1
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Wensel D, Gartland M, Beloor J, Shetty KN, Wolf J, Stewart E, Clark A, Tenorio A, Krystal M. The sensitivity of HIV-1 gp120 polymorphs to inhibition by temsavir correlates to temsavir binding on-rate. Antiviral Res 2024; 229:105953. [PMID: 38960100 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Temsavir binds directly to the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 and selectively inhibits interactions between HIV-1 and CD4 receptors. Previous studies identified gp120 amino acid positions where substitutions are associated with reduced susceptibility to temsavir. The mechanism by which temsavir susceptibility is altered in these envelope glycoproteins was evaluated. Pseudoviruses encoding gp120 substitutions alone (S375H/I/M/N, M426L, M434I, M475I) or in combination (S375H + M475I) were engineered on a wild-type JRFL background. Temsavir-gp120 and CD4-gp120 binding kinetics and ability of temsavir to block CD4-gp120 binding were evaluated using the purified polymorphic gp120 proteins and a Creoptix® WAVE Delta grating-coupled interferometry system. Fold-change in half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in JRFL-based pseudoviruses containing the aforementioned polymorphisms relative to that of wild-type ranged from 4-fold to 29,726-fold, while temsavir binding affinity for the polymorphic gp120 proteins varied from 0.7-fold to 73.7-fold relative to wild-type gp120. Strong correlations between temsavir IC50 and temsavir binding affinity (r = 0.7332; P = 0.0246) as well as temsavir binding on-rate (r = -0.8940; P = 0.0011) were observed. Binding affinity of gp120 proteins for CD4 varied between 0.4-fold and 3.1-fold compared with wild-type gp120; no correlations between temsavir IC50 and CD4 binding kinetic parameters were observed. For all polymorphic gp120 proteins, temsavir was able to fully block CD4 binding; 3 polymorphs required higher temsavir concentrations. Loss of susceptibility to temsavir observed for gp120 polymorphisms strongly correlated with reductions in temsavir binding on-rate. Nonetheless, temsavir retained the ability to fully block CD4-gp120 engagement given sufficiently high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wensel
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 E Industrial Road, Branford, CT, 06405, USA.
| | - Margaret Gartland
- ViiV Healthcare, 406 Blackwell Street, Suite 300, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Jagadish Beloor
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 E Industrial Road, Branford, CT, 06405, USA
| | - Kartika N Shetty
- Domainex Ltd, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Jana Wolf
- Domainex Ltd, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Eugene Stewart
- GSK, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Andrew Clark
- ViiV Healthcare, 980 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex, TW8 9GS, UK
| | - Allan Tenorio
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 E Industrial Road, Branford, CT, 06405, USA
| | - Mark Krystal
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 E Industrial Road, Branford, CT, 06405, USA
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2
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Gelová Z, Ingles-Prieto A, Bohstedt T, Frommelt F, Chi G, Chang YN, Garcia J, Wolf G, Azzollini L, Tremolada S, Scacioc A, Hansen JS, Serrano I, Droce A, Bernal JC, Burgess-Brown NA, Carpenter EP, Dürr KL, Kristensen P, Geertsma ER, Štefanić S, Scarabottolo L, Wiedmer T, Puetter V, Sauer DB, Superti-Furga G. Protein Binder Toolbox for Studies of Solute Carrier Transporters. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168665. [PMID: 38878854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Transporters of the solute carrier superfamily (SLCs) are responsible for the transmembrane traffic of the majority of chemical substances in cells and tissues and are therefore of fundamental biological importance. As is often the case with membrane proteins that can be heavily glycosylated, a lack of reliable high-affinity binders hinders their functional analysis. Purifying and reconstituting transmembrane proteins in their lipidic environments remains challenging and standard approaches to generate binders for multi-transmembrane proteins, such as SLCs, channels or G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are lacking. While generating protein binders to 27 SLCs, we produced full length protein or cell lines as input material for binder generation by selected binder generation platforms. As a result, we obtained 525 binders for 22 SLCs. We validated the binders with a cell-based validation workflow using immunofluorescent and immunoprecipitation methods to process all obtained binders. Finally, we demonstrated the potential applications of the binders that passed our validation pipeline in structural, biochemical, and biological applications using the exemplary protein SLC12A6, an ion transporter relevant in human disease. With this work, we were able to generate easily renewable and highly specific binders against SLCs, which will greatly facilitate the study of this neglected protein family. We hope that the process will serve as blueprint for the generation of binders against the entire superfamily of SLC transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Gelová
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alvaro Ingles-Prieto
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina Bohstedt
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fabian Frommelt
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gamma Chi
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Julio Garcia
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Wolf
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Andreea Scacioc
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jesper S Hansen
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iciar Serrano
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aida Droce
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Nicola A Burgess-Brown
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elisabeth P Carpenter
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katharina L Dürr
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Eric R Geertsma
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Saša Štefanić
- Nanobody Service Facility, University of Zurich, AgroVet-Strickhof, Eschikon, Switzerland
| | | | - Tabea Wiedmer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - David B Sauer
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Hou W, Watson C, Cecconie T, Bolaki MN, Brady JJ, Lu Q, Gatto GJ, Day TA. Biochemical and functional characterization of the p.A165T missense variant of mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component 1. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107353. [PMID: 38723751 PMCID: PMC11190489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies have identified a missense variant p.A165T in mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component 1 (mARC1) that is strongly associated with protection from all-cause cirrhosis and improved prognosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The precise mechanism of this protective effect is unknown. Substitution of alanine 165 with threonine is predicted to affect mARC1 protein stability and to have deleterious effects on its function. To investigate the mechanism, we have generated a knock-in mutant mARC1 A165T and a catalytically dead mutant C273A (as a control) in human hepatoma HepG2 cells, enabling characterization of protein subcellular distribution, stability, and biochemical functions of the mARC1 mutant protein expressed from its endogenous locus. Compared to WT mARC1, we found that the A165T mutant exhibits significant mislocalization outside of its traditional location anchored in the mitochondrial outer membrane and reduces protein stability, resulting in lower basal levels. We evaluated the involvement of the ubiquitin proteasome system in mARC1 A165T degradation and observed increased ubiquitination and faster degradation of the A165T variant. In addition, we have shown that HepG2 cells carrying the MTARC1 p.A165T variant exhibit lower N-reductive activity on exogenously added amidoxime substrates in vitro. The data from these biochemical and functional assays suggest a mechanism by which the MTARC1 p.A165T variant abrogates enzyme function which may contribute to its protective effect in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangfang Hou
- Respiratory and Immunology Biology Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christian Watson
- Respiratory and Immunology Biology Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ted Cecconie
- MEDDesign-NCE-MD SPMB US, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Quinn Lu
- Respiratory and Immunology Biology Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory J Gatto
- Respiratory and Immunology Biology Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Tovah A Day
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Puente-Massaguer E, Gòdia F. Recombinant Protein Production in Suspension Mammalian Cells Using the BacMam Baculovirus Expression System. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2829:329-339. [PMID: 38951347 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3961-0_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian cell lines are one of the best options when it comes to the production of complex proteins requiring specific glycosylation patterns. Plasmid DNA transfection and stable cell lines are frequently used for recombinant protein production, but they are expensive at large scale or can become time-consuming, respectively. The BacMam baculovirus (BV) is a safe and cost-effective platform to produce recombinant proteins in mammalian cells. The process of generating BacMam BVs is straightforward and similar to the generation of "insect" BVs, with different commercially available platforms. Although there are several protocols that describe recombinant protein expression with the BacMam BV in adherent cell lines, limited information is available on suspension cells. Therefore, it is of relevance to define the conditions to produce recombinant proteins in suspension cell cultures with BacMam BVs that facilitate bioprocess transfer to larger volumes. Here, we describe a method to generate a high titer BacMam BV stock and produce recombinant proteins in suspension HEK293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Puente-Massaguer
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Flock J, Xie Y, Lemaitre R, Lapouge K, Remans K. The Use of Baculovirus-Mediated Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells for Recombinant Protein Production. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2810:29-53. [PMID: 38926271 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3878-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Baculovirus-mediated gene expression in mammalian cells, BacMam, is a useful alternative to transient transfection for recombinant protein production in various types of mammalian cell lines. We decided to establish BacMam in our lab in order to streamline our workflows for gene expression in insect and mammalian cells, as it is straightforward to parallelize the baculovirus generation for both types of eukaryotic cells. This chapter provides a step-by-step description of the protocols we use for the generation of the recombinant BacMam viruses, the transduction of mammalian cell cultures, and optimization of the protein production conditions through small-scale expression and purification tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Flock
- Protein Expression and Purification Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yexin Xie
- Protein Expression and Purification Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Régis Lemaitre
- Protein Biochemistry Facility, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Karine Lapouge
- Protein Expression and Purification Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kim Remans
- Protein Expression and Purification Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Bloch M, Raj I, Pape T, Taylor NMI. Structural and mechanistic basis of substrate transport by the multidrug transporter MRP4. Structure 2023; 31:1407-1418.e6. [PMID: 37683641 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4) is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter expressed at multiple tissue barriers where it actively extrudes a wide variety of drug compounds. Overexpression of MRP4 provides resistance to clinically used antineoplastic agents, making it a highly attractive therapeutic target for countering multidrug resistance. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of multiple physiologically relevant states of lipid bilayer-embedded human MRP4, including complexes between MRP4 and two widely used chemotherapeutic agents and a complex between MRP4 and its native substrate. The structures display clear similarities and distinct differences in the coordination of these chemically diverse substrates and, in combination with functional and mutational analysis, reveal molecular details of the transport mechanism. Our study provides key insights into the unusually broad substrate specificity of MRP4 and constitutes an important contribution toward a general understanding of multidrug transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bloch
- Structural Biology of Molecular Machines Group, Protein Structure & Function Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isha Raj
- Structural Biology of Molecular Machines Group, Protein Structure & Function Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tillmann Pape
- Structural Molecular Biology Group, Protein Structure & Function Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Core Facility for Integrated Microscopy (CFIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 20, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicholas M I Taylor
- Structural Biology of Molecular Machines Group, Protein Structure & Function Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Masteika IF, Sathya A, Homma S, Miller BM, Boyce FM, Miller JB. Downstream events initiated by expression of FSHD-associated DUX4: Studies of nucleocytoplasmic transport, γH2AX accumulation, and Bax/Bak-dependence. Biol Open 2022; 11:274475. [PMID: 35191484 PMCID: PMC8890089 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression in skeletal muscle of the double homeobox transcription factor DUX4 underlies pathogenesis in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Though multiple changes are known to be initiated by aberrant DUX4 expression, the downstream events initiated by DUX4 remain incompletely understood. In this study, we examined plausible downstream events initiated by DUX4. First, we found that nucleocytoplasmic protein export appeared to be decreased upon DUX4 expression as indicated by nuclear accumulation of a shuttle-GFP reporter. Second, building on studies from other labs, we showed that phospho(Ser139)-H2AX (γH2AX), an indicator of double-strand DNA breaks, accumulated both in human FSHD1 myotube nuclei upon endogenous DUX4 expression and in Bax-/-;Bak-/- (double knockout), SV40-immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts upon exogenous DUX4 expression. In contrast, DUX4-induced caspase 3/7 activation was prevented in Bax-/-;Bak-/- double knockout SV40-MEFs, but not by single knockouts of Bax, Bak, or Bid. Thus, aberrant DUX4 expression appeared to alter nucleocytoplasmic protein transport and generate double-strand DNA breaks in FSHD1 myotube nuclei, and the Bax/Bak pathway is required for DUX4-induced caspase activation but not γH2AX accumulation. These results add to our knowledge of downstream events induced by aberrant DUX4 expression and suggest possibilities for further mechanistic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel F Masteika
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Anvitha Sathya
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Sachiko Homma
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Bess M Miller
- Biological & Biomedical Sciences Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Frederick M Boyce
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Jeffrey Boone Miller
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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8
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Wensel D, Williams S, Dixon DP, Ward P, McCormick P, Concha N, Stewart E, Hong X, Mazzucco C, Pal S, Ding B, Fellinger C, Krystal M. Novel Bent Conformation of CD4 Induced by HIV-1 Inhibitor Indirectly Prevents Productive Viral Attachment. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167395. [PMID: 34896364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
GSK3732394 is a multi-specific biologic inhibitor of HIV entry currently under clinical evaluation. A key component of this molecule is an adnectin (6940_B01) that binds to CD4 and inhibits downstream actions of gp160. Studies were performed to determine the binding site of the adnectin on CD4 and to understand the mechanism of inhibition. Using hydrogen-deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry (HDX), CD4 peptides showed differential rates of deuteration (either enhanced or slowed) in the presence of the adnectin that mapped predominantly to the interface of domains 2 and 3 (D2-D3). In addition, an X-ray crystal structure of an ibalizumab Fab/CD4(D1-D4)/adnectin complex revealed an extensive interface between the adnectin and residues on CD4 domains D2-D4 that stabilize a novel T-shaped CD4 conformation. A cryo-EM map of the gp140/CD4/GSK3732394 complex clearly shows the bent conformation for CD4 while bound to gp140. Mutagenic analyses on CD4 confirmed that amino acid F202 forms a key interaction with the adnectin. In addition, amino acid L151 was shown to be a critical indirect determinant of the specificity for binding to the human CD4 protein over related primate CD4 molecules, as it appears to modulate CD4's flexibility to adopt the adnectin-bound conformation. The significant conformational change of CD4 upon adnectin binding brings the D1 domain of CD4 in proximity to the host cell membrane surface, thereby re-orienting the gp120 binding site in a direction that is inaccessible to incoming virus due to a steric clash between gp160 trimers on the virus surface and the target cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wensel
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
| | - Shawn Williams
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - David P Dixon
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK.
| | - Paris Ward
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Patti McCormick
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Nestor Concha
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Eugene Stewart
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Xuan Hong
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Charles Mazzucco
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
| | - Shreya Pal
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
| | - Bo Ding
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
| | | | - Mark Krystal
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
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9
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Do-Thi VA, Lee H, Jeong HJ, Lee JO, Kim YS. Protective and Therapeutic Effects of an IL-15:IL-15Rα-Secreting Cell-Based Cancer Vaccine Using a Baculovirus System. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164039. [PMID: 34439192 PMCID: PMC8394727 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the use of the BacMam system to deliver and express self-assembling IL-15 and IL-15Rα genes to murine B16F10 melanoma and CT26 colon cancer cells. BacMam-based IL-15 and IL-15Rα were well-expressed and assembled to form the biologically functional IL-15:IL-15Rα complex. Immunization with this IL-15:IL-15Rα cancer vaccine delayed tumor growth in mice by inducing effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ cells and effector NK cells which are tumor-infiltrating. It caused strong antitumor immune responses of CD8+ effector cells in a tumor-antigen specific manner both in vitro and in vivo and significantly attenuated Treg cells which a control virus-infected cancer vaccine could induce. Post-treatment with this cancer vaccine after a live cancer cell injection also prominently delayed the growth of the tumor. Collectively, we demonstrate a vaccine platform consisting of BacMam virus-infected B16F10 or CT26 cancer cells that secrete IL-15:IL-15Rα. This study is the first demonstration of a functionally competent soluble IL-15:IL-15Rα complex-related cancer vaccine using a baculovirus system and advocates that the BacMam system can be used as a secure and rapid method of producing a protective and therapeutic cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Anh Do-Thi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea; (V.A.D.-T.); (H.J.J.)
| | - Hayyoung Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Hye Jin Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea; (V.A.D.-T.); (H.J.J.)
| | - Jie-Oh Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea; (V.A.D.-T.); (H.J.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.-O.L.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Young Sang Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-O.L.); (Y.S.K.)
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10
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Thomson AS, Mai SH, Bouma G, Herdman M, Byrne M, Hottenstein CS, Minetti J, Trulli S, Taylor JD, White JR, Chen S. Structure and Functional Characterization of a Humanized Anti-CCL20 Antibody following Exposure to Serum Reveals the Formation of Immune Complex That Leads to Toxicity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1067-1076. [PMID: 33483346 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
mAbs have revolutionized the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Even though mAbs have shown impressive efficacy in blocking T cell or B cell activation and/or recruitment to sites of inflammation, this group of biologicals are not devoid of adverse effects. The most serious adverse effects include infusion reactions, including the activation of the complement pathway. In this study, we present a detailed structure-function study of an anti-CCL20 humanized IgG1 mAb that neutralizes CCL20 chemokine and prevents the recruitment of Th17 cells to sites of inflammation. We demonstrate that the anti-CCL20 Ab changes significantly following administration to humans and monkeys and exposure to human serum. Analysis of the drug product revealed that the anti-CCL20 Ab has unexpectedly high C1q binding. This high binding was linked to immune complex formation in vivo but not during in vitro serum incubation. The immune complex contained multiple complement components. Anti-CCL20 Ab-mediated, complement-dependent cytotoxicity occurred when the Ab bound to CCL20 tethered to the cell membrane of target cells. Taken together, these results provide a likely cause for the animal toxicity observed. In addition, anti-CCL20 revealed progressive acidification because of N100 (located in CDR) deamidation over time, which did not directly impact Ag binding. Our study demonstrates that the safety profiling of mAbs should include the evaluation of effector functions in addition to typical stressed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Thomson
- Biopharm Analytical Sciences, Biopharm Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426;
| | - Shing H Mai
- Biopharm Analytical Sciences, Biopharm Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Gerben Bouma
- Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Herdman
- Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Byrne
- Biopharm Analytical Sciences, Biopharm Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Charles S Hottenstein
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity, and Biomarkers, In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426; and
| | - Joseph Minetti
- Biopharm Analytical Sciences, Biopharm Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Stephen Trulli
- Biopharm Analytical Sciences, Biopharm Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - J David Taylor
- Protein, Cellular and Structural Sciences, Medicine Design, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - John R White
- Biopharm Analytical Sciences, Biopharm Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Shugui Chen
- Biopharm Analytical Sciences, Biopharm Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
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Kallal LA, Waszkiewicz A, Jaworski JP, Della Pietra A, Berrodin T, Brady P, Jurewicz AJ, Zeng X, Payne L, Medina JR, Doepner-Buser C, Mangatt B. High-Throughput Screening and Triage Assays Identify Small Molecules Targeting c-MYC in Cancer Cells. SLAS DISCOVERY 2021; 26:216-229. [PMID: 33482073 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220985457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
While c-MYC is well established as a proto-oncogene, its structure and function as a transcription factor have made c-MYC a difficult therapeutic target. To identify small-molecule inhibitors targeting c-MYC for anticancer therapy, we designed a high-throughput screening (HTS) strategy utilizing cellular assays. The novel approach for the HTS was based on the detection of cellular c-MYC protein, with active molecules defined as those that specifically decreased c-MYC protein levels in cancer cells. The assay was based on a dual antibody detection system using Förster/fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and was utilized to detect endogenous c-MYC protein in the MYC amplified cancer cell lines DMS273 and Colo320 HSR. The assays were miniaturized to 1536-well plate format and utilized to screen the GlaxoSmithKline small-molecule collection of approximately 2 million compounds. In addition to the HTS assay, follow-up assays were developed and used to triage and qualify compounds. Two cellular assays used to eliminate false-positive compounds from the initially selected HTS hits were (1) a cellular toxicity assay and (2) an unstable protein reporter assay. Three positive selection assays were subsequently used to qualify compounds: (1) 384-well cell cycle flow cytometry, (2) 384-well cell growth, and (3) c-MYC gene signature reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The HTS and follow-up assays successfully identified three compounds that specifically decreased c-MYC protein levels in cancer cells and phenocopied c-MYC siRNA in terms of cell growth inhibition and gene signatures. The HTS, triage, and three compounds identified are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena A Kallal
- Screening, Profiling, and Mechanistic Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Anna Waszkiewicz
- Screening, Profiling, and Mechanistic Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Jon-Paul Jaworski
- Early Pipeline Project Management, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | - Tom Berrodin
- Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Pat Brady
- Computational Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Anthony J Jurewicz
- Screening, Profiling, and Mechanistic Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Xin Zeng
- Screening, Profiling, and Mechanistic Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Lisa Payne
- Protein and Cell Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Biju Mangatt
- Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
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12
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Grimes J, Desai S, Charter NW, Lodge J, Moita Santos R, Isidro-Llobet A, Mason AM, Wu Z, Wolfe LA, Anantharaman L, Green A, Bridges AM, Dalmas Wilk DA, Brown AJ. MrgX2 is a promiscuous receptor for basic peptides causing mast cell pseudo-allergic and anaphylactoid reactions. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00547. [PMID: 31832205 PMCID: PMC6887720 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of MrgX2, an orphan G protein-coupled receptor expressed on mast cells, leads to degranulation and histamine release. Human MrgX2 binds promiscuously to structurally diverse peptides and small molecules that tend to have basic properties (basic secretagogues), resulting in acute histamine-like adverse drug reactions of injected therapeutic agents. We set out to identify MrgX2 orthologues from other mammalian species used in nonclinical stages of drug development. Previously, the only known orthologue of human MrgX2 was from mouse, encoded by Mrgprb2. MrgX2 genes of rat, dog (beagle), minipig, pig, and Rhesus and cynomolgus monkey were identified by bioinformatic approaches and verified by their ability to mediate calcium mobilization in transfected cells in response to the classical MrgX2 agonist, compound 48/80. The peptide GSK3212448 is an inhibitor of the PRC2 epigenetic regulator that caused profound anaphylactoid reactions upon intravenous infusion to rat. We showed GSK3212448 to be a potent MrgX2 agonist particularly at rat MrgX2. We screened sets of drug-like molecules and peptides to confirm the highly promiscuous nature of MrgX2. Approximately 20% of drug-like molecules activated MrgX2 (pEC50 ranging from 4.5 to 6), with the principle determinant being basicity. All peptides tested of net charge +3 or greater exhibited agonist activity, including the cell penetrating peptides polyarginine (acetyl-Arg9-amide) and TAT (49-60), a fragment of HIV-1 TAT protein. Finally, we showed that the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin, which is associated with clinical pseudo-allergic reactions known as red man syndrome, is an agonist of MrgX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jak Grimes
- Medicines Research Centre GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd Stevenage United Kingdom.,Present address: Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE) University of Birmingham Edgbaston UK
| | - Sapna Desai
- Medicines Research Centre GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd Stevenage United Kingdom
| | | | - James Lodge
- Medicines Research Centre GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd Stevenage United Kingdom
| | - Rita Moita Santos
- Medicines Research Centre GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd Stevenage United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew M Mason
- Medicines Research Centre GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd Stevenage United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Green
- Eurofins Pharma Discovery Services Fremont CA USA
| | - Angela M Bridges
- Medicines Research Centre GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd Stevenage United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew J Brown
- Medicines Research Centre GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd Stevenage United Kingdom
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13
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Mitsuhashi H, Homma S, Beermann ML, Ishimaru S, Takeda H, Yu BK, Liu K, Duraiswamy S, Boyce FM, Miller JB. Efficient system for upstream mRNA trans-splicing to generate covalent, head-to-tail, protein multimers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2274. [PMID: 30783185 PMCID: PMC6381186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a plasmid-based system in which upstream trans-splicing efficiently generates mRNAs that encode head-to-tail protein multimers. In this system, trans-splicing occurs between one of two downstream splice donors in the sequence encoding a C-terminal V5 epitope tag and an upstream splice acceptor in the 5′ region of the pCS2(+) host plasmid. Using deletion and fusion constructs of the DUX4 protein as an example, we found that this system produced trans-spliced mRNAs in which coding regions from independent transcripts were fused in phase such that covalent head-to-tail protein multimers were translated. For a cDNA of ~450 bp, about half of the expressed proteins were multimeric, with the efficiency of trans-splicing and extent of multimer expression decreasing as cDNA length increased. This system generated covalent heterodimeric proteins upon co-transfections of plasmids encoding separate proteins and did not require a long complementary binding domain to position mRNAs for trans-splicing. This plasmid-based trans-splicing system is adaptable to multiple gene delivery systems, and it presents new opportunities for investigating molecular mechanisms of trans-splicing, generating covalent protein multimers with novel functions within cells, and producing mRNAs encoding large proteins from split precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Mitsuhashi
- Department of Applied, Biochemistry School of Engineering, Tokai University Kanagawa, Yokohama, 259-1207, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Homma
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Mary Lou Beermann
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Satoshi Ishimaru
- Department of Applied, Biochemistry School of Engineering, Tokai University Kanagawa, Yokohama, 259-1207, Japan
| | - Hayato Takeda
- Department of Applied, Biochemistry School of Engineering, Tokai University Kanagawa, Yokohama, 259-1207, Japan
| | - Bryant K Yu
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Kevin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Swetha Duraiswamy
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Frederick M Boyce
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Jeffrey Boone Miller
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.
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14
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McNulty DE, Bonnette WG, Qi H, Wang L, Ho TF, Waszkiewicz A, Kallal LA, Nagarajan RP, Stern M, Quinn AM, Creasy CL, Su DS, Graves AP, Annan RS, Sweitzer SM, Holbert MA. A High-Throughput Dose-Response Cellular Thermal Shift Assay for Rapid Screening of Drug Target Engagement in Living Cells, Exemplified Using SMYD3 and IDO1. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 23:34-46. [DOI: 10.1177/2472555217732014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A persistent problem in early small-molecule drug discovery is the frequent lack of rank-order correlation between biochemical potencies derived from initial screens using purified proteins and the diminished potency and efficacy observed in subsequent disease-relevant cellular phenotypic assays. The introduction of the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) has bridged this gap by enabling assessment of drug target engagement directly in live cells based on ligand-induced changes in protein thermal stability. Initial success in applying CETSA across multiple drug target classes motivated our investigation into replacing the low-throughput, manually intensive Western blot readout with a quantitative, automated higher-throughput assay that would provide sufficient capacity to use CETSA as a primary hit qualification strategy. We introduce a high-throughput dose-response cellular thermal shift assay (HTDR-CETSA), a single-pot homogenous assay adapted for high-density microtiter plate format. The assay features titratable BacMam expression of full-length target proteins fused to the DiscoverX 42 amino acid ePL tag in HeLa suspension cells, facilitating enzyme fragment complementation–based chemiluminescent quantification of ligand-stabilized soluble protein. This simplified format can accommodate determination of full-dose CETSA curves for hundreds of individual compounds/analyst/day in replicates. HTDR-CETSA data generated for substrate site and alternate binding mode inhibitors of the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SMYD3 in HeLa suspension cells demonstrate excellent correlation with rank-order potencies observed in cellular mechanistic assays and direct translation to target engagement of endogenous Smyd3 in cancer-relevant cell lines. We envision this workflow to be generically applicable to HTDR-CETSA screening spanning a wide variety of soluble intracellular protein target classes.
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