1
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Mohanta SK, Peng L, Li Y, Lu S, Sun T, Carnevale L, Perrotta M, Ma Z, Förstera B, Stanic K, Zhang C, Zhang X, Szczepaniak P, Bianchini M, Saeed BR, Carnevale R, Hu D, Nosalski R, Pallante F, Beer M, Santovito D, Ertürk A, Mettenleiter TC, Klupp BG, Megens RTA, Steffens S, Pelisek J, Eckstein HH, Kleemann R, Habenicht L, Mallat Z, Michel JB, Bernhagen J, Dichgans M, D'Agostino G, Guzik TJ, Olofsson PS, Yin C, Weber C, Lembo G, Carnevale D, Habenicht AJR. Neuroimmune cardiovascular interfaces control atherosclerosis. Nature 2022; 605:152-159. [PMID: 35477759 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaques develop in the inner intimal layer of arteries and can cause heart attacks and strokes1. As plaques lack innervation, the effects of neuronal control on atherosclerosis remain unclear. However, the immune system responds to plaques by forming leukocyte infiltrates in the outer connective tissue coat of arteries (the adventitia)2-6. Here, because the peripheral nervous system uses the adventitia as its principal conduit to reach distant targets7-9, we postulated that the peripheral nervous system may directly interact with diseased arteries. Unexpectedly, widespread neuroimmune cardiovascular interfaces (NICIs) arose in mouse and human atherosclerosis-diseased adventitia segments showed expanded axon networks, including growth cones at axon endings near immune cells and media smooth muscle cells. Mouse NICIs established a structural artery-brain circuit (ABC): abdominal adventitia nociceptive afferents10-14 entered the central nervous system through spinal cord T6-T13 dorsal root ganglia and were traced to higher brain regions, including the parabrachial and central amygdala neurons; and sympathetic efferent neurons projected from medullary and hypothalamic neurons to the adventitia through spinal intermediolateral neurons and both coeliac and sympathetic chain ganglia. Moreover, ABC peripheral nervous system components were activated: splenic sympathetic and coeliac vagus nerve activities increased in parallel to disease progression, whereas coeliac ganglionectomy led to the disintegration of adventitial NICIs, reduced disease progression and enhanced plaque stability. Thus, the peripheral nervous system uses NICIs to assemble a structural ABC, and therapeutic intervention in the ABC attenuates atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarajo K Mohanta
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuanfang Li
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Shu Lu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Ting Sun
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Carnevale
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Perrotta
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Zhe Ma
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Förstera
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Karen Stanic
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Chuankai Zhang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Piotr Szczepaniak
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariaelvy Bianchini
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Borhan R Saeed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Raimondo Carnevale
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Desheng Hu
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Munich, Germany
| | - Ryszard Nosalski
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fabio Pallante
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Michael Beer
- Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Donato Santovito
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Unit of Milan, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Ali Ertürk
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Barbara G Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Remco T A Megens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Steffens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Pelisek
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Henning Eckstein
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Livia Habenicht
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jean-Baptiste Michel
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, INSERM UMRS 1148, University Paris Diderot (P7), GH Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Giuseppe D'Agostino
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changjun Yin
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Lembo
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Carnevale
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andreas J R Habenicht
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
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2
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Zhang X, Wang Z, Zhang C, Li Y, Lu S, Steffens S, Mohanta S, Weber C, Habenicht A, Yin C. Laser Capture Microdissection-Based mRNA Expression Microarrays and Single-Cell RNA Sequencing in Atherosclerosis Research. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2419:715-726. [PMID: 35237997 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1924-7_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of methodologies related to large scale gene expression analyses is to initiate comprehensive information on transcript signatures in single cells within the tissue's anatomy. Until now, this could be achieved in a stepwise experimental approach: (1) identify the majority of transcripts in a single cell (single cell transcriptome); (2) provide information on transcripts on multiple cell subtypes in a complex sample (cell heterogeneity); and (3) give information on each cell's spatial location within the tissue (zonation transcriptomics). Such genetic information will allow construction of functionally relevant gene expression maps of single cells of a given anatomically defined tissue compartment and thus pave the way for subsequent analyses, including their epigenetic modifications. Until today these aims have not been achieved in the area of cardiovascular disease research though steps toward these goals become apparent: laser capture microdissection (LCM)-based mRNA expression microarrays of atherosclerotic plaques were applied to gain information on local gene expression changes during disease progression, providing limited spatial resolution. Moreover, while LCM-derived tissue RNA extracts have been shown to be highly sensitive and covers a range of 10-16,000 genes per array/small amount of RNA, its original promise to isolate single cells from a tissue section turned out not to be practicable because of the inherent contamination of the cell's RNA of interest with RNA from neighboring cells. Many shortcomings of LCM-based analyses have been overcome using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies though scRNA-seq also has several limitations including low numbers of transcripts/cell and the complete loss of spatial information. Here, we describe a protocol toward combining advantages of both techniques while avoiding their flaws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Klinikum of the University of Munich (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Klinikum of the University of Munich (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Chuankai Zhang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Klinikum of the University of Munich (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Yutao Li
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Klinikum of the University of Munich (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Shu Lu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Klinikum of the University of Munich (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Steffens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Klinikum of the University of Munich (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarajo Mohanta
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Klinikum of the University of Munich (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Klinikum of the University of Munich (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Habenicht
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Klinikum of the University of Munich (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Changjun Yin
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Klinikum of the University of Munich (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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3
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Busnelli M, Manzini S, Chiara M, Colombo A, Fontana F, Oleari R, Potì F, Horner D, Bellosta S, Chiesa G. Aortic Gene Expression Profiles Show How ApoA-I Levels Modulate Inflammation, Lysosomal Activity, and Sphingolipid Metabolism in Murine Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:651-667. [PMID: 33327742 PMCID: PMC7837693 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HDL (high-density lipoprotein) particles are known to possess several antiatherogenic properties that include the removal of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues, the maintenance of endothelial integrity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. ApoA-I overexpression in apoE-deficient (EKO) mice has been shown to increase HDL levels and to strongly reduce atherosclerosis development. The aim of the study was to investigate gene expression patterns associated with atherosclerosis development in the aorta of EKO mice and how HDL plasma levels relate to gene expression patterns at different stages of atherosclerosis development and with different dietary treatments. Approach and Results: Eight-week-old EKO mice, EKO mice overexpressing human apoA-I, and wild-type mice as controls were fed either normal laboratory or Western diet for 6 or 22 weeks. Cholesterol distribution among lipoproteins was evaluated, and atherosclerosis of the aorta was quantified. High-throughput sequencing technologies were used to analyze the transcriptome of the aorta of the 3 genotypes in each experimental condition. In addition to the well-known activation of inflammation and immune response, the impairment of sphingolipid metabolism, phagosome-lysosome system, and osteoclast differentiation emerged as relevant players in atherosclerosis development. The reduced atherosclerotic burden in the aorta of EKO mice expressing high levels of apoA-I was accompanied by a reduced activation of immune system markers, as well as reduced perturbation of lysosomal activity and a better regulation of the sphingolipid synthesis pathway. CONCLUSIONS ApoA-I modulates atherosclerosis development in the aorta of EKO mice affecting the expression of pathways additional to those associated with inflammation and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Busnelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (M.B., S.M., A.C., F.F., R.O., S.B., G.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Manzini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (M.B., S.M., A.C., F.F., R.O., S.B., G.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Chiara
- Department of Biosciences (M.C., D.H.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy (M.C., D.H.)
| | - Alice Colombo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (M.B., S.M., A.C., F.F., R.O., S.B., G.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (M.B., S.M., A.C., F.F., R.O., S.B., G.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (M.B., S.M., A.C., F.F., R.O., S.B., G.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Potì
- Department of Medicine and Surgery—Unit of Neurosciences, University of Parma, Italy (F.P.)
| | - David Horner
- Department of Biosciences (M.C., D.H.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy (M.C., D.H.)
| | - Stefano Bellosta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (M.B., S.M., A.C., F.F., R.O., S.B., G.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (M.B., S.M., A.C., F.F., R.O., S.B., G.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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4
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Genomic Analysis of an Obesity Paradox: A Microarray Study of the Aortas of Morbidly Obese Decedents With Mild and Severe Atherosclerosis. Crit Pathw Cardiol 2019; 18:57-60. [PMID: 30747767 DOI: 10.1097/hpc.0000000000000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries is still one of the major causes of death. We recently reported obesity paradox between body mass index and atherosclerosis of the aortas (AA) in morbidly obese decedent patients. The cause of this obesity paradox is unknown. The aim of the present study was to carry out genomic microarray analysis to determine gene expression profiles in the aortas of morbidly obese decedents with either mild or severe atherosclerosis of the aorta. METHODS Microarray studies using Affymetrix GeneChips Clariom D Human array chips were performed on the aortas obtained from 6 morbidly obese decedents, 3 of whom had minimal AA and 3 who had severe disease. RESULTS Group 1 (severe AA) and group 2 (mild AA) included 3 patients each. The patients were matched by age and body mass index. There were significant (P<0.005) differences in the expressions of 1067 genes between groups 1 and 2, including 602 upregulated and 465 downregulated genes. CONCLUSIONS Our data show significantly different gene signatures between morbidly obese decedents who have mild or severe AA, suggesting that genetic factors may be important contributors to the obesity paradox as it relates to aortic atherosclerosis. Further studies are warranted to define differences in protein expression in the aortas of these 2 groups to further elucidate the cause of this obesity paradox.
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5
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Yin C, Ackermann S, Ma Z, Mohanta SK, Zhang C, Li Y, Nietzsche S, Westermann M, Peng L, Hu D, Bontha SV, Srikakulapu P, Beer M, Megens RTA, Steffens S, Hildner M, Halder LD, Eckstein HH, Pelisek J, Herms J, Roeber S, Arzberger T, Borodovsky A, Habenicht L, Binder CJ, Weber C, Zipfel PF, Skerka C, Habenicht AJR. ApoE attenuates unresolvable inflammation by complex formation with activated C1q. Nat Med 2019; 25:496-506. [PMID: 30692699 PMCID: PMC6420126 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
ApoE has been implicated in Alzheimer´s disease, atherosclerosis,
and other unresolvable inflammatory conditions but a common mechanism of action
remains elusive. We found in ApoE-deficient mice that oxidized lipids activated
the classical complement cascade (CCC) resulting in leukocyte infiltration of
the choroid plexus (ChP). All human ApoE isoforms attenuated CCC activity via
high-affinity binding to the activated CCC-initiating C1q protein
(KD~140-580 pM) in vitro; and C1q-ApoE
complexes emerged as markers for ongoing complement activity of diseased ChPs,
Aβ plaques, and atherosclerosis in vivo. C1q-ApoE
complexes in human ChPs, Aβ plaques, and arteries correlated with
cognitive decline and atherosclerosis, respectively. Treatment with siRNA
against C5 which is formed by all complement pathways, attenuated murine ChP
inflammation, Aβ-associated microglia accumulation, and atherosclerosis.
Thus, ApoE is a direct checkpoint inhibitor of unresolvable inflammation and
reducing C5 attenuates disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Yin
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
| | - Susanne Ackermann
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhe Ma
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarajo K Mohanta
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Chuankai Zhang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuanfang Li
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandor Nietzsche
- Centre for Electron Microscopy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Westermann
- Centre for Electron Microscopy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine of Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Prasad Srikakulapu
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CVRC), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Michael Beer
- Department of Information Technology, University Clinic Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Remco T A Megens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Steffens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Hildner
- Institute for Anatomy II, University Clinic Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Luke D Halder
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Eckstein
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Pelisek
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sigrun Roeber
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Arzberger
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Livia Habenicht
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna and Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany.,Friedrich-Schiller-University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany.
| | - Andreas J R Habenicht
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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6
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The immune system plays a critical role in the development and modulation of atherosclerosis. New high-parameter technologies, including mass cytometry (CyTOF) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), allow for an encompassing analysis of immune cells. Unexplored marker combinations and transcriptomes can define new immune cell subsets and suggest their functions. Here, we review recent advances describing the immune cells in the artery wall of mice with and without atherosclerosis. We compare technologies and discuss limitations and advantages. RECENT FINDINGS Both CyTOF and scRNAseq on leukocytes from digested aortae show 10-30 immune cell subsets. Myeloid, T, B and natural killer cells were confirmed. Although cellular functions can be inferred from RNA-Seq data, some subsets cannot be identified based on current knowledge, suggesting they may be new cell types. CyTOF and scRNAseq each identified four B-cell subsets and three macrophage subsets in the atherosclerotic aorta. Limitations include cell death caused by enzymatic digestion and the limited depth of the scRNAseq transcriptomes. SUMMARY High-parameter methods are powerful tools for uncovering leukocyte diversity. CyTOF is currently more powerful at discerning leukocyte subsets in the atherosclerotic aorta, whereas scRNAseq provides more insight into their likely functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Winkels
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Erik Ehinger
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yanal Ghosheh
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany and
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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7
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Xu K, Yang WY, Nanayakkara GK, Shao Y, Yang F, Hu W, Choi ET, Wang H, Yang X. GATA3, HDAC6, and BCL6 Regulate FOXP3+ Treg Plasticity and Determine Treg Conversion into Either Novel Antigen-Presenting Cell-Like Treg or Th1-Treg. Front Immunol 2018; 9:45. [PMID: 29434588 PMCID: PMC5790774 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted an experimental database analysis to determine the expression of 61 CD4+ Th subset regulators in human and murine tissues, cells, and in T-regulatory cells (Treg) in physiological and pathological conditions. We made the following significant findings: (1) adipose tissues of diabetic patients with insulin resistance upregulated various Th effector subset regulators; (2) in skin biopsy from patients with psoriasis, and in blood cells from patients with lupus, effector Th subset regulators were more upregulated than downregulated; (3) in rosiglitazone induced failing hearts in ApoE-deficient (KO) mice, various Th subset regulators were upregulated rather than downregulated; (4) aortic endothelial cells activated by proatherogenic stimuli secrete several Th subset-promoting cytokines; (5) in Treg from follicular Th (Tfh)-transcription factor (TF) Bcl6 KO mice, various Th subset regulators were upregulated; whereas in Treg from Th2-TF GATA3 KO mice and HDAC6 KO mice, various Th subset regulators were downregulated, suggesting that Bcl6 inhibits, GATA3 and HDAC6 promote, Treg plasticity; and (6) GATA3 KO, and Bcl6 KO Treg upregulated MHC II molecules and T cell co-stimulation receptors, suggesting that GATA3 and BCL6 inhibit Treg from becoming novel APC-Treg. Our data implies that while HDAC6 and Bcl6 are important regulators of Treg plasticity, GATA3 determine the fate of plastic Tregby controlling whether it will convert in to either Th1-Treg or APC-T-reg. Our results have provided novel insights on Treg plasticity into APC-Treg and Th1-Treg, and new therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keman Xu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - William Y Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gayani Kanchana Nanayakkara
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Shao
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Fan Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eric T Choi
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research & Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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8
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Tammaro A, Derive M, Gibot S, Leemans JC, Florquin S, Dessing MC. TREM-1 and its potential ligands in non-infectious diseases: from biology to clinical perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 177:81-95. [PMID: 28245991 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is expressed on the majority of innate immune cells and to a lesser extent on parenchymal cells. Upon activation, TREM-1 can directly amplify an inflammatory response. Although it was initially demonstrated that TREM-1 was predominantly associated with infectious diseases, recent evidences shed new light into its role in sterile inflammatory diseases. Indeed, TREM-1 receptor and its signaling pathways contribute to the pathology of several non-infectious acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis, ischemia reperfusion-induced tissue injury, colitis, fibrosis and cancer. This review, aims to give an extensive overview of TREM-1 in non-infectious diseases, with the focus on the therapeutic potential of TREM-1 intervention strategies herein. In addition, we provide the reader with a functional enrichment analysis of TREM-1 signaling pathway and potential TREM-1 ligands in these diseases, obtained via in silico approach. We discuss pre-clinical studies which show that TREM-1 inhibition, via synthetic soluble TREM-1 protein mimickers, is effective in treating (preventing) specific inflammatory disorders, without significant effects on antibacterial response. Further research aimed at identifying specific TREM-1 ligands, in different inflammatory disorders, is required to further unravel the role of this receptor, and explore new avenues to modulate its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tammaro
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Sebastien Gibot
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Central, CHU Nancy, Nancy, France; Inserm UMR_S1116, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Jaklien C Leemans
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C Dessing
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Yin C, Mohanta SK, Srikakulapu P, Weber C, Habenicht AJR. Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: Powerhouses of Atherosclerosis Immunity. Front Immunol 2016; 7:387. [PMID: 27777573 PMCID: PMC5056324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Artery tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs) are atherosclerosis-associated lymphoid aggregates with varying degrees of complexity ranging from small T/B-cell clusters to well-structured lymph node-like though unencapsulated lymphoid tissues. ATLOs arise in the connective tissue that surrounds diseased arteries, i.e., the adventitia. ATLOs have been identified in aged atherosclerosis-prone hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice: they are organized into distinct immune cell compartments, including separate T-cell areas, activated B-cell follicles, and plasma cell niches. Analyses of ATLO immune cell subsets indicate antigen-specific T- and B-cell immune reactions within the atherosclerotic arterial wall adventitia. Moreover, ATLOs harbor innate immune cells, including a large component of inflammatory macrophages, B-1 cells, and an aberrant set of antigen-presenting cells. There is marked neoangiogenesis, irregular lymphangiogenesis, neoformation of high endothelial venules, and de novo synthesis of lymph node-like conduits. Molecular mechanisms of ATLO formation remain to be identified though media vascular smooth muscle cells may adopt features of lymphoid tissue organizer-like cells by expressing lymphorganogenic chemokines, i.e., CXCL13 and CCL21. Although these data are consistent with the view that ATLOs participate in primary T- and B-cell responses against elusive atherosclerosis-specific autoantigens, their specific protective or disease-promoting roles remain to be identified. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about ATLOs and their potential impact on atherosclerosis and make attempts to define challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Yin
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarajo Kumar Mohanta
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Prasad Srikakulapu
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CVRC), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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10
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Srikakulapu P, Hu D, Yin C, Mohanta SK, Bontha SV, Peng L, Beer M, Weber C, McNamara CA, Grassia G, Maffia P, Manz RA, Habenicht AJR. Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs Control Multilayered Territorialized Atherosclerosis B-Cell Responses in Aged ApoE-/- Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1174-85. [PMID: 27102965 PMCID: PMC4894775 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— Explore aorta B-cell immunity in aged apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. Approach and Results— Transcript maps, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, immunofluorescence analyses, cell transfers, and Ig-ELISPOT (enzyme-linked immunospot) assays showed multilayered atherosclerosis B-cell responses in artery tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs). Aging-associated aorta B-cell–related transcriptomes were identified, and transcript atlases revealed highly territorialized B-cell responses in ATLOs versus atherosclerotic lesions: ATLOs showed upregulation of bona fide B-cell genes, including Cd19, Ms4a1 (Cd20), Cd79a/b, and Ighm although intima plaques preferentially expressed molecules involved in non–B effector responses toward B-cell–derived mediators, that is, Fcgr3 (Cd16), Fcer1g (Cd23), and the C1q family. ATLOs promoted B-cell recruitment. ATLO B-2 B cells included naive, transitional, follicular, germinal center, switched IgG1+, IgA+, and IgE+ memory cells, plasmablasts, and long-lived plasma cells. ATLOs recruited large numbers of B-1 cells whose subtypes were skewed toward interleukin-10+ B-1b cells versus interleukin-10− B-1a cells. ATLO B-1 cells and plasma cells constitutively produced IgM and IgG and a fraction of plasma cells expressed interleukin-10. Moreover, ApoE−/− mice showed increased germinal center B cells in renal lymph nodes, IgM-producing plasma cells in the bone marrow, and higher IgM and anti–MDA-LDL (malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein) IgG serum titers. Conclusions— ATLOs orchestrate dichotomic, territorialized, and multilayered B-cell responses in the diseased aorta; germinal center reactions indicate generation of autoimmune B cells within the diseased arterial wall during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Srikakulapu
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Desheng Hu
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Changjun Yin
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Sarajo K Mohanta
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Sai Vineela Bontha
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Li Peng
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Michael Beer
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Coleen A McNamara
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Gianluca Grassia
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Rudolf A Manz
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.)
| | - Andreas J R Habenicht
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (P.S., C.A.M.), Department of Surgery (S.V.B.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Institute for Immunology (D.H.) and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (C.Y., S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (D.H.); Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (M.B.); Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (G.G., P.M.); BHF Centre for Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M.); Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (R.A.M.); and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China (L.P.).
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