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Bobba S, Chauhan KS, Akter S, Das S, Mittal E, Mathema B, Philips JA, Khader SA. A protective role for type I interferon signaling following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis carrying the rifampicin drug resistance-conferring RpoB mutation H445Y. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012137. [PMID: 38603763 PMCID: PMC11037539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling is essential for controlling virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection since antagonism of this pathway leads to exacerbated pathology and increased susceptibility. In contrast, the triggering of type I interferon (IFN) signaling is associated with the progression of tuberculosis (TB) disease and linked with negative regulation of IL-1 signaling. However, mice lacking IL-1 signaling can control Mtb infection if infected with an Mtb strain carrying the rifampin-resistance conferring mutation H445Y in its RNA polymerase β subunit (rpoB-H445Y Mtb). The mechanisms that govern protection in the absence of IL-1 signaling during rpoB-H445Y Mtb infection are unknown. In this study, we show that in the absence of IL-1 signaling, type I IFN signaling controls rpoB-H445Y Mtb replication, lung pathology, and excessive myeloid cell infiltration. Additionally, type I IFN is produced predominantly by monocytes and recruited macrophages and acts on LysM-expressing cells to drive protection through nitric oxide (NO) production to restrict intracellular rpoB-H445Y Mtb. These findings reveal an unexpected protective role for type I IFN signaling in compensating for deficiencies in IL-1 pathways during rpoB-H445Y Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Bobba
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kuldeep S. Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sadia Akter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shibali Das
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ekansh Mittal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Barun Mathema
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Philips
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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2
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Liu Y, Chen T, Zhu Y, Furey A, Lowary TL, Chan J, Bournazos S, Ravetch JV, Achkar JM. Features and protective efficacy of human mAbs targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis arabinomannan. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e167960. [PMID: 37733444 PMCID: PMC10619501 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the epitopes most relevant for antibody-mediated protection against tuberculosis (TB) remains a major knowledge gap. We have shown that human polyclonal IgG against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) surface glycan arabinomannan (AM) and related lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is protective against TB. To investigate the impact of AM epitope recognition and Fcγ receptor (FcγR) binding on antibody functions against M. tuberculosis, we isolated a high-affinity human monoclonal antibody (mAb; P1AM25) against AM and showed its binding to oligosaccharide (OS) motifs we previously found to be associated with in vitro functions of human polyclonal anti-AM IgG. Human IgG1 P1AM25, but not 2 other high-affinity human IgG1 anti-AM mAbs reactive with different AM OS motifs, enhanced M. tuberculosis phagocytosis by macrophages and reduced intracellular growth in an FcγR-dependent manner. P1AM25 in murine IgG2a, but neither murine IgG1 nor a non-FcγR-binding IgG, given intraperitoneally prior to and after aerosolized M. tuberculosis infection, was protective in C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, we demonstrated the protective efficacy of human IgG1 P1AM25 in passive transfer with M. tuberculosis-infected FcγR-humanized mice. These data enhance our knowledge of the important interplay between both antibody epitope specificity and Fc effector functions in the defense against M. tuberculosis and could inform development of vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Yongqi Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Aisha Furey
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Chan
- Public Health Research Institute at the International Center for Public Health, New Jersey Medical School – Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Jacqueline M. Achkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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3
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Pisu D, Huang L, Narang V, Theriault M, Lê-Bury G, Lee B, Lakudzala AE, Mzinza DT, Mhango DV, Mitini-Nkhoma SC, Jambo KC, Singhal A, Mwandumba HC, Russell DG. Single cell analysis of M. tuberculosis phenotype and macrophage lineages in the infected lung. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210615. [PMID: 34292313 PMCID: PMC8302446 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we detail a novel approach that combines bacterial fitness fluorescent reporter strains with scRNA-seq to simultaneously acquire the host transcriptome, surface marker expression, and bacterial phenotype for each infected cell. This approach facilitates the dissection of the functional heterogeneity of M. tuberculosis-infected alveolar (AMs) and interstitial macrophages (IMs) in vivo. We identify clusters of pro-inflammatory AMs associated with stressed bacteria, in addition to three different populations of IMs with heterogeneous bacterial phenotypes. Finally, we show that the main macrophage populations in the lung are epigenetically constrained in their response to infection, while inter-species comparison reveals that most AMs subsets are conserved between mice and humans. This conceptual approach is readily transferable to other infectious disease agents with the potential for an increased understanding of the roles that different host cell populations play during the course of an infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/microbiology
- CD11 Antigens/immunology
- CD11 Antigens/metabolism
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Heme/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Lung/microbiology
- Lung/pathology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/microbiology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microorganisms, Genetically-Modified
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Single-Cell Analysis
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pisu
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Lu Huang
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Vipin Narang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Monique Theriault
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Gabrielle Lê-Bury
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Agnes E. Lakudzala
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Program, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - David T. Mzinza
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Program, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - David V. Mhango
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Program, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Steven C. Mitini-Nkhoma
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Program, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kondwani C. Jambo
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Program, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amit Singhal
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Henry C. Mwandumba
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Program, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - David G. Russell
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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4
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Mukundan S, Bhatt R, Lucas J, Tereyek M, Chang TL, Subbian S, Parekkadan B. 3D host cell and pathogen-based bioassay development for testing anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug response and modeling immunodeficiency. Biomol Concepts 2021; 12:117-128. [PMID: 34473918 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2021-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health threat that affects 10 million people worldwide. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains one of the major contributors to the reactivation of asymptomatic latent tuberculosis (LTBI). Over the recent years, there has been a significant focus in developing in-vitro 3D models mimicking early events of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) pathogenesis, especially formation of the granuloma. However, these models are low throughput and require extracellular matrix. In this article, we report the generation of a matrix-free 3D model, using THP-1 human monocyte/macrophage cells and mCherry-expressing Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Bacilli Camille Guérin), henceforth referred as 3D spheroids, to study the host cell-bacterial interactions. Using mCherry-intensity-based tracking, we monitored the kinetics of BCG growth in the 3D spheroids. We also demonstrate the application of the 3D spheroids for testing anti-TB compounds such as isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), as well as a host-directed drug, everolimus (EVR) as single and combinational treatments. We further established a dual infection 3D spheroid model by coinfecting THP-1 macrophages with BCG mCherry and pseudotype HIV. In this HIV-TB co-infection model, we found an increase in BCG mCherry growth within the 3D spheroids infected with HIV pseudotype. The degree of disruption of the granuloma was proportional to the virus titers used for co-infection. In summary, this 3D spheroid assay is an useful tool to screen anti-TB response of potential candidate drugs and can be adopted to model HIV-TB interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpaa Mukundan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854
| | - Rachana Bhatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854
| | - John Lucas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854
| | - Matthew Tereyek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854
| | - Theresa L Chang
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 07103
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 07103
| | - Biju Parekkadan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854; Department of Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854
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5
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Lavin RC, Johnson C, Ahn YM, Kremiller KM, Sherwood M, Patel JS, Pan Y, Russo R, MacGilvary NJ, Giacalone D, Kevorkian YL, Zimmerman MD, Glickman JF, Freundlich JS, Tan S. Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis response to environmental cues for the development of effective antitubercular drugs. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001355. [PMID: 34319985 PMCID: PMC8351955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing and response to environmental cues, such as pH and chloride (Cl−), is critical in enabling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) colonization of its host. Utilizing a fluorescent reporter Mtb strain in a chemical screen, we have identified compounds that dysregulate Mtb response to high Cl− levels, with a subset of the hits also inhibiting Mtb growth in host macrophages. Structure–activity relationship studies on the hit compound “C6,” or 2-(4-((2-(ethylthio)pyrimidin-5-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzo[d]oxazole, demonstrated a correlation between compound perturbation of Mtb Cl− response and inhibition of bacterial growth in macrophages. C6 accumulated in both bacterial and host cells, and inhibited Mtb growth in cholesterol media, but not in rich media. Subsequent examination of the Cl− response of Mtb revealed an intriguing link with bacterial growth in cholesterol, with increased transcription of several Cl−-responsive genes in the simultaneous presence of cholesterol and high external Cl− concentration, versus transcript levels observed during exposure to high external Cl− concentration alone. Strikingly, oral administration of C6 was able to inhibit Mtb growth in vivo in a C3HeB/FeJ murine infection model. Our work illustrates how Mtb response to environmental cues can intersect with its metabolism and be exploited in antitubercular drug discovery. Responding to environmental cues such as pH and chloride is critical in enabling Mycobacterium tuberculosis to colonize its host. A chemical screen using an M. tuberculosis strain bearing a fluorescent reporter identifies a compound that perturbs the bacterial response to chloride and inhibits its growth in a murine infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Lavin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Calvin Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yong-Mo Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kyle M. Kremiller
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Matthew Sherwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jimmy S. Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yan Pan
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Riccardo Russo
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and the Ruy V. Lourenco Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Nathan J. MacGilvary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Giacalone
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuzo L. Kevorkian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Zimmerman
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - J. Fraser Glickman
- High-Throughput and Spectroscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Freundlich
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and the Ruy V. Lourenco Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Roche B, Bumann D. Single-cell reporters for pathogen responses to antimicrobial host attacks. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 59:16-23. [PMID: 32810800 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions are often heterogeneous involving individual encounters between host and pathogen cells with diverse molecular mechanisms, response networks, and diverging outcomes. Single-cell reporters can identify the various types of interactions and participating pathogen subsets, help to unravel underlying molecular mechanism, and determine individual outcomes and their impact on disease progression. In this review, we discuss reporters-based on fluorescent proteins. We present different types of reporters and their experimental advantages and challenges, and describe how different strategies can interrogate exposure to antimicrobial host mechanism, pathogen response, inflicted damage, and impact on pathogen fitness at the single-cell level. We find many gaps in available tools but also exciting avenues to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Roche
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Bumann
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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7
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Dutta NK, Bruiners N, Zimmerman MD, Tan S, Dartois V, Gennaro ML, Karakousis PC. Adjunctive Host-Directed Therapy With Statins Improves Tuberculosis-Related Outcomes in Mice. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:1079-1087. [PMID: 31605489 PMCID: PMC7325721 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) treatment is lengthy and complicated and patients often develop chronic lung disease. Recent attention has focused on host-directed therapies aimed at optimizing immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), as adjunctive treatment given with antitubercular drugs. In addition to their cholesterol-lowering properties, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) have broad anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. METHODS In the current study, we screened 8 commercially available statins for cytotoxic effect, anti-TB activity, synergy with first-line drugs in macrophages, pharmacokinetics and adjunctive bactericidal activity, and, in 2 different mouse models, as adjunctive therapy to first-line TB drugs. RESULTS Pravastatin showed the least toxicity in THP-1 and Vero cells. At nontoxic doses, atorvastatin and mevastatin were unable to inhibit Mtb growth in THP-1 cells. Simvastatin, fluvastatin, and pravastatin showed the most favorable therapeutic index and enhanced the antitubercular activity of the first-line drugs isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide in THP-1 cells. Pravastatin modulated phagosomal maturation characteristics in macrophages, phenocopying macrophage activation, and exhibited potent adjunctive activity in the standard mouse model of TB chemotherapy and in a mouse model of human-like necrotic TB lung granulomas. CONCLUSIONS These data provide compelling evidence for clinical evaluation of pravastatin as adjunctive, host-directed therapy for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noton K Dutta
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Natalie Bruiners
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey, USA
| | - Matthew D Zimmerman
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shumin Tan
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey, USA
| | - Maria L Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey, USA
| | - Petros C Karakousis
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Host-Directed Therapy as a Novel Treatment Strategy to Overcome Tuberculosis: Targeting Immune Modulation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9010021. [PMID: 31936156 PMCID: PMC7168302 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, particularly in developing countries, presenting a major threat to the public health. The currently recommended long term treatment regimen with multiple antibiotics is associated with poor patient compliance, which in turn, may contribute to the emergence of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB). The low global treatment efficacy of MDR-TB has highlighted the necessity to develop novel treatment options. Host-directed therapy (HDT) together with current standard anti-TB treatments, has gained considerable interest, as HDT targets novel host immune mechanisms. These immune mechanisms would otherwise bypass the antibiotic bactericidal targets to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which may be mutated to cause antibiotic resistance. Additionally, host-directed therapies against TB have been shown to be associated with reduced lung pathology and improved disease outcome, most likely via the modulation of host immune responses. This review will provide an update of host-directed therapies and their mechanism(s) of action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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9
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis releases an antacid that remodels phagosomes. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:889-899. [PMID: 31427817 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the world's most deadly pathogen. Unlike less virulent mycobacteria, Mtb produces 1-tuberculosinyladenosine (1-TbAd), an unusual terpene nucleoside of unknown function. In the present study 1-TbAd has been shown to be a naturally evolved phagolysosome disruptor. 1-TbAd is highly prevalent among patient-derived Mtb strains, where it is among the most abundant lipids produced. Synthesis of TbAd analogs and their testing in cells demonstrate that their biological action is dependent on lipid linkage to the 1-position of adenosine, which creates a strong conjugate base. Furthermore, C20 lipid moieties confer passage through membranes. 1-TbAd selectively accumulates in acidic compartments, where it neutralizes the pH and swells lysosomes, obliterating their multilamellar structure. During macrophage infection, a 1-TbAd biosynthesis gene (Rv3378c) confers marked phagosomal swelling and intraphagosomal inclusions, demonstrating an essential role in regulating the Mtb cellular microenvironment. Although macrophages kill intracellular bacteria through phagosome acidification, Mtb coats itself abundantly with antacid.
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10
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MacGilvary NJ, Kevorkian YL, Tan S. Potassium response and homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates environmental adaptation and is important for host colonization. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007591. [PMID: 30716121 PMCID: PMC6375644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful host colonization by bacteria requires sensing and response to the local ionic milieu, and coordination of responses with the maintenance of ionic homeostasis in the face of changing conditions. We previously discovered that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) responds synergistically to chloride (Cl-) and pH, as cues to the immune status of its host. This raised the intriguing concept of abundant ions as important environmental signals, and we have now uncovered potassium (K+) as an ion that can significantly impact colonization by Mtb. The bacterium has a unique transcriptional response to changes in environmental K+ levels, with both distinct and shared regulatory mechanisms controlling Mtb response to the ionic signals of K+, Cl-, and pH. We demonstrate that intraphagosomal K+ levels increase during macrophage phagosome maturation, and find using a novel fluorescent K+-responsive reporter Mtb strain that K+ is not limiting during macrophage infection. Disruption of Mtb K+ homeostasis by deletion of the Trk K+ uptake system results in dampening of the bacterial response to pH and Cl-, and attenuation in host colonization, both in primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and in vivo in a murine model of Mtb infection. Our study reveals how bacterial ionic homeostasis can impact environmental ionic responses, and highlights the important role that abundant ions can play during host colonization by Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. MacGilvary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuzo L. Kevorkian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Control of Phagocytosis by Microbial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1368. [PMID: 29114249 PMCID: PMC5660709 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a fundamental process of cells to capture and ingest foreign particles. Small unicellular organisms such as free-living amoeba use this process to acquire food. In pluricellular organisms, phagocytosis is a universal phenomenon that all cells are able to perform (including epithelial, endothelial, fibroblasts, etc.), but some specialized cells (such as neutrophils and macrophages) perform this very efficiently and were therefore named professional phagocytes by Rabinovitch. Cells use phagocytosis to capture and clear all particles larger than 0.5 µm, including pathogenic microorganisms and cellular debris. Phagocytosis involves a series of steps from recognition of the target particle, ingestion of it in a phagosome (phagocytic vacuole), maturation of this phagosome into a phagolysosome, to the final destruction of the ingested particle in the robust antimicrobial environment of the phagolysosome. For the most part, phagocytosis is an efficient process that eliminates invading pathogens and helps maintaining homeostasis. However, several pathogens have also evolved different strategies to prevent phagocytosis from proceeding in a normal way. These pathogens have a clear advantage to perpetuate the infection and continue their replication. Here, we present an overview of the phagocytic process with emphasis on the antimicrobial elements professional phagocytes use. We also summarize the current knowledge on the microbial strategies different pathogens use to prevent phagocytosis either at the level of ingestion, phagosome formation, and maturation, and even complete escape from phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Uribe-Querol
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Semini G, Aebischer T. Phagosome proteomics to study Leishmania's intracellular niche in macrophages. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:68-76. [PMID: 28927848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens invade their host cells and replicate within specialized compartments. In turn, the host cell initiates a defensive response trying to kill the invasive agent. As a consequence, intracellular lifestyle implies morphological and physiological changes in both pathogen and host cell. Leishmania spp. are medically important intracellular protozoan parasites that are internalized by professional phagocytes such as macrophages, and reside within the parasitophorous vacuole inhibiting their microbicidal activity. Whereas the proteome of the extracellular promastigote form and the intracellular amastigote form have been extensively studied, the constituents of Leishmania's intracellular niche, an endolysosomal compartment, are not fully deciphered. In this review we discuss protocols to purify such compartments by means of an illustrating example to highlight generally relevant considerations and innovative aspects that allow purification of not only the intracellular parasites but also the phagosomes that harbor them and analyze the latter by gel free proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geo Semini
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Toni Aebischer
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Discovery and Validation of a Six-Marker Serum Protein Signature for the Diagnosis of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:3057-3071. [PMID: 28794177 PMCID: PMC5625392 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00467-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
New non-sputum biomarker tests for active tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics are of the highest priority for global TB control. We performed in-depth proteomic analysis using the 4,000-plex SOMAscan assay on 1,470 serum samples from seven countries where TB is endemic. All samples were from patients with symptoms and signs suggestive of active pulmonary TB that were systematically confirmed or ruled out for TB by culture and clinical follow-up. HIV coinfection was present in 34% of samples, and 25% were sputum smear negative. Serum protein biomarkers were identified by stability selection using L1-regularized logistic regression and by Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistics. A naive Bayes classifier using six host response markers (HR6 model), including SYWC, kallistatin, complement C9, gelsolin, testican-2, and aldolase C, performed well in a training set (area under the sensitivity-specificity curve [AUC] of 0.94) and in a blinded verification set (AUC of 0.92) to distinguish TB and non-TB samples. Differential expression was also highly significant (P < 10−20) for previously described TB markers, such as IP-10, LBP, FCG3B, and TSP4, and for many novel proteins not previously associated with TB. Proteins with the largest median fold changes were SAA (serum amyloid protein A), NPS-PLA2 (secreted phospholipase A2), and CA6 (carbonic anhydrase 6). Target product profiles (TPPs) for a non-sputum biomarker test to diagnose active TB for treatment initiation (TPP#1) and for a community-based triage or referral test (TPP#2) have been published by the WHO. With 90% sensitivity and 80% specificity, the HR6 model fell short of TPP#1 but reached TPP#2 performance criteria. In conclusion, we identified and validated a six-marker signature for active TB that warrants diagnostic development on a patient-near platform.
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