1
|
Ji S, Yu H, Zhou D, Fan X, Duan Y, Tan Y, Lang M, Shao G. Cancer stem cell-derived CHI3L1 activates the MAF/CTLA4 signaling pathway to promote immune escape in triple-negative breast cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:721. [PMID: 37838657 PMCID: PMC10576881 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) development may be associated with tumor immune escape. This study explores whether the CHI3L1/MAF/CTLA4/S100A4 axis affects immune escape in TNBC through interplay with triple-negative breast cancer stem cells (TN-BCSCs). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to utilize single-cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-seq) to uncover the molecular mechanisms by which the CHI3L1/MAF/CTLA4 signaling pathway may mediate immune evasion in triple-negative breast cancer through the interaction between tumor stem cells (CSCs) and immune cells. METHODS Cell subsets in TNBC tissues were obtained through scRNA-seq, followed by screening differentially expressed genes in TN-BCSCs and B.C.s (CD44+ and CD24-) and predicting the transcription factor regulated by CHI3L1. Effect of CHI3L1 on the stemness phenotype of TNBC cells investigated. Effects of BCSCs-231-derived CHI3L1 on CTLA4 expression in T cells were explored after co-culture of BCSCs-231 cells obtained from microsphere culture of TN-BCSCs with T cells. BCSCs-231-treated T cells were co-cultured with CD8+ T cells to explore the resultant effect on T cell cytotoxicity. An orthotopic B.C. transplanted tumor model in mice with humanized immune systems was constructed, in which the Role of CHI3L1/MAF/CTLA4 in the immune escape of TNBC was explored. RESULTS Eight cell subsets were found in the TNBC tissues, and the existence of TN-BCSCs was observed in the epithelial cell subset. CHI3L1 was related to the stemness phenotype of TNBC cells. TN-BCSC-derived CHI3L1 increased CTLA4 expression in T cells through MAF, inhibiting CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity and inducing immunosuppression. Furthermore, the CTLA4+ T cells might secrete S100A4 to promote the stemness phenotype of TNBC cells. CONCLUSIONS TN-BCSC-derived CHI3L1 upregulates CTLA4 expression in T cells through MAF, suppressing the function of CD8+ T cells, which promotes the immune escape of TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Ji
- Special Medical Service Center, General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, No. 253, Middle Gongye Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yu
- Special Medical Service Center, General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, No. 253, Middle Gongye Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xulong Fan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Maternity and Children's Healthcare Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Duan
- Special Medical Service Center, General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, No. 253, Middle Gongye Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijiang Tan
- Special Medical Service Center, General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, No. 253, Middle Gongye Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Lang
- Special Medical Service Center, General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, No. 253, Middle Gongye Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoli Shao
- Special Medical Service Center, General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, No. 253, Middle Gongye Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Agrawal A, Bhattacharya S. Cutting-edge Nanotechnological Approaches for Lung Cancer Therapy. Curr Drug Res Rev 2022; 14:171-187. [PMID: 35440332 DOI: 10.2174/2589977514666220418085658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the second leading cancer with a high rate of mortality. It can be treated using different intervention techniques such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgical removal, and photodynamic therapy. All of these interventions lack specificity, implying that it harms the normal cells adjacent to the infected ones. Nanotechnology provides a promising solution that increases the bioavailability of anticancer drugs at the tumor site with reduced toxicity and improved therapeutic efficacy. Nanotechnology also improves the way lung cancer is diagnosed and treated. Various nanocarriers like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, and different theranostic approaches are already approved for medical use, while various are under clinical and preclinical stages. This review article covers the details about lung cancer, types of overexpressed receptors, and cutting-edge nanocarriers used for treating lung cancer at its specific target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amaiyya Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM\'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM\'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur 425405, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen ZQ, Yuan T, Jiang H, Yang YY, Wang L, Fu RM, Luo SQ, Zhang T, Wu ZY, Wen KM. MicroRNA‑8063 targets heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein AB to inhibit the self‑renewal of colorectal cancer stem cells via the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Oncol Rep 2021; 46:219. [PMID: 34396427 PMCID: PMC8377466 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is a major cause of therapeutic failure in a variety of cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the underlying mechanisms that regulate the self-renewal of colorectal cancer stem cells (CRCSCs) remain unclear. Our previous study utilized CRCSCs and their parent cells; through gene microarray screening and bioinformatics analysis, we hypothesized that microRNA (miR)-8063 may bind to, and regulate the expression of, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein AB (hnRNPAB) to facilitate the regulation of CRCSC self-renewal. The aim of the present study was to confirm this conjecture through relevant experiments. The results indicated that compared with that in parent cells, miR-8063 expression was significantly downregulated in CRCSCs, while hnRNPAB expression was increased. Furthermore, hnRNPAB was identified as a direct target of miR-8063 using a dual-Luciferase assay. Overexpression of hnRNPAB promoted the acquisition of CSC characteristics in CRC cells (increased colony formation ability, enhanced tumorigenicity, and upregulated expression of CSC markers), as well as the upregulation of key proteins (Wnt3a, Wnt5a and β-catenin) in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Similarly, after silencing miR-8063 in CRC cells, the characteristics of CSC were altered, and the expression of hnRNPAB protein was promoted. However, post overexpression of miR-8063 in CRCSCs, the self-renewal ability of CSCs was weakened with the downregulation of hnRNPAB protein, Wnt3a, Wnt5a and β-catenin. These results suggest that as a tumor suppressor, miR-8063 is involved in regulating the self-renewal of CRCSCs, where loss of miR-8063 expression weakens its inhibition on hnRNPAB, which leads to the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling to promote the self-renewal of CRCSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Quan Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Hang Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Min Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Qiang Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Yu Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Kun-Ming Wen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
p21-Activated kinase 3 promotes cancer stem cell phenotypes through activating the Akt-GSK3β-β-catenin signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2019; 456:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
5
|
Tracey LJ, Justice MJ. Off to a Bad Start: Cancer Initiation by Pluripotency Regulator PRDM14. Trends Genet 2019; 35:489-500. [PMID: 31130394 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in chemotherapies that improve cancer survival, most patients who relapse succumb to the disease due to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are highly chemoresistant. The pluripotency factor PR domain 14 (PRDM14) has a key role in initiating many types of cancer. Normally, PRDM14 uses epigenetic mechanisms to establish and maintain the pluripotency of embryonic cells, and its role in cancer is similar. This important link between cancer and induced pluripotency is a key revelation for how CSCs may form: pluripotency genes, such as PRDM14, can expand stem-like cells as they promote ongoing DNA damage. PRDM14 and its protein-binding partners, the ETO/CBFA2T family, are ideal candidates for eliminating CSCs from relevant cancers, preventing relapse and improving long-term survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Tracey
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONT, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Monica J Justice
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONT, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Grange C, Brossa A, Bussolati B. Extracellular Vesicles and Carried miRNAs in the Progression of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081832. [PMID: 31013896 PMCID: PMC6514717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and maintenance of renal cell carcinomas (RCC) involve many cell types, such as cancer stem and differentiated cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and immune cells. These all contribute to the creation of a favorable tumor microenvironment to promote tumor growth and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered to be efficient messengers that facilitate the exchange of information within the different tumor cell types. Indeed, tumor EVs display features of their originating cells and force recipient cells towards a pro-tumorigenic phenotype. This review summarizes the recent knowledge related to the biological role of EVs, shed by renal tumor cells and renal cancer stem cells in different aspects of RCC progression, such as angiogenesis, immune escape and tumor growth. Moreover, a specific role for renal cancer stem cell derived EVs is described in the formation of the pre-metastatic niche. We also highlight the tumor EV cargo, especially the oncogenic miRNAs, which are involved in these processes. Finally, the circulating miRNAs appear to be a promising source of biomarkers in RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Grange
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Alessia Brossa
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Waker CA, Lober RM. Brain Tumors of Glial Origin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:281-297. [PMID: 31760651 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors with evolving classification based on genotype. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation is an early event in the formation of some diffuse gliomas, and is the best understood mechanism of their epigenetic dysregulation. Glioblastoma may evolve from lower-grade lesions with IDH mutations, or arise independently from copy number changes in platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). Several molecular subtypes of glioblastoma arise from a common proneural precursor with a tendency toward transition to a mesenchymal subtype. Following oncogenic transformation, gliomas escape growth arrest through a distinct step of aberrant telomere reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression, or mutations in either alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome (ATRX) or death-domain associated protein (DAXX) genes. Metabolic reprogramming allows gliomas to thrive in harsh microenvironments such as hypoxia, acidity, and nutrient depletion, which contribute to tumor initiation, maintenance, and treatment resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Waker
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Dayton Children's Hospital, One Children's Plaza, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Robert M Lober
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Dayton Children's Hospital, One Children's Plaza, Dayton, OH, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Histone deacetylase inhibitor ITF2357 (givinostat) reverts transformed phenotype and counteracts stemness in in vitro and in vivo models of human glioblastoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 145:393-409. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
9
|
Jiang P, Xu C, Chen L, Chen A, Wu X, Zhou M, Haq IU, Mariyam Z, Feng Q. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibited cancer stem cell-like properties by targeting hsa-mir-485-5p/RXRα in lung cancer. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8623-8635. [PMID: 30058740 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) appears to be a significant threat to public health worldwide. MicroRNAs have been identified as significant regulators for the development of NSCLC. Previous reports have suggested that hsa-mir-485-5p is dysregulated in various cancers. RXRα, as a kind of nuclear receptor, is an effective target of cancer treatment. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are recognized as the main cause for tumor metastasis, recurrence, and chemotherapy resistance. However, the mechanism by which hsa-mir-485-5p and RXRα modulate CSCs in NSCLC remains unknown. Here, we found that hsa-mir-485-5p was decreased in serum samples from patients with NSCLC and NSCLC cells. Meanwhile, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an effective anticancer compound extracted from green tea, can enhance hsa-mir-485-5p expression. Hsa-mir-485-5p mimics markedly inhibited NSCLC cell growth and induced cell apoptosis. However, inhibition of hsa-mir-485-5p significantly enriched CSC-like traits. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis predicted the binding correlation between hsa-mir-485-5p and RXRα, which was confirmed by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. We observed that RXRα was increased in NSCLC and EGCG could inhibit RXRα levels dose dependently. In addition, RXRα upregulation or activation expanded the CSC-like properties of NSCLC cells, whereas RXRα inhibition or inactivation could exert a reverse phenomenon. Consistently, in vivo experiments also validated that EGCG could repress the CSC-like characteristics by modulating the hsa-mir-485-5p/RXRα axis. Our findings may reveal a novel molecular mechanism for the treatment of NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuyue Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aochang Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ijaz Ul Haq
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zahula Mariyam
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen W, Wang H, Cheng M, Ni L, Zou L, Yang Q, Cai X, Jiao B. Isoharringtonine inhibits breast cancer stem-like properties and STAT3 signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:435-442. [PMID: 29679903 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) contribute to breast cancer progression, relapse, and treatment resistance. Identification of the natural inhibitory components of BCSCs is therefore critical for clinical treatment. Here, we investigated whether isoharringtonine (IHT) had inhibitory effects on BCSCs in breast cancer cell lines. METHODS HCC1806, HCC1937, and MCF7 cells were treated with IHT. The proliferation and the migration of cells were detected by MTS assay and wound healing migration assay, respectively. The proportions of BCSCs were determined by flow cytometry and tumor sphere formation assay. Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting, the expression of Nanog and activation of STAT3 were detected, respectively. RESULTS Results showed that IHT inhibited the proliferation of HCC1806, HCC1937, and MCF-7 cells, and suppressed the migration of HCC1806 and HCC1937 cells in a dose-dependent manner. IHT treatment decreased the proportion of BCSCs in MCF-7, HCC1806, and HCC1937 cells. In addition, the mRNA level of Nanong was significantly downregulated after IHT treatment. We also found an inhibitory effect of IHT on STAT3 activation. CONCLUSION IHT inhibited the proliferation, migration, and BCSC proportion of breast cancer cell lines via inhibition of the STAT3/Nanong pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 230601, China; Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Mei Cheng
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Ling Ni
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Li Zou
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Xianghai Cai
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Baowei Jiao
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
| |
Collapse
|