate immune response to microbial pathogens. Moreover, several plasma membrane-bound signaling components, including receptor-like kinases that are known to have non-cell autonomous function or pathogen perception at the cell periphery, are found to also partition to PD. These findings hint at the novel role of PD as a signaling hub for both symplasmic and cross-membrane pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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