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Cammalleri M, Filippi L, Dal Monte M, Bagnoli P. A promising case of preclinical-clinical translation: β-adrenoceptor blockade from the oxygen-induced retinopathy model to retinopathy of prematurity. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1408605. [PMID: 38938747 PMCID: PMC11208707 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1408605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Although compartmentalization of the eye seems to promote its experimental manipulation, drug penetration to its posterior part is severely limited by hard barriers thus hindering drug development for eye diseases. In particular, angiogenesis-related retinal diseases share common mechanisms and are responsible for the majority of cases of blindness. Their prevalence is globally increasing mostly because of the increased incidence of systemic pathologies in the adult. Despite the number of preclinical findings demonstrating the efficacy of novel treatments, therapy of retinal neovascular diseases still remains confined to intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatments with some extension to anti-inflammatory therapy. In the mare magnum of preclinical findings aimed to develop novel avenues for future therapies, most compounds, despite their efficacy in experimental models, do not seem to meet the criteria for their therapeutic application. In particular, the groove between preclinical findings and their clinical application increases instead of decreasing and the attempt to bridging the gap between them creates intense frustration and a sense of defeat. In this complex scenario, we will discuss here the role that overactivation of the sympathetic system plays in retinal vessel proliferation in response to hypoxia using the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model. The potential application of the beta-adrenoceptor (β-AR) blockade with propranolol to the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity will be also discussed in light of preclinical findings in the OIR model and clinical trials using propranolol in preterm infants either per os or as eye drops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Filippi
- Neonatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Paola Bagnoli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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2
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Atalor RE, Dieckmann BW, Penn JS, Uddin MDI. Method to Regulate Monocyte Function by Silencing HIF-1α mRNA in a Model of Retinal Neovascularization. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:22939-22946. [PMID: 38148985 PMCID: PMC10749564 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c04300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Circulating monocytes migrate into the retina in response to inflammation and neovascularization. Furthermore, under inflammatory conditions such as diabetes, healthy monocytes become activated in the circulation. However, the contribution of activated monocytes to neovascularization is largely unknown. HIF-1α has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of neovascularization. We describe here the synthesis of a hybrid nanomaterial for targeted delivery and gene silencing in activated monocytes that are associated with pathological neovascularization. To test the gene silencing ability of AS-shRNA-lipids in vitro, we used the probe to inhibit HIF-1α mRNA induced in mouse monocytes by exposing them to hypoxia. In addition, we tested AS-shRNA-lipids for inhibition of neovascularization in vivo using the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Significant reduction of neovascularization was achieved in mouse OIR by targeting activated monocytes using intraperitoneal injections of AS-shRNA-lipids. Expression of HIF-1α and CD14 mRNA were both inhibited in circulating cells, suggesting normalization of the activated monocytes in P17 OIR animals treated with AS-shRNA-lipids. We hypothesized that inhibition of HIF-1α mRNA in activated monocytes may have a direct impact on VEGF expression in the retinal tissues in vivo. We observed that VEGF mRNA expression was inhibited in P17 retinal tissues after systemic treatment with HIF-1α-targeted AS-shRNA-lipids. These findings may provide a framework for a strategy to inhibit retinal neovascularization by targeting circulating activated monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita E. Atalor
- Department
of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Blake W. Dieckmann
- Department
of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - John S. Penn
- Department
of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - MD Imam Uddin
- Department
of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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3
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Whitehead L, Watson EC, Grant ZL. Analyzing Vessel Regression and Endothelial Apoptosis as a Component of Angiogenic Vessel Remodeling. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2441:29-39. [PMID: 35099726 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2059-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenic vessel remodeling is a critical step in establishing a hierarchical vessel network. Vessel networks rapidly expand through angiogenesis in response to pro-angiogenic factors. This leads to an initially dense vessel network that requires selective regression of vessel branches to establish a hierarchical conduit for blood flow, a process known as pruning. This involves migration of endothelial cells from low-flow vessels to adjacent high-flow vessels and generally occurs independently of cell death. Vessels may also regress in response to other stimuli, including reduced metabolic demand, redundancy, and pathological stimuli. In these contexts, widespread vessel regression typically occurs and involves loss of endothelial cells by apoptotic cell death. Thus, vessel remodeling occurs via both apoptosis independent and dependent vessel regression. In this chapter, we outline a semi-automated method for quantifying vessel regression using the neonatal model of angiogenesis. We further provide instruction on analyzing endothelial apoptosis in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Whitehead
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma C Watson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Zoe L Grant
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Pathogenic role of human C-reactive protein in diabetic retinopathy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:1613-1629. [PMID: 32602547 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Elevated blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, its pathogenic role in DR remains unknown. The present study aims to investigate the potential role of CRP in DR pathogenesis and explore its underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human CRP transgenic (hCRP-Tg) rats were employed for streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic and oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) models. The retina function was monitored by electroretinography (ERG) and retinal thickness was measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). TUNEL and cell death ELISA were performed to measure the apoptosis. Oxidative stress was detected by the measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells and 3-Nitrotyrosine staining in tissue sections. RESULTS In non-diabetic condition, hCRP-Tg with elevated hCRP levels in the retinas demonstrated declined ERG responses and decreased retinal thickness. In STZ-induced diabetic condition, overexpression of hCRP deteriorated retinal neurodegeneration as shown by ERG and apoptosis assays. hCRP also exacerbated retinal leukostasis and acellular capillary formation induced by diabetes. In the OIR model, overexpression of hCRP exacerbated retinal neovascularization (NV). In retinal cell lines, hCRP treatment induced cell death and over-production of ROS. Furthermore, hCRP-induced overexpression of pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidative, and pro-angiogenic factors was associated with up-regulation of CD32 and the NF-κB signaling in the retinas. CONCLUSIONS Elevated hCRP levels play a pathogenic role in DR. Targeting the hCRP-CD32-NF-κB pathway may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for DR.
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Raghuveer TS, Zackula R. Strategies to Prevent Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity: A 2020 Update and Meta-analysis. Neoreviews 2021; 21:e249-e263. [PMID: 32238487 DOI: 10.1542/neo.21-4-e249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is showing an increasing trend in the United States. This may be because of increasing survival rates among extremely preterm infants (<25 weeks' gestation) and targeting higher oxygen saturation. Five randomized clinical trials of low versus high oxygen saturation target ranges found increased mortality in the low oxygen saturation target group and an increased incidence of ROP in the high oxygen saturation target group. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends using an oxygen saturation target range of 90% to 95% in extremely low-birthweight infants. The change of practice to target this higher oxygen saturation range, from admission until discharge, may be contributing to the increasing incidence of ROP in extremely preterm infants. To decrease the incidence of ROP without increasing mortality, 2 new cohort trials suggest gradually increasing oxygen saturation targets as preterm infants mature. There is evidence that human milk, vitamin A, and omega-3 fatty acids can help, in addition to continuous oxygen saturation monitoring, to decrease the risk of ROP. We review this literature and provide a meta-analysis to evaluate the evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Zackula
- Research, University of Kansas School of Medicine at Wichita, Wichita, KS
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Markasz L, Olsson KW, Holmström G, Sindelar R. Cluster Analysis of Early Postnatal Biochemical Markers May Predict Development of Retinopathy of Prematurity. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:14. [PMID: 33344058 PMCID: PMC7726592 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.13.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Growth factors and inflammatory and angiogenetic proteins are involved in the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). However, no early biochemical markers are in clinical use to predict ROP. By performing cluster analysis of multiple biomarkers, we aimed to determine patient groups with high and low risk for developing ROP. Methods In total, 202 protein markers in plasma were quantified by proximity extension assay from 35 extremely preterm infants on day 2 of life. Infants were sorted in groups by automated two-dimensional hierarchical clustering of all biomarkers. ROP was classified as stages I to III with or without surgical treatment. Predictive biomarkers were evaluated by analysis of variance and detected differences by two-sided paired t-test with Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons. Results Differences in 39 biochemical markers divided infants without ROP into two control groups (control 1, n = 7; control 2, n = 5; P < 0.05). Sixty-six biochemical markers defined differences between the control groups (n = 13) and all ROP infants (n = 23; P < 0.05). PARK7, VIM, MPO, CD69, and NEMO were markedly increased in control 1 compared to all ROP infants (P < 0.001). Lower TNFRSF4 and higher HER2 and GAL appeared in infants with ROP as compared to control 1 and/or 2 (P < 0.05, respectively). Conclusions Our data suggest that early elevated levels of PARK7, VIM, MPO, CD69, and NEMO may be associated with lower risk of developing ROP. Lower levels of TNFRSF4 with higher levels of HER2 and GAL may predict ROP development. Translational Relevance Cluster analysis of early postnatal biomarkers may help to identify infants with low or high risk of developing ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Markasz
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl-Wilhelm Olsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerd Holmström
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard Sindelar
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Shao Y, Chen J, Li XR, Ma JX. Detection and Quantification of Retinal Neovascularization Using BrdU Incorporation. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:4. [PMID: 32879761 PMCID: PMC7442870 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.9.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The retina is a commonly used model for angiogenesis research due to its special characteristics. Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) provides a useful model to study ischemia-induced neovascularization (NV) and to develop anti-angiogenic therapeutics. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple, accurate, and less-subjective quantification method for retinal NV in the OIR model. Methods To address this challenge, we combined the conventional vascular staining and BrdU labeling of newly formed vascular cells to detect and analyze retinal NV. With daily injections of BrdU, which was incorporated into the DNA of newly formed retinal vessels under the OIR condition, ischemia-induced retinal neovasculature with BrdU labeling was distinguished from pre-existing vasculature and accurately quantified using the ImageJ program. Results Compared with conventional quantification methods using isolectin B4 staining of the entire vascular network, BrdU labeling allowed us to distinguish newly formed vessels from the pre-existing vessels and to objectively quantify the newly formed vessels, which was verified in OIR mice with intravitreal injections of an antibody-neutralizing vascular endothelial growth factor. Conclusions BrdU labeling provides a useful and sensitive method for studying retinal NV and evaluating the therapeutic effects of medical interventions against pathological angiogenesis. Translational Relevance Quantitative, straightforward, and objective observation and evaluation of pathologic neovasculature are important to study the pathogenesis of NV and therapeutic effects using animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shao
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute & School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, China.,Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jianglei Chen
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Xiao-Rong Li
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute & School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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8
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Wang Z, Liu A, Zhang H, Wang M, Tang Q, Huang Y, Wang L. Inhibition of retinal neovascularization by VEGF siRNA delivered via bioreducible lipid-like nanoparticles. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 258:2407-2418. [PMID: 32620992 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04797-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously, we have demonstrated the use of lipidoid (lipid-like) nanoparticles (e.g., "1-O16B") for gene delivery to live cells, as an alternative to viral vectors. Here, we encapsulate VEGF siRNA (siVEGF) in bioreducible lipidoid nanoparticles and examine whether these nanocomplexes can reduce intravitreal neovascularization in a rodent model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). METHODS Firstly, we constructed siVEGF-nanoparticles (NPs) and transfected human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which caused significantly reduced expression of VEGF, compared to exposure to siVEGF in solution. Secondly, we compared the effect of intravitreal siVEGF-NPs and an anti-VEGF drug (ranibizumab) on retinal vascular development and VEGF mRNA/protein expression in the retinas of a rat model of OIR. RESULTS Compared to a non-functional lipid vehicle control group, the level of VEGF mRNA and protein was significantly lower in the siVEGF-NP group (p < 0.01), but the level of VEGF mRNA was not significantly lower in the ranibizumab group. Anatomically, the number of retinal neovascular endothelial nuclei that had protruded through the internal limiting membrane and the number of areas of non-perfusion of the retina were both significantly lower in the siVEGF-NP group and the ranibizumab group than in the OIR group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that bioreducible lipidoid nanoparticles conveying VEGF siRNA can effectively inhibit retinal neovascularization in a rodent model of OIR, and reduce the expression of VEGF mRNA and protein. This novel treatment modality could have profound implications for treating retinal angiogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Seventh Medical center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Anqi Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing, 100853, China.,The Chinese People's Liberation Army NO.32141, Beijing, China
| | - Han Zhang
- The 2nd Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Road, Jinan, 250031, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qiao Tang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yifei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing, 100853, China.
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9
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Matsuda K, Okamoto N, Kondo M, Arkwright PD, Karasawa K, Ishizaka S, Yokota S, Matsuda A, Jung K, Oida K, Amagai Y, Jang H, Noda E, Kakinuma R, Yasui K, Kaku U, Mori Y, Onai N, Ohteki T, Tanaka A, Matsuda H. Mast cell hyperactivity underpins the development of oxygen-induced retinopathy. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3987-4000. [PMID: 28990934 PMCID: PMC5663365 DOI: 10.1172/jci89893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are classically thought to play an important role in protection against helminth infections and in the induction of allergic diseases; however, recent studies indicate that these cells also contribute to neovascularization, which is critical for tissue remodeling, chronic inflammation, and carcinogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that mast cells are essential for sprouting angiogenesis in a murine model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Although mouse strains lacking mast cells did not exhibit retinal neovascularization following hypoxia, these mice developed OIR following infusion of mast cells or after injection of mast cell tryptase (MCT). Relative hypoxia stimulated mast cell degranulation via transient receptor potential ankyrin 1. Subsequent surges in MCT stimulated retinal endothelial cells to produce monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1) and angiogenic factors, leading to sprouting angiogenesis. Mast cell stabilizers as well as specific tryptase and MCP1 inhibitors prevented the development of OIR in WT mice. Preterm infants with early retinopathy of prematurity had markedly higher plasma MCT levels than age-matched infants without disease, suggesting mast cells contribute to human disease. Together, these results suggest therapies that suppress mast cell activity should be further explored as a potential option for preventing eye diseases and subsequent blindness induced by neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenshiro Matsuda
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Okamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, and Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kondo
- Department of Neonatology and Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter D Arkwright
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kaoru Karasawa
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Ishizaka
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yokota
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, and Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, and Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Oida
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Amagai
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Tokyo Biomarker Innovation Research Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyosun Jang
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Noda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Kakinuma
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koujirou Yasui
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Uiko Kaku
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mori
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Onai
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohteki
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akane Tanaka
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, and Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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