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Ochoa JC, Mukhopadhyay S, Bieluszewski T, Jędryczka M, Malinowski R, Truman W. Natural variation in Arabidopsis responses to Plasmodiophora brassicae reveals an essential role for Resistance to Plasmodiophora brasssicae 1 (RPB1). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1421-1440. [PMID: 37646674 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the identification of clubroot resistance genes in various Brassica crops our understanding of the genetic basis of immunity to Plasmodiophora brassicae infection in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana remains limited. To address this issue, we performed a screen of 142 natural accessions and identified 11 clubroot-resistant Arabidopsis lines. Genome-wide association analysis identified several genetic loci significantly linked with resistance. Three genes from two of these loci were targeted for deletion by CRISPR/Cas9 mutation in resistant accessions Est-1 and Uod-1. Deletion of Resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae 1 (RPB1) rendered both lines susceptible to the P. brassicae pathotype P1+. Further analysis of rpb1 knock-out Est-1 and Uod-1 lines showed that the RPB1 protein is required for activation of downstream defence responses, such as the expression of phytoalexin biosynthesis gene CYP71A13. RPB1 has recently been shown to encode a cation channel localised in the endoplasmic reticulum. The clubroot susceptible Arabidopsis accession Col-0 lacks a functional RPB1 gene; when Col-0 is transformed with RPB1 expression driven by its native promoter it is capable of activating RPB1 transcription in response to infection, but this is not sufficient to confer resistance. Transient expression of RPB1 in Nicotiana tabacum induced programmed cell death in leaves. We conclude that RPB1 is a critical component of the defence response to P. brassicae infection in Arabidopsis, acting downstream of pathogen recognition but required for the elaboration of effective resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Camilo Ochoa
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Soham Mukhopadhyay
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bieluszewski
- Laboratory of Genome Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jędryczka
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Robert Malinowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - William Truman
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
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Vañó MS, Nourimand M, MacLean A, Pérez-López E. Getting to the root of a club - Understanding developmental manipulation by the clubroot pathogen. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 148-149:22-32. [PMID: 36792438 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor., the clubroot pathogen, is the perfect example of an "atypical" plant pathogen. This soil-borne protist and obligate biotrophic parasite infects the roots of cruciferous crops, inducing galls or clubs that lead to wilting, loss of productivity, and plant death. Unlike many other agriculturally relevant pathosystems, research into the molecular mechanisms that underlie clubroot disease and Plasmodiophora-host interactions is limited. After release of the first P. brassicae genome sequence and subsequent availability of transcriptomic data, the clubroot research community have implicated the involvement of phytohormones during the clubroot pathogen's manipulation of host development. Herein we review the main events leading to the formation of root galls and describe how modulation of select phytohormones may be key to modulating development of the plant host to the benefit of the pathogen. Effector-host interactions are at the base of different strategies employed by pathogens to hijack plant cellular processes. This is how we suspect the clubroot pathogen hijacks host plant metabolism and development to induce nutrient-sink roots galls, emphasizing a need to deepen our understanding of this master manipulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Silvestre Vañó
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maryam Nourimand
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Allyson MacLean
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Edel Pérez-López
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
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Shaw RK, Shen Y, Yu H, Sheng X, Wang J, Gu H. Multi-Omics Approaches to Improve Clubroot Resistance in Brassica with a Special Focus on Brassica oleracea L. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9280. [PMID: 36012543 PMCID: PMC9409056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica oleracea is an agronomically important species of the Brassicaceae family, including several nutrient-rich vegetables grown and consumed across the continents. But its sustainability is heavily constrained by a range of destructive pathogens, among which, clubroot disease, caused by a biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae, has caused significant yield and economic losses worldwide, thereby threatening global food security. To counter the pathogen attack, it demands a better understanding of the complex phenomenon of Brassica-P. brassicae pathosystem at the physiological, biochemical, molecular, and cellular levels. In recent years, multiple omics technologies with high-throughput techniques have emerged as successful in elucidating the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In Brassica spp., omics technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, ncRNAomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are well documented, allowing us to gain insights into the dynamic changes that transpired during host-pathogen interactions at a deeper level. So, it is critical that we must review the recent advances in omics approaches and discuss how the current knowledge in multi-omics technologies has been able to breed high-quality clubroot-resistant B. oleracea. This review highlights the recent advances made in utilizing various omics approaches to understand the host resistance mechanisms adopted by Brassica crops in response to the P. brassicae attack. Finally, we have discussed the bottlenecks and the way forward to overcome the persisting knowledge gaps in delivering solutions to breed clubroot-resistant Brassica crops in a holistic, targeted, and precise way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Honghui Gu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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4
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Zhou Q, Jayawardhane KN, Strelkov SE, Hwang SF, Chen G. Identification of Arabidopsis Phospholipase A Mutants With Increased Susceptibility to Plasmodiophora brassicae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:799142. [PMID: 35251078 PMCID: PMC8895301 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.799142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by the obligate parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most devastating diseases of canola (Brassica napus) in Canada. The identification of novel genes that contribute to clubroot resistance is important for the sustainable management of clubroot, as these genes may be used in the development of resistant canola cultivars. Phospholipase As (PLAs) play important roles in plant defense signaling and stress tolerance, and thus are attractive targets for crop breeding. However, since canola is an allopolyploid and has multiple copies of each PLA gene, it is time-consuming to test the functions of PLAs directly in this crop. In contrast, the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has a simpler genetic background and only one copy of each PLA. Therefore, it would be reasonable and faster to validate the potential utility of PLA genes in Arabidopsis first. In this study, we identified seven homozygous atpla knockout/knockdown mutants of Arabidopsis, and tested their performance following inoculation with P. brassicae. Four mutants (pla1-iiα, pla1-iγ3, pla1-iii, ppla-iiiβ, ppla-iiiδ) developed more severe clubroot than the wild-type, suggesting increased susceptibility to P. brassicae. The homologs of these Arabidopsis PLAs (AtPLAs) in B. napus (BnPLAs) were identified through Blast searches and phylogenic analysis. Expression of the BnPLAs was subsequently examined in transcriptomic datasets generated from canola infected by P. brassicae, and promising candidates for further characterization identified.
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Adhikary D, Mehta D, Uhrig RG, Rahman H, Kav NNV. A Proteome-Level Investigation Into Plasmodiophora brassicae Resistance in Brassica napus Canola. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860393. [PMID: 35401597 PMCID: PMC8988049 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot of Brassicaceae, an economically important soil borne disease, is caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, an obligate, biotrophic protist. This disease poses a serious threat to canola and related crops in Canada and around the globe causing significant losses. The pathogen is continuously evolving and new pathotypes are emerging, which necessitates the development of novel resistant canola cultivars to manage the disease. Proteins play a crucial role in many biological functions and the identification of differentially abundant proteins (DAP) using proteomics is a suitable approach to understand plant-pathogen interactions to assist in the development of gene specific markers for developing clubroot resistant (CR) cultivars. In this study, P. brassicae pathotype 3 (P3H) was used to challenge CR and clubroot susceptible (CS) canola lines. Root samples were collected at three distinct stages of pathogenesis, 7-, 14-, and 21-days post inoculation (DPI), protein samples were isolated, digested with trypsin and subjected to liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. A total of 937 proteins demonstrated a significant (q-value < 0.05) change in abundance in at least in one of the time points when compared between control and inoculated CR-parent, CR-progeny, CS-parent, CS-progeny and 784 proteins were significantly (q < 0.05) changed in abundance in at least in one of the time points when compared between the inoculated- CR and CS root proteomes of parent and progeny across the three time points tested. Functional annotation of differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) revealed several proteins related to calcium dependent signaling pathways. In addition, proteins related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) biochemistry, dehydrins, lignin, thaumatin, and phytohormones were identified. Among the DAPs, 73 putative proteins orthologous to CR proteins and quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with eight CR loci in different chromosomes including chromosomes A3 and A8 were identified. Proteins including BnaA02T0335400WE, BnaA03T0374600WE, BnaA03T0262200WE, and BnaA03T0464700WE are orthologous to identified CR loci with possible roles in mediating clubroot responses. In conclusion, these results have contributed to an improved understanding of the mechanisms involved in mediating response to P. brassicae in canola at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Adhikary
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Devang Mehta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - R. Glen Uhrig
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Habibur Rahman
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nat N. V. Kav
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Nat N. V. Kav,
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Galindo-González L, Hwang SF, Strelkov SE. Candidate Effectors of Plasmodiophora brassicae Pathotype 5X During Infection of Two Brassica napus Genotypes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:742268. [PMID: 34803960 PMCID: PMC8595600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.742268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most important diseases of canola (Brassica napus) in Canada. Disease management relies heavily on planting clubroot resistant (CR) cultivars, but in recent years, new resistance-breaking pathotypes of P. brassicae have emerged. Current efforts against the disease are concentrated in developing host resistance using traditional genetic breeding, omics and molecular biology. However, because of its obligate biotrophic nature, limited resources have been dedicated to investigating molecular mechanisms of pathogenic infection. We previously performed a transcriptomic study with the cultivar resistance-breaking pathotype 5X on two B. napus hosts presenting contrasting resistance/susceptibility, where we evaluated the mechanisms of host response. Since cultivar-pathotype interactions are very specific, and pathotype 5X is one of the most relevant resistance-breaking pathotypes in Canada, in this study, we analyze the expression of genes encoding putative secreted proteins from this pathotype, predicted using a bioinformatics pipeline, protein modeling and orthologous comparisons with effectors from other pathosystems. While host responses were found to differ markedly in our previous study, many common effectors are found in the pathogen while infecting both hosts, and the gene response among biological pathogen replicates seems more consistent in the effectors associated with the susceptible interaction, especially at 21 days after inoculation. The predicted effectors indicate the predominance of proteins with interacting domains (e.g., ankyrin), and genes bearing kinase and NUDIX domains, but also proteins with protective action against reactive oxygen species from the host. Many of these genes confirm previous predictions from other clubroot studies. A benzoic acid/SA methyltransferase (BSMT), which methylates SA to render it inactive, showed high levels of expression in the interactions with both hosts. Interestingly, our data indicate that E3 ubiquitin proteasome elements are also potentially involved in pathogenesis. Finally, a gene with similarity to indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase is a promising candidate effector because of its involvement in indole acetic acid synthesis, since auxin is one of the major players in clubroot development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen E. Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Robin AHK, Saha G, Laila R, Park JI, Kim HT, Nou IS. Expression and Role of Biosynthetic, Transporter, Receptor, and Responsive Genes for Auxin Signaling during Clubroot Disease Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155554. [PMID: 32756478 PMCID: PMC7432499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxins play a pivotal role in clubroot development caused by the obligate biotroph Plasmodiophora brassicae. In this study, we investigated the pattern of expression of 23 genes related to auxin biosynthesis, reception, and transport in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) after inoculation with P. brassicae. The predicted proteins identified, based on the 23 selected auxin-related genes, were from protein kinase, receptor kinase, auxin responsive, auxin efflux carrier, transcriptional regulator, and the auxin-repressed protein family. These proteins differed in amino acids residue, molecular weights, isoelectric points, chromosomal location, and subcellular localization. Leaf and root tissues showed dynamic and organ-specific variation in expression of auxin-related genes. The BrGH3.3 gene, involved in auxin signaling, exhibited 84.4-fold increase in expression in root tissues compared to leaf tissues as an average of all samples. This gene accounted for 4.8-, 2.6-, and 5.1-fold higher expression at 3, 14, and 28 days post inoculation (dpi) in the inoculated root tissues compared to mock-treated roots. BrNIT1, an auxin signaling gene, and BrPIN1, an auxin transporter, were remarkably induced during both cortex infection at 14 dpi and gall formation at 28 dpi. BrDCK1, an auxin receptor, was upregulated during cortex infection at 14 dpi. The BrLAX1 gene, associated with root hair development, was induced at 1 dpi in infected roots, indicating its importance in primary infection. More interestingly, a significantly higher expression of BrARP1, an auxin-repressed gene, at both the primary and secondary phases of infection indicated a dynamic response of the host plant towards its resistance against P. brassicae. The results of this study improve our current understanding of the role of auxin-related genes in clubroot disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Hasan Khan Robin
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (A.H.K.R.); (G.S.); (R.L.); (J.-I.P.); (H.-T.K.)
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 02202, Bangladesh
| | - Gopal Saha
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (A.H.K.R.); (G.S.); (R.L.); (J.-I.P.); (H.-T.K.)
- Department of Agronomy, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Rawnak Laila
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (A.H.K.R.); (G.S.); (R.L.); (J.-I.P.); (H.-T.K.)
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (A.H.K.R.); (G.S.); (R.L.); (J.-I.P.); (H.-T.K.)
| | - Hoy-Taek Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (A.H.K.R.); (G.S.); (R.L.); (J.-I.P.); (H.-T.K.)
| | - Ill-Sup Nou
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (A.H.K.R.); (G.S.); (R.L.); (J.-I.P.); (H.-T.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-617-503-249
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Laila R, Robin AHK, Park JI, Saha G, Kim HT, Kayum MA, Nou IS. Expression and Role of Response Regulating, Biosynthetic and Degrading Genes for Cytokinin Signaling during Clubroot Disease Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113896. [PMID: 32486099 PMCID: PMC7312684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The obligate biotroph Plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot disease in oilseeds and vegetables of the Brassicaceae family, and cytokinins play a vital role in clubroot formation. In this study, we examined the expression patterns of 17 cytokinin-related genes involved in the biosynthesis, signaling, and degradation in Chinese cabbage inoculated with the Korean pathotype group 4 isolate of P. brassicae, Seosan. This isolate produced the most severe clubroot symptoms in Chinese cabbage cultivar “Bullam-3-ho” compared to three other Korean geographical isolates investigated. BrIPT1, a cytokinin biosynthesis gene, was induced on Day 1 and Day 28 in infected root tissues and the upregulation of this biosynthetic gene coincided with the higher expression of the response regulators BrRR1, on both Days and BrRR6 on Day 1 and 3. BrRR3 and 4 genes were also induced during gall enlargement on Day 35 in leaf tissues. The BrRR4 gene, which positively interact with phytochrome B, was consistently induced in leaf tissues on Day 1, 3, and 14 in the inoculated plants. The cytokinin degrading gene BrCKX3-6 were induced on Day 14, before gall initiation. BrCKX2,3,6 were induced until Day 28 and their expression was downregulated on Day 35. This insight improves our current understanding of the role of cytokinin signaling genes in clubroot disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawnak Laila
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (R.L.); (A.H.K.R.); (J.-I.P.); (G.S.); (H.-T.K.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Arif Hasan Khan Robin
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (R.L.); (A.H.K.R.); (J.-I.P.); (G.S.); (H.-T.K.); (M.A.K.)
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (R.L.); (A.H.K.R.); (J.-I.P.); (G.S.); (H.-T.K.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Gopal Saha
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (R.L.); (A.H.K.R.); (J.-I.P.); (G.S.); (H.-T.K.); (M.A.K.)
- Department of Agronomy, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Hoy-Taek Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (R.L.); (A.H.K.R.); (J.-I.P.); (G.S.); (H.-T.K.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Md. Abdul Kayum
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (R.L.); (A.H.K.R.); (J.-I.P.); (G.S.); (H.-T.K.); (M.A.K.)
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Ill-Sup Nou
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (R.L.); (A.H.K.R.); (J.-I.P.); (G.S.); (H.-T.K.); (M.A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-617-503-249
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9
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Robin AHK, Hossain MR, Kim HT, Nou IS, Park JI. Role of Cytokinins in Clubroot Disease Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.9787/pbb.2019.7.2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arif Hasan Khan Robin
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensing 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rashed Hossain
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensing 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Hoy-Taek Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Ill-Sup Nou
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
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10
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Bulman S, Richter F, Marschollek S, Benade F, Jülke S, Ludwig-Müller J. Arabidopsis thaliana expressing PbBSMT, a gene encoding a SABATH-type methyltransferase from the plant pathogenic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae, show leaf chlorosis and altered host susceptibility. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21 Suppl 1:120-130. [PMID: 29607585 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant pathogenic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot disease of Brassicaceae. This biotrophic organism can down-regulate plant defence responses. The previously characterised P. brassicae PbBSMT methyltransferase has substrate specificity for salicylic, benzoic and anthranilic acids. We therefore propose a role for the methylation of SA in attenuating plant defence response in infected roots as a novel strategy for intracellular parasitism. We overexpressed PbBSMT under the control of an inducible promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana and performed physiological, molecular and phytopathological analyses with the transgenic plants under control and induced conditions in comparison to the wild type. Upon induction, transcription of PbBSMT was associated with: (1) strong leaf phenotypes from anthocyanin accumulation and chlorosis followed by browning; (2) increased plant susceptibility after infection with P. brassicae that was manifested as more yellow leaves and reduced growth of upper plant parts; and (3) induced transgenic plants were not able to support large galls and had a brownish appearance of some clubs. Microarray data indicated that chlorophyll loss was accompanied by reduced transcription of genes involved in photosynthesis, while genes encoding glucose metabolism, mitochondrial functions and cell wall synthesis were up-regulated. Our results indicate a role for PbBSMT in attenuation of host defence responses in the roots by metabolising a plant defence signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bulman
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - F Richter
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Marschollek
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - F Benade
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Jülke
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Ludwig-Müller
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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11
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Schwelm A, Badstöber J, Bulman S, Desoignies N, Etemadi M, Falloon RE, Gachon CMM, Legreve A, Lukeš J, Merz U, Nenarokova A, Strittmatter M, Sullivan BK, Neuhauser S. Not in your usual Top 10: protists that infect plants and algae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1029-1044. [PMID: 29024322 PMCID: PMC5772912 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fungi, nematodes and oomycetes belong to the most prominent eukaryotic plant pathogenic organisms. Unicellular organisms from other eukaryotic lineages, commonly addressed as protists, also infect plants. This review provides an introduction to plant pathogenic protists, including algae infecting oomycetes, and their current state of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schwelm
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCentre, Linnean Centre for Plant BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala SE‐75007Sweden
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Julia Badstöber
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Simon Bulman
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LtdLincoln 7608New Zealand
| | - Nicolas Desoignies
- Applied Plant Ecophysiology, Haute Ecole Provinciale de Hainaut‐CondorcetAth 7800Belgium
| | - Mohammad Etemadi
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Richard E. Falloon
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LtdLincoln 7608New Zealand
| | - Claire M. M. Gachon
- The Scottish Association for Marine ScienceScottish Marine InstituteOban PA37 1QAUK
| | - Anne Legreve
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life InstituteLouvain‐la‐Neuve 1348Belgium
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of South Bohemia37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Canadian Institute for Advanced ResearchTorontoOntario M5G 1Z8Canada
| | - Ueli Merz
- Plant PathologyInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092Switzerland
| | - Anna Nenarokova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of South Bohemia37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
| | - Martina Strittmatter
- The Scottish Association for Marine ScienceScottish Marine InstituteOban PA37 1QAUK
- Present address:
Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS – UPMC, UMR7144 Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment, Place Georges Teissier, CS 90074, 29688 Roscoff CedexFrance
| | - Brooke K. Sullivan
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010Australia
- School of BiosciencesVictorian Marine Science ConsortiumQueenscliffVic. 3225Australia
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
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