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Confuorti C, Jaramillo M, Plante I. Hormonal regulation of miRNA during mammary gland development. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060308. [PMID: 38712984 PMCID: PMC11190577 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a unique organ as most of its development occurs after birth through stages of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis that are tightly regulated by circulating hormones and growth factors. Throughout development, hormonal cues induce the regulation of different pathways, ultimately leading to differential transcription and expression of genes involved in this process, but also in the activation or inhibition of post-transcriptional mechanisms of regulation. However, the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the different phases of mammary gland remodeling is still poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to analyze the expression of miRNA in key stages of mammary gland development in mice and to determine whether it could be associated with hormonal variation between stages. To do so, miRNAs were isolated from mouse mammary glands at stages of adulthood, pregnancy, lactation and involution, and sequenced. Results showed that 490, 473, 419, and 460 miRNAs are detected in adult, pregnant, lactating and involuting mice, respectively, most of them being common to all four groups, and 58 unique to one stage. Most genes could be divided into six clusters of expression, including two encompassing the highest number of miRNA (clusters 1 and 3) and showing opposite profiles of expression, reaching a peak at adulthood and valley at lactation, or showing the lowest expression at adulthood and peaking at lactation. GO and KEGG analyses suggest that the miRNAs differentially expressed between stages influence the expression of targets associated with mammary gland homeostasis and hormone regulation. To further understand the links between miRNA expression and hormones involved in mammary gland development, miRNAs were then sequenced in breast cells exposed to estradiol, progesterone, prolactin and oxytocin. Four, 38, 24 and 66 miRNAs were associated with progesterone, estradiol, prolactin, and oxytocin exposure, respectively. Finally, when looking at miRNAs modulated by the hormones, differentially expressed during mammary gland development, and having a pattern of expression that could be correlated with the relative levels of hormones known to be found in vivo, 16 miRNAs were identified as likely regulated by circulating hormones. Overall, our study brings a better understanding of the regulation of miRNAs throughout mammary gland development and suggests that there is a relationship between their expression and the main hormones involved in mammary gland development. Future studies will examine this role more in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Confuorti
- INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Maritza Jaramillo
- INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Isabelle Plante
- INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
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Wang L, Maharjan CK, Borcherding N, Master RP, Mo J, Tithi TI, Kim MC, Carelock ME, Master AP, Gibson-Corley KN, Kolb RH, Smith KA, Zhang W. Epithelial IL-2 is critical for NK cell-mediated cancer immunosurveillance in mammary glands. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.25.591178. [PMID: 38712046 PMCID: PMC11071474 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.25.591178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is the first identified cytokine and its interaction with receptors has been known to shape the immune responses in many lymphoid or non-lymphoid tissues for more than four decades. Active T cells are the primary cellular source for IL-2 production and epithelial cells have never been considered the major cellular source of IL-2 under physiological conditions. It is, however, tempting to speculate that epithelial cells could potentially express IL-2 that regulates the intricate interactions between epithelial cells and lymphocytes. Datamining our recently published single-cell RNAseq in the mouse mammary gland identified IL-2 expression in mammary epithelial cells, which is induced by prolactin via the STAT5 signaling pathway. Furthermore, epithelial IL-2 plays a crucial role in maintaining the physiological functions of natural killer (NK) cells within the mammary glands. IL-2 deletion in the mammary epithelial cells leads to a significant reduction in the number and function of NK cells, which in turn results in defective immunosurveillance, expansion of luminal epithelial cells, and tumor development. Interestingly, T cells in the mammary glands are not changed, indicating the specific regulation of NK cells by epithelial IL-2 production. In agreement, we also found that human epithelial cells express IL-2 and NK cells express the highest level of IL2RB among all the immune cells. Here, we provide the first evidence that epithelial cells produce IL-2, which is critical for maintaining the physiological functions of NK cells in immunosurveillance.
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Wang W, Wang S, Wang H, Zheng E, Wu Z, Li Z. Protein Dynamic Landscape during Mouse Mammary Gland Development from Virgin to Pregnant, Lactating, and Involuting Stages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7546-7557. [PMID: 38513219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The mammary gland undergoes significant physiological changes as it undergoes a transition from virgin to pregnancy, lactation, and involution. However, the dynamic role of proteins in regulating these processes during mouse mammary gland development has not been thoroughly explored. In this study, we collected mouse mammary gland tissues from mature virgins aged 8-10 weeks (V), day 16 of pregnancy (P16d), day 12 of lactation (L12d), day 1 of forced weaning (FW 1d), and day 3 of forced weaning (FW 3d) stages for analysis using DIA-based quantitative proteomics technology. A total of 3,312 proteins were identified, of which 843 were DAPs that were categorized into nine clusters based on their abundance changes across developmental stages. Notably, DAPs in cluster 2, which peaked at the L12d stage, were primarily associated with mammary gland development and lactation. The protein-protein interaction network revealed that the epidermal growth factor (EGF) was central to this cluster. Our study provides a comprehensive overview of the mouse mammary gland development proteome and identifies some important proteins, such as EGF, Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) that may serve as potential targets for future research to provide guidelines for a deeper understanding of the developmental biology of mammary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and local joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shunbo Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and local joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and local joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and local joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and local joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zicong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and local joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Croizer H, Mhaidly R, Kieffer Y, Gentric G, Djerroudi L, Leclere R, Pelon F, Robley C, Bohec M, Meng A, Meseure D, Romano E, Baulande S, Peltier A, Vincent-Salomon A, Mechta-Grigoriou F. Deciphering the spatial landscape and plasticity of immunosuppressive fibroblasts in breast cancer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2806. [PMID: 38561380 PMCID: PMC10984943 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Although heterogeneity of FAP+ Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAF) has been described in breast cancer, their plasticity and spatial distribution remain poorly understood. Here, we analyze trajectory inference, deconvolute spatial transcriptomics at single-cell level and perform functional assays to generate a high-resolution integrated map of breast cancer (BC), with a focus on inflammatory and myofibroblastic (iCAF/myCAF) FAP+ CAF clusters. We identify 10 spatially-organized FAP+ CAF-related cellular niches, called EcoCellTypes, which are differentially localized within tumors. Consistent with their spatial organization, cancer cells drive the transition of detoxification-associated iCAF (Detox-iCAF) towards immunosuppressive extracellular matrix (ECM)-producing myCAF (ECM-myCAF) via a DPP4- and YAP-dependent mechanism. In turn, ECM-myCAF polarize TREM2+ macrophages, regulatory NK and T cells to induce immunosuppressive EcoCellTypes, while Detox-iCAF are associated with FOLR2+ macrophages in an immuno-protective EcoCellType. FAP+ CAF subpopulations accumulate differently according to the invasive BC status and predict invasive recurrence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), which could help in identifying low-risk DCIS patients eligible for therapeutic de-escalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Croizer
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe Labélisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris, France
- Inserm, U830, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Rana Mhaidly
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe Labélisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris, France
- Inserm, U830, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Yann Kieffer
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe Labélisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris, France
- Inserm, U830, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Geraldine Gentric
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe Labélisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris, France
- Inserm, U830, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Lounes Djerroudi
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe Labélisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris, France
- Inserm, U830, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
- Department of Diagnostic and Theragnostic Medicine, Institut Curie Hospital Group, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris, France
| | - Renaud Leclere
- Department of Diagnostic and Theragnostic Medicine, Institut Curie Hospital Group, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris, France
| | - Floriane Pelon
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe Labélisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris, France
- Inserm, U830, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Robley
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe Labélisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris, France
- Inserm, U830, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Mylene Bohec
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, ICGex Next-Generation Sequencing Platform, 75005, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Single Cell Initiative, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Meng
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe Labélisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris, France
- Inserm, U830, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Didier Meseure
- Department of Diagnostic and Theragnostic Medicine, Institut Curie Hospital Group, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris, France
| | - Emanuela Romano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institut Curie, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, ICGex Next-Generation Sequencing Platform, 75005, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Single Cell Initiative, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Peltier
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe Labélisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris, France
- Inserm, U830, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Anne Vincent-Salomon
- Department of Diagnostic and Theragnostic Medicine, Institut Curie Hospital Group, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris, France
| | - Fatima Mechta-Grigoriou
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe Labélisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris, France.
- Inserm, U830, 26, Rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.
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Dong Y, Sun X, Li H, Han C, Zhang Y, Ding H, Xia L, Wang H, Yang S, Xu L, Xu G. Mechanisms of adverse mammary effect induced by olanzapine and therapeutic interventions in rat model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 485:116876. [PMID: 38437955 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olanzapine antagonizes dopamine receptors and is prescribed to treat multiple psychiatric conditions. The main side effect of concern for olanzapine is weight gain and metabolic syndrome. Olanzapine induces hyperprolactinemia, however its effect on the mammary gland is poorly documented. METHODS Rats received olanzapine by gavage or in drinking water at 1, 3, and 6 mg/kg/day for 5-40 days or 100 days, with and without coadministration of bromocriptine or aripiprazole and using once daily or continuous administration strategies. Histomorphology of the mammary gland, concentrations of prolactin, estradiol, progesterone, and olanzapine in serum, mammary gland and adipose tissue, and mRNA and protein expressions of prolactin receptors were analyzed. RESULTS In adult and prepubescent female rats and male rats, olanzapine induced significant development of mammary glands in dose- and time-dependent manners, with histopathological hyperplasia of mammary ducts and alveoli with lumen dilation and secretion, marked increase of mammary prolactin receptor expression, a marker of breast tissue, and with mild increase of circulating prolactin. This side effect can be reversed after medication withdrawal, but long-term olanzapine treatment for 100 days implicated tumorigenic potentials indicated by usual ductal epithelial hyperplasia. Olanzapine induced mammary development was prevented with the coaddition of the dopamine agonist bromocriptine or partial agonist aripiprazole, or by continuous administration of medication instead of a once daily regimen. CONCLUSIONS These results shed light on the previously overlooked effect of olanzapine on mammary development and present experimental evidence to support current clinical management strategies of antipsychotic induced side effects in the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyue Dong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaozhe Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hanxiao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chunmiao Han
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huiru Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lisha Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, China
| | - Lingzi Xu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, China.
| | - Guoheng Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Wang X, Fei Y, Shao Y, Liao Q, Meng Q, Chen R, Deng L. Transcriptome analysis reveals immune function-related mRNA expression in donkey mammary glands during four developmental stages. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 49:101169. [PMID: 38096640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The low susceptibility to mastitis of female donkey (jenny) mammary glands and the strong immune properties of donkey milk are acknowledged, but little is known about the genes involved in mammary gland immunity in jennies. Herein, we used RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses to explore jenny mammary gland transcriptomes and detect potential functional differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs related to immunity during four specific developmental stages: foetal (F), pubertal (P), adult parous nonlactation (N) and lactation (L). A total of 2497, 583 and 1820 DE mRNAs were identified in jenny mammary glands at F vs. P, P vs. N, and N vs. L, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed numerous GO terms related to immune function, especially between F and P. Seven significantly enriched profiles were identified, among which 497 and 1261 DE mRNAs were upregulated in profiles 19 and 17. Eleven mRNAs were enriched in over 10 KEGG pathways. β-2-microglobulin (B2M), immunoglobulin heavy constant mu (IGHM), toll like receptor 2 (TLR2), toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88) were mainly involved in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signalling, phagosome and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappa B) signalling pathways. The findings provide insight into the molecular features underpinning the low prevalence of intramammary infections (i.e., mastitis) in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yaqi Fei
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yang Shao
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Qingchao Liao
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Qingze Meng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Liang Deng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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Chen S, Long M, Li XY, Li QM, Pan LH, Luo JP, Zha XQ. Codonopsis lanceolata polysaccharide ameliorates high-fat diet induced-postpartum hypogalactia via stimulating prolactin receptor-mediated Jak2/Stat5 signaling. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129114. [PMID: 38181915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the ameliorative effect of Codonopsis lanceolata polysaccharide (PCL) on mice with hypogalatia induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and the potential underlying mechanism. We found that oral administration of PCL demonstrated significant benefits in countering the negative effects of HFD, including weight gain, hepatic steatosis, mesenteric adipocyte hypertrophy, and abnormal glucose/lipid metabolism. In addition, PCL improved mammary gland development and enhanced lactogenesis performance. Histologically, PCL ameliorated the retardation of ductal growth, reduced mammary fat pad thickness, improved the incomplete linear encapsulation of luminal epithelium and myoepithelium, and increased the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that PCL mitigated the detrimental effects of HFD on mammary gland development by promoting the proliferation and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that PCL upregulated the levels of prolactin (PRL) and its receptor (PRLR) in the mammary gland, activated JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway, and increased the expression of p63, ERBB4, and NRG1. Overall, PCL can ameliorate HFD-induced hypogalactia by activating PRLR-mediated JAK2/STAT5 signaling. Our findings offer a methodological and theoretical foundation for investigating the functional constituents of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of hypogalactia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Long
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ying Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang-Ming Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Pan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Luo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qiang Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Caruso M, Saberiseyedabad K, Mourao L, Scheele CLGJ. A Decision Tree to Guide Human and Mouse Mammary Organoid Model Selection. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2764:77-105. [PMID: 38393590 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3674-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, researchers from the mammary gland field have launched a collection of distinctive 3D cell culture systems to study multiple aspects of mammary gland physiology and disease. As our knowledge about the mammary gland evolves, more sophisticated 3D cell culture systems are required to answer more and more complex questions. Nowadays, morphologically complex mammary organoids can be generated in distinct 3D settings, along with reproduction of multiple aspects of the gland microenvironment. Yet, each 3D culture protocol comes with its advantages and limitations, where some culture systems are best suited to study stemness potential, whereas others are tailored towards the study of mammary gland morphogenesis. Therefore, prior to starting a 3D mammary culture experiment, it is important to consider and select the ideal culture model to address the biological question of interest. The number and technical requirements of novel 3D cell culture methods vastly increased over the past decades, making it currently challenging and time consuming to identify the best experimental testing. In this chapter, we provide a summary of the most promising murine and human 3D organoid models that are currently used in mammary gland biology research. For each model, we will provide a brief description of the protocol and an overview of the expected morphological outcome, the advantages of the model, and the potential pitfalls, to guide the reader to the best model of choice for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Caruso
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Larissa Mourao
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Githaka JM, Pirayeshfard L, Goping IS. Cancer invasion and metastasis: Insights from murine pubertal mammary gland morphogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130375. [PMID: 37150225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer invasion and metastasis accounts for the majority of cancer related mortality. A better understanding of the players that drive the aberrant invasion and migration of tumors cells will provide critical targets to inhibit metastasis. Postnatal pubertal mammary gland morphogenesis is characterized by highly proliferative, invasive, and migratory normal epithelial cells. Identifying the molecular regulators of pubertal gland development is a promising strategy since tumorigenesis and metastasis is postulated to be a consequence of aberrant reactivation of developmental stages. In this review, we summarize the pubertal morphogenesis regulators that are involved in cancer metastasis and revisit pubertal mammary gland transcriptome profiling to uncover both known and unknown metastasis genes. Our updated list of pubertal morphogenesis regulators shows that most are implicated in invasion and metastasis. This review highlights molecular linkages between development and metastasis and provides a guide for exploring novel metastatic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maringa Githaka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Leila Pirayeshfard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Ing Swie Goping
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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10
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Nishimura T, Kakiuchi N, Yoshida K, Sakurai T, Kataoka TR, Kondoh E, Chigusa Y, Kawai M, Sawada M, Inoue T, Takeuchi Y, Maeda H, Baba S, Shiozawa Y, Saiki R, Nakagawa MM, Nannya Y, Ochi Y, Hirano T, Nakagawa T, Inagaki-Kawata Y, Aoki K, Hirata M, Nanki K, Matano M, Saito M, Suzuki E, Takada M, Kawashima M, Kawaguchi K, Chiba K, Shiraishi Y, Takita J, Miyano S, Mandai M, Sato T, Takeuchi K, Haga H, Toi M, Ogawa S. Evolutionary histories of breast cancer and related clones. Nature 2023; 620:607-614. [PMID: 37495687 PMCID: PMC10432280 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have documented frequent evolution of clones carrying common cancer mutations in apparently normal tissues, which are implicated in cancer development1-3. However, our knowledge is still missing with regard to what additional driver events take place in what order, before one or more of these clones in normal tissues ultimately evolve to cancer. Here, using phylogenetic analyses of multiple microdissected samples from both cancer and non-cancer lesions, we show unique evolutionary histories of breast cancers harbouring der(1;16), a common driver alteration found in roughly 20% of breast cancers. The approximate timing of early evolutionary events was estimated from the mutation rate measured in normal epithelial cells. In der(1;16)(+) cancers, the derivative chromosome was acquired from early puberty to late adolescence, followed by the emergence of a common ancestor by the patient's early 30s, from which both cancer and non-cancer clones evolved. Replacing the pre-existing mammary epithelium in the following years, these clones occupied a large area within the premenopausal breast tissues by the time of cancer diagnosis. Evolution of multiple independent cancer founders from the non-cancer ancestors was common, contributing to intratumour heterogeneity. The number of driver events did not correlate with histology, suggesting the role of local microenvironments and/or epigenetic driver events. A similar evolutionary pattern was also observed in another case evolving from an AKT1-mutated founder. Taken together, our findings provide new insight into how breast cancer evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Nishimura
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Next-generation Clinical Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Division of Cancer Evolution, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaki Sakurai
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuki R Kataoka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Eiji Kondoh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Chigusa
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kawai
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Yasuhide Takeuchi
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirona Maeda
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoko Baba
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shiozawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Saiki
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro M Nakagawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Next-generation Clinical Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Nannya
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Division of Hematopoietic Disease Control, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yotaro Ochi
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hirano
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoe Nakagawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Inagaki-Kawata
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kosuke Aoki
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirata
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kosaku Nanki
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Matano
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumu Saito
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Osaka Research Center for Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company, Limited, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Suzuki
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Breast Surgery Department, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takada
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawashima
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kawaguchi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenichi Chiba
- Division of Genome Analysis Platform Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shiraishi
- Division of Genome Analysis Platform Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Takita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- Department of Integrated Analytics, M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Mandai
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Takeuchi
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Haga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masakazu Toi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Haematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Hannan FM, Elajnaf T, Vandenberg LN, Kennedy SH, Thakker RV. Hormonal regulation of mammary gland development and lactation. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:46-61. [PMID: 36192506 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lactation is critical to infant short-term and long-term health and protects mothers from breast cancer, ovarian cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The mammary gland is a dynamic organ, regulated by the coordinated actions of reproductive and metabolic hormones. These hormones promote gland development from puberty onwards and induce the formation of a branched, epithelial, milk-secreting organ by the end of pregnancy. Progesterone withdrawal following placental delivery initiates lactation, which is maintained by increased pituitary secretion of prolactin and oxytocin, and stimulated by infant suckling. After weaning, local cytokine production and decreased prolactin secretion trigger large-scale mammary cell loss, leading to gland involution. Here, we review advances in the molecular endocrinology of mammary gland development and milk synthesis. We discuss the hormonal functions of the mammary gland, including parathyroid hormone-related peptide secretion that stimulates maternal calcium mobilization for milk synthesis. We also consider the hormonal composition of human milk and its associated effects on infant health and development. Finally, we highlight endocrine and metabolic diseases that cause lactation insufficiency, for example, monogenic disorders of prolactin and prolactin receptor mutations, maternal obesity and diabetes mellitus, interventions during labour and delivery, and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as polyfluoroalkyl substances in consumer products and other oestrogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadil M Hannan
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Oxford Centre for the Endocrinology of Human Lactation, Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Taha Elajnaf
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Oxford Centre for the Endocrinology of Human Lactation, Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Stephen H Kennedy
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Oxford Centre for the Endocrinology of Human Lactation, Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Hradecka L, Wiesner D, Sumbal J, Koledova ZS, Maska M. Segmentation and Tracking of Mammary Epithelial Organoids in Brightfield Microscopy. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 42:281-290. [PMID: 36170389 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2022.3210714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present an automated and deep-learning-based workflow to quantitatively analyze the spatiotemporal development of mammary epithelial organoids in two-dimensional time-lapse (2D+t) sequences acquired using a brightfield microscope at high resolution. It involves a convolutional neural network (U-Net), purposely trained using computer-generated bioimage data created by a conditional generative adversarial network (pix2pixHD), to infer semantic segmentation, adaptive morphological filtering to identify organoid instances, and a shape-similarity-constrained, instance-segmentation-correcting tracking procedure to reliably cherry-pick the organoid instances of interest in time. By validating it using real 2D+t sequences of mouse mammary epithelial organoids of morphologically different phenotypes, we clearly demonstrate that the workflow achieves reliable segmentation and tracking performance, providing a reproducible and laborless alternative to manual analyses of the acquired bioimage data.
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13
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Ingthorsson S, Traustadottir GA, Gudjonsson T. Cellular Plasticity and Heterotypic Interactions during Breast Morphogenesis and Cancer Initiation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215209. [PMID: 36358627 PMCID: PMC9654604 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review aims to discuss the structure, function and dynamics of the breast gland and how changes to the function of the breast’s cells can lead to different types of cancer. Abstract The human breast gland is a unique organ as most of its development occurs postnatally between menarche and menopause, a period ranging from 30 to 40 years. During this period, the monthly menstruation cycle drives the mammary gland through phases of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, facilitated via a closely choreographed interaction between the epithelial cells and the surrounding stroma preparing the gland for pregnancy. If pregnancy occurs, maximal differentiation is reached to prepare for lactation. After lactation, the mammary gland involutes to a pre-pregnant state. These cycles of proliferation, differentiation, and involution necessitate the presence of epithelial stem cells that give rise to progenitor cells which differentiate further into the luminal and myoepithelial lineages that constitute the epithelial compartment and are responsible for the branching structure of the gland. Maintaining homeostasis and the stem cell niche depends strongly on signaling between the stem and progenitor cells and the surrounding stroma. Breast cancer is a slowly progressing disease whose initiation can take decades to progress into an invasive form. Accumulating evidence indicates that stem cells and/or progenitor cells at different stages, rather than terminally differentiated cells are the main cells of origin for most breast cancer subgroups. Stem cells and cancer cells share several similarities such as increased survival and cellular plasticity which is reflected in their ability to switch fate by receiving intrinsic and extrinsic signals. In this review, we discuss the concept of cellular plasticity in normal breast morphogenesis and cancer, and how the stromal environment plays a vital role in cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saevar Ingthorsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of nursing and midwifery, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gunnhildur Asta Traustadottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorarinn Gudjonsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Correspondence:
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14
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Melcher ML, Block I, Kropf K, Singh AK, Posern G. Interplay of the transcription factor MRTF-A and matrix stiffness controls mammary acinar structure and protrusion formation. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:158. [PMID: 36229824 PMCID: PMC9563482 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00977-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ongoing differentiation processes characterize the mammary gland during sexual development and reproduction. In contrast, defective remodelling is assumed to be causal for breast tumorigenesis. We have shown recently that the myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A) is essential for forming regular hollow acinar structures. Moreover, MRTF-A activity is known to depend on the biochemical and physical properties of the surrounding extracellular matrix. In this study we analysed the mutual interaction of different matrix stiffnesses and MRTF-A activities on formation and maintenance of mammary acini. Methods Human MCF10A acini and primary mature organoids isolated from murine mammary glands were cultivated in 3D on soft and stiff matrices (200–4000 Pa) in conjunction with the Rho/MRTF/SRF pathway inhibitor CCG-203971 and genetic activation of MRTF-A. Results Three-dimensional growth on stiff collagen matrices (> 3000 Pa) was accompanied by increased MRTF-A activity and formation of invasive protrusions in acini cultures of human mammary MCF10A cells. Differential coating and synthetic hydrogels indicated that protrusion formation was attributable to stiffness but not the biochemical constitution of the matrix. Stiffness-induced protrusion formation was also observed in preformed acini isolated from murine mammary glands. Acinar outgrowth in both the MCF10A acini and the primary organoids was partially reverted by treatment with the Rho/MRTF/SRF pathway inhibitor CCG-203971. However, genetic activation of MRTF-A in the mature primary acini also reduced protrusion formation on stiff matrices, whilst it strongly promoted luminal filling matrix-independently. Conclusion Our results suggest an intricate crosstalk between matrix stiffness and MRTF-A, whose activity is required for protrusion formation and sufficient for luminal filling of mammary acini. Video Abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-022-00977-2. Formation of mammary acini depends on crosstalk between matrix stiffness and MRTF-A
Increased matrix stiffness elevates MRTF-A activity and protrusion formation Protrusion formation of MCF10A-derived and primary murine acini is MRTF-dependent
Genetic MRTF-A activation in primary organoids is sufficient for luminal filling
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Luise Melcher
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ines Block
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Karolin Kropf
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anurag Kumar Singh
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Guido Posern
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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15
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Belpaire M, Taminiau A, Geerts D, Rezsohazy R. HOXA1, a breast cancer oncogene. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188747. [PMID: 35675857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
More than 25 years ago, the first literature records mentioned HOXA1 expression in human breast cancer. A few years later, HOXA1 was confirmed as a proper oncogene in mammary tissue. In the following two decades, molecular data about the mode of action of the HOXA1 protein, the factors contributing to activate and maintain HOXA1 gene expression and the identity of its target genes have accumulated and provide a wider view on the association of this transcription factor to breast oncogenesis. Large-scale transcriptomic data gathered from wide cohorts of patients further allowed refining the relationship between breast cancer type and HOXA1 expression. Several recent reports have reviewed the connection between cancer hallmarks and the biology of HOX genes in general. Here we take HOXA1 as a paradigm and propose an extensive overview of the molecular data centered on this oncoprotein, from what its expression modulators, to the interactors contributing to its oncogenic activities, and to the pathways and genes it controls. The data converge to an intricate picture that answers questions on the multi-modality of its oncogene activities, point towards better understanding of breast cancer aetiology and thereby provides an appraisal for treatment opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Belpaire
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Group (AMCB), Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Taminiau
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Group (AMCB), Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Dirk Geerts
- Heart Failure Research Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - René Rezsohazy
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Group (AMCB), Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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16
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Hitchcock J, Hughes K, Pensa S, Lloyd-Lewis B, Watson CJ. The immune environment of the mammary gland fluctuates during post-lactational regression and correlates with tumour growth rate. Development 2022; 149:275060. [PMID: 35420674 PMCID: PMC9124574 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Post-lactational mammary gland regression encompasses extensive programmed cell death and removal of milk-producing epithelial cells, breakdown of extracellular matrix components and redifferentiation of stromal adipocytes. This highly regulated involution process is associated with a transient increased risk of breast cancer in women. Using a syngeneic tumour model, we show that tumour growth is significantly altered depending on the stage of involution at which tumour cells are implanted. Tumour cells injected at day 3 involution grew faster than those in nulliparous mice, whereas tumours initiated at day 6 involution grew significantly slower. These differences in tumour progression correlate with distinct changes in innate immune cells, in particular among F4/80-expressing macrophages and among TCRδ+ unconventional T cells. Breast cancer post-pregnancy risk is exacerbated in older first-time mothers and, in our model, initial tumour growth is moderately faster in aged mice compared with young mice. Our results have implications for breast cancer risk and the use of anti-inflammatory therapeutics for postpartum breast cancers. Summary: Mammary gland involution is associated with dynamic changes in immune cell types and numbers at different stages that correlates with the initial rate of growth of implanted tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hitchcock
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Sara Pensa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Bethan Lloyd-Lewis
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Christine J. Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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17
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Liu R, Hu H, McNeil M, Xu J, Bi X, Lou P, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Dai X, Plikus MV, Shuai J, Yu Z, Lv C. Dormant Nfatc1 reporter-marked basal stem/progenitor cells contribute to mammary lobuloalveoli formation. iScience 2022; 25:103982. [PMID: 35310332 PMCID: PMC8924625 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mammary gland undergoes complicated epithelial remodeling to form lobuloalveoli during pregnancy, in which basal epithelial cells remarkably increase to form a basket-like architecture. However, it remains largely unknown how dormant mammary basal stem/progenitor cells involve in lobuloalveolar development. Here, we show that Nfatc1 expression marks a rare population of mammary epithelial cells with the majority being basal epithelial cells. Nfatc1 reporter-marked basal epithelial cells are relatively dormant mammary stem/progenitor cells. Although Nfatc1 reporter-marked basal epithelial cells have limited contribution to the homeostasis of mammary epithelium, they divide rapidly during pregnancy and contribute to lobuloalveolar development. Furthermore, Nfatc1 reporter-marked basal epithelial cells are preferentially used for multiple pregnancies. Using single-cell RNA-seq analysis, we identify multiple functionally distinct clusters within the Nfatc1 reporter-marked cell-derived progeny cells during pregnancy. Taken together, our findings underscore Nfatc1 reporter-marked basal cells as dormant stem/progenitor cells that contribute to mammary lobuloalveolar development during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huan Hu
- Department of Physics, and National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Melissa McNeil
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Dermatology, School of Medicine, Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jiuzhi Xu
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xueyun Bi
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pengbo Lou
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Christian F. Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Xing Dai
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Dermatology, School of Medicine, Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Maksim V. Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jianwei Shuai
- Department of Physics, and National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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18
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Sumbal J, Gudjonsson T, Traustadottir GA, Koledova Z. An Organotypic Assay to Study Epithelial-Fibroblast Interactions in Human Breast. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2471:283-299. [PMID: 35175604 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2193-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-stromal interactions play an essential role in regulation of mammary gland development, homeostasis, and tumorigenesis. Fibroblasts constitute a substantial proportion of mammary gland stromal cells in human breast and have been recognized for their paracrine signaling and extracellular matrix production and remodeling roles during normal breast development as well as in breast cancer. However, our current knowledge on human breast fibroblast functions is incomplete. Here we provide a detailed protocol for an organotypic human breast assay to facilitate research in the roles of human breast fibroblasts in mammary epithelial morphogenesis and early tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sumbal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thorarinn Gudjonsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Landspitali - University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gunnhildur Asta Traustadottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Zuzana Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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19
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Hayward MK, Muncie JM, Weaver VM. Tissue mechanics in stem cell fate, development, and cancer. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1833-1847. [PMID: 34107299 PMCID: PMC9056158 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cells in tissues experience a plethora of forces that regulate their fate and modulate development and homeostasis. Cells sense mechanical cues through localized mechanoreceptors or by influencing cytoskeletal or plasma membrane organization. Cells translate force and modulate their behavior through a process termed mechanotransduction. Cells tune their tension upon exposure to chronic force by engaging cellular machinery that modulates actin tension, which in turn stimulates matrix remodeling and stiffening and alters cell-cell adhesions until cells achieve a state of tensional homeostasis. Loss of tensional homeostasis can be induced through oncogene activity and/or tissue fibrosis, accompanies tumor progression, and is associated with increased cancer risk. The mechanical stresses that develop in tumors can also foster the mesenchymal-like transdifferentiation of cells to induce a stem-like phenotype that contributes to their aggression, metastatic dissemination, and treatment resistance. Thus, strategies that ameliorate tumor mechanics may comprise an effective strategy to prevent aggressive tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Kate Hayward
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Department of Radiation Oncology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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20
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Githaka JM, Tripathi N, Kirschenman R, Patel N, Pandya V, Kramer DA, Montpetit R, Zhu LF, Sonenberg N, Fahlman RP, Danial NN, Underhill DA, Goping IS. BAD regulates mammary gland morphogenesis by 4E-BP1-mediated control of localized translation in mouse and human models. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2939. [PMID: 34011960 PMCID: PMC8134504 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of non-canonical protein functions can identify novel tissue homeostasis pathways. Herein, we describe a role for the Bcl-2 family member BAD in postnatal mammary gland morphogenesis. In Bad3SA knock-in mice, where BAD cannot undergo phosphorylation at 3 key serine residues, pubertal gland development is delayed due to aberrant tubulogenesis of the ductal epithelium. Proteomic and RPPA analyses identify that BAD regulates focal adhesions and the mRNA translation repressor, 4E-BP1. These results suggest that BAD modulates localized translation that drives focal adhesion maturation and cell motility. Consistent with this, cells within Bad3SA organoids contain unstable protrusions with decreased compartmentalized mRNA translation and focal adhesions, and exhibit reduced cell migration and tubulogenesis. Critically, protrusion stability is rescued by 4E-BP1 depletion. Together our results confirm an unexpected role of BAD in controlling localized translation and cell migration during mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maringa Githaka
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Namita Tripathi
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Raven Kirschenman
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Namrata Patel
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Vrajesh Pandya
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - David A. Kramer
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Rachel Montpetit
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Lin Fu Zhu
- grid.17089.37Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Richard P. Fahlman
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Nika N. Danial
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - D. Alan Underhill
- grid.17089.37Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Ing Swie Goping
- grid.17089.37Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada ,grid.17089.37Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
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21
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Kam RL, Bernhardt SM, Ingman WV, Amir LH. Modern, exogenous exposures associated with altered mammary gland development: A systematic review. Early Hum Dev 2021; 156:105342. [PMID: 33711581 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many women report low milk supply as the reason for premature breastfeeding cessation. Altered mammary gland development may impact a woman's lactation ability. OBJECTIVE This review identifies modern exogenous exposures which alter mammary gland development during embryonic life, puberty and pregnancy. METHODS A systematic review was undertaken whereby Medline, CINAHL and Embase articles published from January 1, 2005 to November 20, 2020 were searched using the keywords puberty or embry* or fetal or foetal or foetus or fetus or pregnan* or gestation* AND "mammary gland development" or "breast development" or "mammary development" or "mammary gland function" or "mammary function" or "insufficient glandular tissue" or "mammary hypoplasia" or "breast hypoplasia" or "mammary gland hypoplasia" or "tubular breast*" or "tuberous breast*" or "glandular tissue" or "breast composition" or "mammary composition" or "mammary gland composition". After initial screening of 1207 records, 60 full texts were assessed for eligibility; 6 were excluded due to lack of information about exposure or outcome, leaving 54 studies. RESULTS The review included results from 52 animal (rats and mice, monkeys, rabbits, sheep, goats pigs and cows) and 2 human studies. Various endocrine disrupting chemicals and an obesogenic diet were found to be associated with altered mammary gland morphology during key development stages. CONCLUSIONS To improve lactation outcomes, future studies need to focus on lactation as the endpoint and be conducted in a standardised manner to allow for a more significant contribution to the literature that allows for better comparison across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee L Kam
- Judith Lumley Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sarah M Bernhardt
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Wendy V Ingman
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lisa H Amir
- Judith Lumley Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; Breastfeeding Service, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Hue-Beauvais C, Faulconnier Y, Charlier M, Leroux C. Nutritional Regulation of Mammary Gland Development and Milk Synthesis in Animal Models and Dairy Species. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040523. [PMID: 33916721 PMCID: PMC8067096 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, milk is essential for the growth, development, and health. Milk quantity and quality are dependent on mammary development, strongly influenced by nutrition. This review provides an overview of the data on nutritional regulations of mammary development and gene expression involved in milk component synthesis. Mammary development is described related to rodents, rabbits, and pigs, common models in mammary biology. Molecular mechanisms of the nutritional regulation of milk synthesis are reported in ruminants regarding the importance of ruminant milk in human health. The effects of dietary quantitative and qualitative alterations are described considering the dietary composition and in regard to the periods of nutritional susceptibly. During lactation, the effects of lipid supplementation and feed restriction or deprivation are discussed regarding gene expression involved in milk biosynthesis, in ruminants. Moreover, nutrigenomic studies underline the role of the mammary structure and the potential influence of microRNAs. Knowledge from three lactating and three dairy livestock species contribute to understanding the variety of phenotypes reported in this review and highlight (1) the importance of critical physiological stages, such as puberty gestation and early lactation and (2) the relative importance of the various nutrients besides the total energetic value and their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Hue-Beauvais
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, University of Paris-Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Yannick Faulconnier
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, University of Clermont Auvergne, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; (Y.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Madia Charlier
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, University of Paris-Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
| | - Christine Leroux
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, University of Clermont Auvergne, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; (Y.F.); (C.L.)
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23
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Niacin stimulates EPH4EV mammary epithelial cell proliferation and mammary gland development in pubertal mice through activation of AKT/mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:313-324. [PMID: 33576879 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown the effects of vitamins on the development of the mammary gland. However, the role of niacin in this process has not been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of niacin on mammary gland development in pubertal mice and to use a mouse mammary epithelial cell line to study the underlying mechanism. The results showed that niacin could activate the AKT/mTOR and ERK signaling pathways and increase phosphorylation of 4EBP1 to promote the synthesis of cell proliferation markers, leading to the dissociation of the Rb-E2F1 complex in mMECs. In addition, 0.5% niacin promoted mammary duct development, increased the expression of cyclin D1/D3 and PCNA and activated Akt/mTOR and ERK1/2 in the mammary glands of pubertal mice. These results strongly suggest that niacin stimulates mammary gland development in pubertal mice through the Akt/mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
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24
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Dewi FN, Cline JM. Nonhuman primate model in mammary gland biology and neoplasia research. Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:3. [PMID: 33397518 PMCID: PMC7784333 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on breast cancer pathogenesis, prevention and drug development remains an important field as this disease is still one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Nonhuman primates, particularly macaque species, may serve as a highly translational animal model in breast cancer studies due to their similarity with humans in genetics, anatomy, reproductive and endocrine physiology including mammary gland development profile. The use of nonhuman primates in biomedical research, however, requires high ethical standards and an increasing expectation to improve strategies to replace, reduce and refine their use. Here, we discuss some key features of nonhuman primate mammary gland biology relevant to their strengths and limitations as models in studies of breast development and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitriya N Dewi
- Primate Research Center at IPB University, Jl. Lodaya II No.5, Bogor, West Java, 16151, Indonesia.
| | - J Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
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25
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Sumbal J, Budkova Z, Traustadóttir GÁ, Koledova Z. Mammary Organoids and 3D Cell Cultures: Old Dogs with New Tricks. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:273-288. [PMID: 33210256 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
3D cell culture methods have been an integral part of and an essential tool for mammary gland and breast cancer research for half a century. In fact, mammary gland researchers, who discovered and deciphered the instructive role of extracellular matrix (ECM) in mammary epithelial cell functional differentiation and morphogenesis, were the pioneers of the 3D cell culture techniques, including organoid cultures. The last decade has brought a tremendous increase in the 3D cell culture techniques, including modifications and innovations of the existing techniques, novel biomaterials and matrices, new technological approaches, and increase in 3D culture complexity, accompanied by several redefinitions of the terms "3D cell culture" and "organoid". In this review, we provide an overview of the 3D cell culture and organoid techniques used in mammary gland biology and breast cancer research. We discuss their advantages, shortcomings and current challenges, highlight the recent progress in reconstructing the complex mammary gland microenvironment in vitro and ex vivo, and identify the missing 3D cell cultures, urgently needed to aid our understanding of mammary gland development, function, physiology, and disease, including breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sumbal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Budkova
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Gunnhildur Ásta Traustadóttir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.
| | - Zuzana Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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26
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Bu W, Li Y. Intraductal Injection of Lentivirus Vectors for Stably Introducing Genes into Rat Mammary Epithelial Cells in Vivo. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:389-396. [PMID: 33165800 PMCID: PMC7965254 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09469-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various retroviral and lentiviral vectors have been used for up-the-teat intraductal injection to deliver markers, oncogenes, and other genes into mammary epithelial cells in mice. These methods along with the large number of genetically engineered mouse lines have greatly helped us learn normal breast development and tumorigenesis. Rats are also valuable models for studying human breast development and cancer. However, genetically engineered rats are still uncommon, and previous reports of intraductal injection of retroviral vectors into rats appear to be inefficient in generating mammary tumors. Here, we report, and describe the method for, stably introducing marker genes and oncogenes into mammary glands in rats using intraductal injection of commonly used lentiviral vectors. This method can infect mammary epithelial cells efficiently, and the infected cells can initiate tumorigenesis, including estrogen receptor-positive and hormone-dependent tumors, which are the most common subtype of human breast cancer but are yet still difficult to model in mice. This technique provides another tool for studying formation, prevention, and treatment of breast cancer, especially estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Bu
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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27
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Watson CJ, Khaled WT. Mammary development in the embryo and adult: new insights into the journey of morphogenesis and commitment. Development 2020; 147:dev169862. [PMID: 33191272 DOI: 10.1242/dev.169862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a unique tissue and the defining feature of the class Mammalia. It is a late-evolving epidermal appendage that has the primary function of providing nutrition for the young, although recent studies have highlighted additional benefits of milk including the provision of passive immunity and a microbiome and, in humans, the psychosocial benefits of breastfeeding. In this Review, we outline the various stages of mammary gland development in the mouse, with a particular focus on lineage specification and the new insights that have been gained by the application of recent technological advances in imaging in both real-time and three-dimensions, and in single cell RNA sequencing. These studies have revealed the complexity of subpopulations of cells that contribute to the mammary stem and progenitor cell hierarchy and we suggest a new terminology to distinguish these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Walid T Khaled
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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28
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Sumbal J, Belisova D, Koledova Z. Fibroblasts: The grey eminence of mammary gland development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:134-142. [PMID: 33158729 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The essential role of mammary gland stroma in the regulation of mammary epithelial development, function, and cancer has long been recognized. Only recently, though, the functions of individual stromal cell populations have begun to become more clarified. Mammary fibroblasts have emerged as master regulators and modulators of epithelial cell behavior through paracrine signaling, extracellular matrix production and remodeling, and through regulation of other stromal cell types. In this review article, we summarize the crucial studies that helped to untangle the roles of fibroblasts in mammary gland development. Furthermore, we discuss the origin, heterogeneity, and plasticity of mammary fibroblasts during mammary development and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sumbal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Belisova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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29
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Guo W, Liu J, Hou S, Hu G, Ma H, Gong Q, Kan X, Ran X, Cao Y, Wang J, Fu S. The inflammatory environment mediated by a high-fat diet inhibited the development of mammary glands and destroyed the tight junction in pregnant mice. Food Funct 2020; 11:8193-8201. [PMID: 32966466 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00609b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-term intake of a high-fat diet seriously affects the health of pregnant women and leads to increased levels of inflammation in the mammary gland. Therefore, to further explore the effect of a high-fat diet on mammary gland development and the tight junction (TJ) during pregnancy, we placed mice into two groups: a high-fat diet group and a control group. We detected the expression of proteins related to fat synthesis in the mammary gland by western blotting. The results showed that a high-fat diet could lead to an increase in fat synthesis in the mammary gland. Then, the inflammatory levels and acinar cell morphology in the mammary gland were detected by ELISA and H&E staining. We also measured the levels of MAPK and NF-κB signal pathway-related proteins by western blotting. The results showed that a high-fat diet activated the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways and promoted the expression of inflammatory factors. Finally, the development of the mammary gland and the integrity of the TJ were determined by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and western blotting. The results showed that a high-fat diet inhibited the development of the mammary gland and the expression of tight junction proteins (TJs). Our study showed that a high-fat diet could promote the expression of inflammatory factors by activating the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways and could reshape the microenvironment through extramammary inflammation. Finally, a high-fat diet inhibited the development of the mammary gland during pregnancy and destroyed the integrity of the TJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Juxiong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Shuang Hou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Guiqiu Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - He Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Qian Gong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xingchi Kan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xin Ran
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yu Cao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Jianfa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shoupeng Fu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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30
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Recouvreux MS, Diaz Bessone MI, Taruselli A, Todaro L, Lago Huvelle MA, Sampayo RG, Bissell MJ, Simian M. Alterations in Progesterone Receptor Isoform Balance in Normal and Neoplastic Breast Cells Modulates the Stem Cell Population. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092074. [PMID: 32932770 PMCID: PMC7564437 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of PR isoforms on the homeostasis of stem cells in the normal and neoplastic mammary gland, we used PRA and PRB transgenic mice and the T47D human breast cancer cell line and its derivatives, T47D YA and YB (manipulated to express only PRA or PRB, respectively). Flow cytometry and mammosphere assays revealed that in murine breast, overexpression of PRB leads to an increase in luminal and basal progenitor/stem cells. Ovariectomy had a negative impact on the luminal compartment and induced an increase in mammosphere-forming capacity in cells derived from WT and PRA mice only. Treatment with ICI 182,780 augmented the mammosphere-forming capacity of cells isolated from WT and PRA mice, whilst those from PRB remained unaltered. T47D YB cells showed an increase in the CD44+/CD24Low/- subpopulation; however, the number of tumorspheres did not vary relative to T47D and YA, even though they were larger, more irregular, and had increased clonogenic capacity. T47D and YA tumorspheres were modulated by estrogen/antiestrogens, whereas YB spheres remained unchanged in size and number. Our results show that alterations in PR isoform balance have an impact on normal and tumorigenic breast progenitor/stem cells and suggest a key role for the B isoform, with implications in response to antiestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sol Recouvreux
- Área de Investigaciones, Instituto de Oncología, “Ángel H. Roffo”, Av. San Martín 5481, Buenos Aires C1417DTB, Argentina; (M.S.R.); (M.I.D.B.); (A.T.); (L.T.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - María Inés Diaz Bessone
- Área de Investigaciones, Instituto de Oncología, “Ángel H. Roffo”, Av. San Martín 5481, Buenos Aires C1417DTB, Argentina; (M.S.R.); (M.I.D.B.); (A.T.); (L.T.)
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, 25 de Mayo 1021, San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina;
| | - Agustina Taruselli
- Área de Investigaciones, Instituto de Oncología, “Ángel H. Roffo”, Av. San Martín 5481, Buenos Aires C1417DTB, Argentina; (M.S.R.); (M.I.D.B.); (A.T.); (L.T.)
| | - Laura Todaro
- Área de Investigaciones, Instituto de Oncología, “Ángel H. Roffo”, Av. San Martín 5481, Buenos Aires C1417DTB, Argentina; (M.S.R.); (M.I.D.B.); (A.T.); (L.T.)
| | - María Amparo Lago Huvelle
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, 25 de Mayo 1021, San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina;
| | - Rocío G. Sampayo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Mina J. Bissell
- Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Marina Simian
- Área de Investigaciones, Instituto de Oncología, “Ángel H. Roffo”, Av. San Martín 5481, Buenos Aires C1417DTB, Argentina; (M.S.R.); (M.I.D.B.); (A.T.); (L.T.)
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, 25 de Mayo 1021, San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina;
- Correspondence:
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31
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Zhang J, Ye J, Yuan C, Fu Q, Zhang F, Zhu X, Wang L, Gao P, Shu G, Wang S, Liu Q, Jiang Q. Hydrogen sulfide is a regulator of mammary gland development in prepubescent female mice. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4061-4069. [PMID: 33000185 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of exogenous H2S on mammary gland development in pubescent mice and to explore the underlying mechanism. The mouse mammary epithelial cell line HC11, along with C57BL/6J mice, were treated with different concentrations of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), which is a donor of H2S. The HC11 cell viability, pubescent mammary gland development, and the involvement of proliferative proteins and pathways were assessed by CCK‑8 assay, EdU assay, whole mount staining, H&E staining, western blotting and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. Both in vitro and in vivo, a low concentration of NaHS (100 µM in vitro; 9 mg/kg in vivo) significantly promoted the viability of HC11 cells and the development of mammary glands by increasing the expression of the proliferative markers cyclin D1/3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. However, a high concentration of NaHS (1,000 µM in vitro; 18 mg/kg in vivo) inhibited HC11 cell viability, mammary gland development and the expression levels of proteins involved in proliferation. Subsequent experiments revealed that NaHS regulated the phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)‑mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway during this process. In vivo, intraperitoneal injection of low concentration NaHS (9 mg/kg) activated the PI3K/Akt‑mTOR pathway in mammary glands of pubescent mice, increased the secretion of insulin‑like growth factor 1 (IGF‑1) and estradiol (E2), and then stimulated mammary gland ductal development. Whereas a high concentration of NaHS (18 mg/kg) elicited the opposite effects to those of low‑dose NaHS. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that exogenous H2S supplied by NaHS may exert bidirectional effects on mammary gland ductal development; promoting ductal development at a low concentration and inhibiting it at a high concentration. The effects of H2S may occur via the intracellular PI3K/Akt‑mTOR signaling pathway, or by regulation of the secretion of IGF‑1 and E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Cong Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Qin Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, P.R. China
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Oliphant MUJ, Kong D, Zhou H, Lewis MT, Ford HL. Two Sides of the Same Coin: The Role of Developmental pathways and pluripotency factors in normal mammary stem cells and breast cancer metastasis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:85-102. [PMID: 32323111 PMCID: PMC7395869 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer initiation and progression are often observed as the result of dysregulation of normal developmental processes and pathways. Studies focused on normal mammary stem/progenitor cell activity have led to an understanding of how breast cancer cells acquire stemness-associated properties including tumor initiation, survival and multi-lineage differentiation into heterogeneous tumors that become difficult to target therapeutically. Importantly, more recent investigations have provided valuable insight into how key developmental regulators can impact multiple phases of metastasis, where they are repurposed to not only promote metastatic phenotypes such as migration, invasion and EMT at the primary site, but also to regulate the survival, initiation and maintenance of metastatic lesions at secondary organs. Herein, we discuss findings that have led to a better understanding of how embryonic and pluripotency factors contribute not only to normal mammary development, but also to metastatic progression. We further examine the therapeutic potential of targeting these developmental pathways, and discuss how a better understanding of compensatory mechanisms, crosstalk between pathways, and novel experimental models could provide critical insight into how we might exploit embryonic and pluripotency regulators to inhibit tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U J Oliphant
- Integrated Physiology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, RC1-North, P18-6115, 12800 East 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, RC1-North, P18-6115, 12800 East 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Building C1, Room 513B, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Deguang Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, RC1-North, P18-6115, 12800 East 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Hengbo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, RC1-North, P18-6115, 12800 East 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, RC1-North, P18-6115, 12800 East 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - M T Lewis
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology. Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine. One Baylor Plaza BCM600, Room N1210, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - H L Ford
- Integrated Physiology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, RC1-North, P18-6115, 12800 East 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, RC1-North, P18-6115, 12800 East 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, RC1-North, P18-6115, 12800 East 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Nishihara H. Retrotransposons spread potential cis-regulatory elements during mammary gland evolution. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:11551-11562. [PMID: 31642473 PMCID: PMC7145552 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of cis-elements is a major driving force for rewiring a gene regulatory network. Several kinds of transposable elements (TEs), mostly retrotransposons that propagate via a copy-and-paste mechanism, are known to possess transcription factor binding motifs and have provided source sequences for enhancers/promoters. However, it remains largely unknown whether retrotransposons have spread the binding sites of master regulators of morphogenesis and accelerated cis-regulatory expansion involved in common mammalian morphological features during evolution. Here, I demonstrate that thousands of binding sites for estrogen receptor α (ERα) and three related pioneer factors (FoxA1, GATA3 and AP2γ) that are essential regulators of mammary gland development arose from a spreading of the binding motifs by retrotransposons. The TE-derived functional elements serve primarily as distal enhancers and are enriched around genes associated with mammary gland morphogenesis. The source TEs occurred via a two-phased expansion consisting of mainly L2/MIR in a eutherian ancestor and endogenous retrovirus 1 (ERV1) in simian primates and murines. Thus the build-up of potential sources for cis-elements by retrotransposons followed by their frequent utilization by the host (co-option/exaptation) may have a general accelerating effect on both establishing and diversifying a gene regulatory network, leading to morphological innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Nishihara
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-S2-17, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
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Abstract
Cell death is an invariant feature throughout our life span, starting with extensive scheduled cell death during morphogenesis and continuing with death under homeostasis in adult tissues. Additionally, cells become victims of accidental, unscheduled death following injury and infection. Cell death in each of these occasions triggers specific and specialized responses in the living cells that surround them or are attracted to the dying/dead cells. These responses sculpt tissues during morphogenesis, replenish lost cells in homeostasis to maintain tissue/system function, and repair damaged tissues after injury. Wherein lies the information that sets in motion the cascade of effector responses culminating in remodeling, renewal, or repair? Here, we attempt to provide a framework for thinking about cell death in terms of the specific effector responses that accompanies various modalities of cell death. We also propose an integrated threefold "cell death code" consisting of information intrinsic to the dying/dead cell, the surroundings of the dying cell, and the identity of the responder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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35
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Tocci JM, Felcher CM, García Solá ME, Kordon EC. R-spondin-mediated WNT signaling potentiation in mammary and breast cancer development. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1546-1559. [PMID: 32233118 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a secretory organ, which develops as a network of growing epithelial ducts composed of luminal and basal cells that invade the surrounding adipose tissue through a series of developmental cycles. Mammary stem cells (MaSCs) maintain an accurate tissue homeostasis, and their proliferation and cell fate determination are regulated by multiple hormones and local factors. The WNT pathway plays a critical role in controlling the enormous tissue expansion and remodeling during mammary gland development through the maintenance and differentiation of MaSCs, and its deregulation has been implicated in breast cancer (BC) initiation and progression. The R-spondins (RSPOs) are four secreted proteins that strongly enhance target cell sensitivity to WNT ligands. Moreover, leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptors (LGRs) 4-6 are considered obligate high-affinity receptors for RSPOs and have been described as stem cell markers. Importantly, elevated RSPO expression has been recently identified in several tumor types from patients, including BC, and it has been reported that they play a significant role in mammary tumor progression in experimental models. In this review, exploring our present knowledge, we summarize the role of the RSPO-LGR axis as a WNT-enhancing signaling cascade in the MaSC compartment and during the normal and neoplastic mammary gland development. In addition, we include an updated expression profile of the RSPOs and their action mediators at the cell membrane, the LGRs, and the ubiquitin-ligases ZNRF3/RNF43, in different BC subtypes. Finally and based on these data, we discuss the significance of tumor-associated alterations of these proteins and their potential use as molecular targets for detection and treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Tocci
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla M Felcher
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín E García Solá
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edith C Kordon
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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36
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Morgan MM, Schuler LA, Ciciliano JC, Johnson BP, Alarid ET, Beebe DJ. Modeling chemical effects on breast cancer: the importance of the microenvironment in vitro. Integr Biol (Camb) 2020; 12:21-33. [PMID: 32118264 PMCID: PMC7060306 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that our ability to predict chemical effects on breast cancer is limited by a lack of physiologically relevant in vitro models; the typical in vitro breast cancer model consists of the cancer cell and excludes the mammary microenvironment. As the effects of the microenvironment on cancer cell behavior becomes more understood, researchers have called for the integration of the microenvironment into in vitro chemical testing systems. However, given the complexity of the microenvironment and the variety of platforms to choose from, identifying the essential parameters to include in a chemical testing platform is challenging. This review discusses the need for more complex in vitro breast cancer models and outlines different approaches used to model breast cancer in vitro. We provide examples of the microenvironment modulating breast cancer cell responses to chemicals and discuss strategies to help pinpoint what components should be included in a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M Morgan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Linda A Schuler
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jordan C Ciciliano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brian P Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elaine T Alarid
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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37
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Zhu H, Jia X, Ren M, Yang L, Chen J, Han L, Ding Y, Ding M. Mifepristone Treatment in Pregnant Murine Model Induced Mammary Gland Dysplasia and Postpartum Hypogalactia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:102. [PMID: 32154252 PMCID: PMC7047202 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland dysplasia and postpartum hypogalactia often occur in humans and in the livestock breeding industry. However, their underlying mechanisms are not clear yet. Mifepristone, which has a high affinity for progesterone (P4) and glucocorticoid receptors, was exploited here to induce the disorders of mammary gland development and lactation. Four strategies were devised for treating pregnant mice with mifepristone. In the first strategy, mice were administered 1.20 mg mifepristone/kg body weight (BW) on pregnancy day 4 (Pd4). In the second strategy, mifepristone was administered to mice twice, with 1.20 mg/kg BW on Pd4 and 0.40 mg/kg BW on Pd8. In the third strategy, mice were treated with a single dose of 0.40 mg mifepristone/kg BW on Pd8. In the fourth strategy, mice were administered 0.40 mg mifepristone/kg BW on Pd8 and 0.20 mg mifepristone/kg BW on Pd12. The results suggested that mifepristone administration at the dose of 1.20 mg/kg BW on Pd4 caused significant reduction in milk production on lactation day 1 (Ld1), Ld2, and Ld3, as assessed using a weigh-suckle-weigh assay. Mammary β-casein expression, milk yields, litter growth rates, gland structure, and serum concentrations of 17-β estrogen (E2), P4, prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), corticosterone (CORT) and oxytocin (OT) as well as the receptors of these hormones were determined during pregnancy or lactation after performing the first (Pd4) strategy. The results demonstrated that mifepristone administration during early pregnancy decreased β-casein expression, milk yields and litter growth rates, induced fewer alveoli, enlarged alveolar lumina, and altered the levels of E2, P4, PRL, GH, CORT, and OT as well as the mRNA expression of these hormonal receptors during pregnancy or early lactation. The present study on pregnant mice treated with mifepristone offers an innovative murine model to study the mechanism underlying mammary gland dysplasia and postpartum hypogalactia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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38
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van Schie EH, van Amerongen R. Aberrant WNT/CTNNB1 Signaling as a Therapeutic Target in Human Breast Cancer: Weighing the Evidence. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:25. [PMID: 32083079 PMCID: PMC7005411 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
WNT signaling is crucial for tissue morphogenesis during development in all multicellular animals. After birth, WNT/CTNNB1 responsive stem cells are responsible for tissue homeostasis in various organs and hyperactive WNT/CTNNB1 signaling is observed in many different human cancers. The first link between WNT signaling and breast cancer was established almost 40 years ago, when Wnt1 was identified as a proto-oncogene capable of driving mammary tumor formation in mice. Since that discovery, there has been a dedicated search for aberrant WNT signaling in human breast cancer. However, much debate and controversy persist regarding the importance of WNT signaling for the initiation, progression or maintenance of different breast cancer subtypes. As the first drugs designed to block functional WNT signaling have entered clinical trials, many questions about the role of aberrant WNT signaling in human breast cancer remain. Here, we discuss three major research gaps in this area. First, we still lack a basic understanding of the function of WNT signaling in normal human breast development and physiology. Second, the overall extent and precise effect of (epi)genetic changes affecting the WNT pathway in different breast cancer subtypes are still unknown. Which underlying molecular and cell biological mechanisms are disrupted as a result also awaits further scrutiny. Third, we survey the current status of targeted therapeutics that are aimed at interfering with the WNT pathway in breast cancer patients and highlight the importance and complexity of selecting the subset of patients that may benefit from treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renée van Amerongen
- Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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39
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Cabezuelo MT, Zaragozá R, Barber T, Viña JR. Role of Vitamin A in Mammary Gland Development and Lactation. Nutrients 2019; 12:E80. [PMID: 31892157 PMCID: PMC7019238 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A (all-trans-retinol), its active derivatives retinal and retinoic acid, and their synthetic analogues constitute the group of retinoids. It is obtained from diet either as preformed vitamin A or as carotenoids. Retinal plays a biological role in vision, but most of the effects of vitamin A are exerted by retinoic acid, which binds to nuclear receptors and regulates gene transcription. Vitamin A deficiency is an important nutritional problem, particularly in the developing world. Retinol and carotenoids from diet during pregnancy and lactation influence their concentration in breast milk, which is important in the long term, not only for the offspring, but also for maternal health. In this study, we review the role of vitamin A in mammary gland metabolism, where retinoid signaling is required not only for morphogenesis and development of the gland and for adequate milk production, but also during the weaning process, when epithelial cell death is coupled with tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Teresa Cabezuelo
- Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- University Hospital Doctor Peset, Gaspar Aguilar, 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Zaragozá
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology-INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Barber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.B.); (J.R.V.)
| | - Juan R. Viña
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.B.); (J.R.V.)
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40
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Cunha GR, Sinclair A, Ricke WA, Robboy SJ, Cao M, Baskin LS. Reproductive tract biology: Of mice and men. Differentiation 2019; 110:49-63. [PMID: 31622789 PMCID: PMC7339118 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The study of male and female reproductive tract development requires expertise in two separate disciplines, developmental biology and endocrinology. For ease of experimentation and economy, the mouse has been used extensively as a model for human development and pathogenesis, and for the most part similarities in developmental processes and hormone action provide ample justification for the relevance of mouse models for human reproductive tract development. Indeed, there are many examples describing the phenotype of human genetic disorders that have a reasonably comparable phenotype in mice, attesting to the congruence between mouse and human development. However, anatomic, developmental and endocrinologic differences exist between mice and humans that (1) must be appreciated and (2) considered with caution when extrapolating information between all animal models and humans. It is critical that the investigator be aware of both the similarities and differences in organogenesis and hormone action within male and female reproductive tracts so as to focus on those features of mouse models with clear relevance to human development/pathology. This review, written by a team with extensive expertise in the anatomy, developmental biology and endocrinology of both mouse and human urogenital tracts, focusses upon the significant human/mouse differences, and when appropriate voices a cautionary note regarding extrapolation of mouse models for understanding development of human male and female reproductive tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA; George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 93705, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University, Davison Building, Box 3712, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Adriane Sinclair
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Will A Ricke
- George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 93705, USA
| | - Stanley J Robboy
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Davison Building, Box 3712, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Mei Cao
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Laurence S Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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41
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Ji Z, He R, Chao T, Xuan R, Liu S, Wang G, Wang J. chi-miR-143-3p Promotes Apoptosis of Mammary Gland Epithelial Cells from Dairy Goats by Targeting Ndfip1. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:1188-1196. [PMID: 31603699 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is an important organ for lactation in dairy goats. Mammary gland development and lactation functions are primarily regulated by natural hormones and certain crucial regulatory factors. Nedd4 family-interacting protein 1 (Ndfip1) can specifically bind to neural precursor cell-expressed, developmentally downregulated protein 4 (Nedd4) family members to participate in ubiquitination, which in turn regulates a range of biological processes in the body. However, the effects of Ndfip1 expression regulation at the post-transcriptional level on the development of mammary gland cells have not been previously reported. To study the regulation of Ndfip1 at post-transcriptional level, the overexpression and interference vectors of Ndfip1 were constructed, and co-transfected into the primary mammary gland epithelial cells cultured in vitro with miR-143 mimics and inhibitor. Dual luciferase reporter gene system, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, cholecystokinin octapeptide assays, and flow cytometry were used to identify their regulation and function. As a result, Ndfip1 was targeted and regulated by miR-143, which influences the development of mammary gland epithelial cells in dairy goats cultured in vitro. This study will lay an experimental foundation for further understanding the functions of Ndfip1 and miR-143.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Rongyan He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Tianle Chao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Rong Xuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Guizhi Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
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42
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Lourenco C, Kalkat M, Houlahan KE, De Melo J, Longo J, Done SJ, Boutros PC, Penn LZ. Modelling the MYC-driven normal-to-tumour switch in breast cancer. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/7/dmm038083. [PMID: 31350286 PMCID: PMC6679384 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The potent MYC oncoprotein is deregulated in many human cancers, including breast carcinoma, and is associated with aggressive disease. To understand the mechanisms and vulnerabilities of MYC-driven breast cancer, we have generated an in vivo model that mimics human disease in response to MYC deregulation. MCF10A cells ectopically expressing a common breast cancer mutation in the phosphoinositide 3 kinase pathway (PIK3CAH1047R) led to the development of organised acinar structures in mice. Expressing both PIK3CAH1047R and deregulated MYC led to the development of invasive ductal carcinoma. Therefore, the deregulation of MYC expression in this setting creates a MYC-dependent normal-to-tumour switch that can be measured in vivo. These MYC-driven tumours exhibit classic hallmarks of human breast cancer at both the pathological and molecular level. Moreover, tumour growth is dependent upon sustained deregulated MYC expression, further demonstrating addiction to this potent oncogene and regulator of gene transcription. We therefore provide a MYC-dependent model of breast cancer, which can be used to assay invivo tumour signalling pathways, proliferation and transformation from normal breast acini to invasive breast carcinoma. We anticipate that this novel MYC-driven transformation model will be a useful research tool to better understand the oncogenic function of MYC and for the identification of therapeutic vulnerabilities. Summary: We present a MYC-driven transformation model of breast cancer that recapitulates the disease in vivo and which can be used to identify MYC-dependent cancer vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Lourenco
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College St, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street Suite 15-701, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Manpreet Kalkat
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College St, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street Suite 15-701, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kathleen E Houlahan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street Suite 15-701, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Ave, Suite 510, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Jason De Melo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College St, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Joseph Longo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College St, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street Suite 15-701, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Susan J Done
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College St, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street Suite 15-701, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street Suite 15-701, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Ave, Suite 510, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Linda Z Penn
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College St, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street Suite 15-701, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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43
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Moorehead RA. Rodent Models Assessing Mammary Tumor Prevention by Soy or Soy Isoflavones. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E566. [PMID: 31357528 PMCID: PMC6722900 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While epidemiological studies performed in Asian countries generally show that high levels of dietary soy are associated with reduced breast cancer risk, studies in Western countries have typically failed to show this correlation. In an attempt to model the preventative actions of soy on mammary tumor development, rodent models have been employed. Thirty-four studies were identified that evaluated the impact of soy products or purified soy isoflavones on mammary tumor initiation (studies evaluating established mammary tumors or mammary tumor cell lines were not included) and these studies were separated into mammary tumors induced by chemical carcinogens or transgenic expression of oncogenes based on the timing of soy administration. Regardless of when soy-based diets or purified isoflavones were administered, no consistent protective effects were observed in either carcinogen-induced or oncogene-induced mammary tumors. While some studies demonstrated that soy or purified isoflavones could reduce mammary tumor incidence, other studies showed either no effect or tumor promoting effects of soy products or isoflavones. Most importantly, only five studies found a decrease in mammary tumor incidence and six studies observed a decrease in tumor multiplicity, two relevant measures of the tumor preventative effects of soy or isoflavones. The variable outcomes of the studies examined were not completely surprising given that few studies employed the same experimental design. Future studies should be carefully designed to more accurately emulate soy consumption observed in Asian cultures including lifetime exposure to less refined soy products and potentially the incorporation of multigenerational feeding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Moorehead
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.
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44
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Gatti V, Bongiorno-Borbone L, Fierro C, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Melino G, Peschiaroli A. p63 at the Crossroads between Stemness and Metastasis in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2683. [PMID: 31159154 PMCID: PMC6600246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After lung cancer, breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cause of cancer death among women, worldwide. Although advances in screening approaches and targeted therapeutic agents have decreased BC incidence and mortality, over the past five years, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains the breast cancer subtype that displays the worst prognosis, mainly due to the lack of clinically actionable targets. Genetic and molecular profiling has unveiled the high intrinsic heterogeneity of TNBC, with the basal-like molecular subtypes representing the most diffuse TNBC subtypes, characterized by the expression of basal epithelial markers, such as the transcription factor p63. In this review, we will provide a broad picture on the physiological role of p63, in maintaining the basal epithelial identity, as well as its involvement in breast cancer progression, emphasizing its relevance in tumor cell invasion and stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Gatti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Claudia Fierro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK.
| | - Angelo Peschiaroli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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45
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Seachrist DD, Keri RA. The Activin Social Network: Activin, Inhibin, and Follistatin in Breast Development and Cancer. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1097-1110. [PMID: 30874767 PMCID: PMC6475112 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activins and inhibins are closely related protein heterodimers with a similar tissue distribution; however, these two complexes have opposing functions in development and disease. Both are secreted cytokine hormones, with activin the primary inducer of downstream signaling cascades and inhibin acting as a rheostat that exquisitely governs activin function. Adding to the complexity of activin signaling, follistatin, a highly glycosylated monomeric protein, binds activin with high affinity and restrains downstream pathway activation but through a mechanism distinct from that of inhibin. These three proteins were first identified as key ovarian hormones in the pituitary-gonadal axis that direct the synthesis and secretion of FSH from the pituitary, hence controlling folliculogenesis. Research during the past 30 years has expanded the roles of these proteins, first by discovering the ubiquitous expression of the trio and then by implicating them in a wide array of biological functions. In concert, these three hormones govern tissue development, homeostasis, and disease in multiple organ systems through diverse autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. In the present study, we have reviewed the actions of activin and its biological inhibitors, inhibin, and follistatin, in mammary gland morphogenesis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcie D Seachrist
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ruth A Keri
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Division of General Medical Sciences–Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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46
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Rodriguez D, Nourizadeh S, De Tomaso AW. The biology of the extracorporeal vasculature of Botryllus schlosseri. Dev Biol 2019; 448:309-319. [PMID: 30760410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracorporeal vasculature of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri plays a key role in several biological processes: transporting blood, angiogenesis, regeneration, self-nonself recognition, and parabiosis. The vasculature also interconnects all individuals in a colony and is composed of a single layer of ectodermally-derived cells. These cells form a tube with the basal lamina facing the lumen, and the apical side facing an extracellular matrix that consists of cellulose and other proteins, known as the tunic. Vascular tissue is transparent and can cover several square centimeters, which is much larger than any single individual within the colony. It forms a network that ramifies and expands to the perimeter of each colony and terminates into oval-shaped protrusions known as ampullae. Botryllus individuals replace themselves through a weekly budding cycle, and vasculature is added to ensure the interconnection of each new individual, thus there is continuous angiogenesis occurring naturally. The vascular tissue itself is highly regenerative; surgical removal of the ampullae and peripheral vasculature triggers regrowth within 24-48 h, which includes forming new ampullae. When two individuals, whether in the wild or in the lab, come into close contact and their ampullae touch, they can either undergo parabiosis through anastomosing vessels, or reject vascular fusion. The vasculature is easily manipulated by direct means such as microinjections, microsurgeries, and pharmacological reagents. Its transparent nature allows for in vivo analysis by bright field and fluorescence microscopy. Here we review the techniques and approaches developed to study the different biological processes that involve the extracorporeal vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delany Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Shane Nourizadeh
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Anthony W De Tomaso
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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47
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An Y, Adams JR, Hollern DP, Zhao A, Chang SG, Gams MS, Chung PED, He X, Jangra R, Shah JS, Yang J, Beck LA, Raghuram N, Kozma KJ, Loch AJ, Wang W, Fan C, Done SJ, Zacksenhaus E, Guidos CJ, Perou CM, Egan SE. Cdh1 and Pik3ca Mutations Cooperate to Induce Immune-Related Invasive Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast. Cell Rep 2018; 25:702-714.e6. [PMID: 30332649 PMCID: PMC6276789 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CDH1 and PIK3CA are the two most frequently mutated genes in invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) of the breast. Transcription profiling has identified molecular subtypes for ILC, one of which, immune-related (IR), is associated with gene expression linked to lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration. Here, we report that deletion of Cdh1, together with activation of Pik3ca in mammary epithelium of genetically modified mice, leads to formation of IR-ILC-like tumors with immune cell infiltration, as well as gene expression linked to T-regulatory (Treg) cell signaling and activation of targetable immune checkpoint pathways. Interestingly, these tumors show enhanced Rac1- and Yap-dependent transcription and signaling, as well as sensitivity to PI3K, Rac1, and Yap inhibitors in culture. Finally, high-dimensional immunophenotyping in control mouse mammary gland and IR-ILC tumors by mass cytometry shows dramatic alterations in myeloid and lymphoid populations associated with immune suppression and exhaustion, highlighting the potential for therapeutic intervention via immune checkpoint regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji An
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica R Adams
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada
| | - Daniel P Hollern
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics and Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anthony Zhao
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen G Chang
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Miki S Gams
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philip E D Chung
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaping He
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics and Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rhea Jangra
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada
| | - Juhi S Shah
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada
| | - Joanna Yang
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada
| | - Lauren A Beck
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada
| | - Nandini Raghuram
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katelyn J Kozma
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda J Loch
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada
| | - Wei Wang
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada
| | - Cheng Fan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics and Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Susan J Done
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and The Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics and Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Sean E Egan
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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48
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Cristea S, Polyak K. Dissecting the mammary gland one cell at a time. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2473. [PMID: 29946144 PMCID: PMC6018702 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissecting cellular differentiation hierarchies in the mammary gland is a prerequisite for understanding both normal development and malignant transformation during tumorigenesis and tumor cell-of-origin. To achieve these goals, several recent papers utilized single cell RNA-seq and lineage tracing to improve our understanding of the composition of the mammary epithelium at different developmental stages.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Humans
- Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Human/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Human/growth & development
- Mammary Glands, Human/metabolism
- Mice
- Models, Biological
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cristea
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, MA, USA
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, 02215, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, 02138, MA, USA.
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