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Wingfield LK, Atcharawiriyakul J, Jitprasitporn N. Diversity and characterization of culturable fungi associated with the marine sea cucumber Holothuria scabra. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296499. [PMID: 38165907 PMCID: PMC10760727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungi associated with the marine echinoderm, Holothuria scabra, produces extracellular enzymes and bioactive metabolites, and mycoviruses that could be used for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications. The species identification based on molecular and morphological characteristics classified the culturable fungi into twenty-three genera belonging to eight orders, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Mucorales, Mycosphaerellales, Onygenales, Pleosporales and Venturiales, from four classes, Eurotiomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Mucoromycetes and Sordariomycetes of the two phyla Ascomycota and Mucoromycota. The most frequent genera were Aspergillus (relative frequency, 45.30%) and Penicillium (relative frequency, 22.68%). The Menhinick species richness and Shannon species diversity indices were 1.64 and 2.36, respectively, indicating a high diversity of fungi. An enzymatic production test revealed that sixteen isolates could produce proteases and amylases at different levels. The presence of mycoviruses was detected in eight isolates with different genomic profiles. Thirty-two of the 55 isolates produced antimicrobial metabolites which had an inhibitory effect on various microbial pathogens. Most of these active isolates were identified as Aspergillus, Penicillium and Trichoderma. Notably, Aspergillus terreus F10M7, Trichoderma harzianum F31M4 and T. harzianum F31M5 showed the most potent activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and human pathogenic fungi. Our study represents the first report of the mycobiota associated with the marine echinoderm Holothuria scabra.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jirawalan Atcharawiriyakul
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Ninadia Jitprasitporn
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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Poimala A, Vainio E. Discovery and Identification of Viruses Infecting Oomycetes. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2732:45-65. [PMID: 38060117 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3515-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes protocols suitable for the detection and identification of RNA viruses infecting oomycetes (so-called water molds of Kingdom Heterokonta, Stramenopila), focusing on species of Phytophthora and exemplified by P. fragariae. The protocol includes laboratory procedures for oomycete cultivation and total RNA extraction from harvested mycelia, followed by instructions on suitable parameters given for sequencing companies on ribosomal RNA depletion, cDNA library preparation, and total RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). We also describe the bioinformatics steps needed for de novo assembly of raw reads into contigs, removal of host-associated contigs, and virus identification by database searches, as well as host validation by RT-PCR. All steps are described using an exemplar RNA-Seq library containing a yet undescribed fusagravirus hosted by a P. fragariae isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Poimala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Eeva Vainio
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Identification of Three Viruses Infecting Mulberry Varieties. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112564. [PMID: 36423172 PMCID: PMC9696721 DOI: 10.3390/v14112564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses-mediated genome editing in plants is a powerful strategy to develop plant cultivars with important and novel agricultural traits. Mulberry alba is an important economic tree species that has been cultivated in China for more than 5000 years. So far, only a few viruses have been identified from mulberry trees, and their application potential is largely unknown. Therefore, mining more virus resources from the mulberry tree can pave the way for the establishment of useful engineering tools. In this study, eight old mulberry plants were gathered in seven geographic areas for virome analysis. Based on transcriptome analysis, we discovered three viruses associated with mulberries: Citrus leaf blotch virus isolate mulberry alba 2 (CLBV-ML2), Mulberry-associated virga-like virus (MaVLV), and Mulberry-associated narna-like virus (MaNLV). The genome of CLBV-ML2 was completely sequenced and exhibited high homology with Citriviruses, considered to be members of the genus Citrivirus, while the genomes of MaVLV and MaNLV were nearly completed lacking the 5' and 3' termini sequences. We tentatively consider MaVLV to be members of the family Virgaviridae and MaNLV to be members of the genus Narnavirus based on the results of phylogenetic trees. The infection experiments showed that CLBV-ML2 could be detected in the inoculated seedlings of both N. benthamiana and Morus alba, while MaVLV could only be detected in N. benthamiana. All of the infected seedlings did not show obvious symptoms.
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Nerva L, Garcia JF, Favaretto F, Giudice G, Moffa L, Sandrini M, Cantu D, Zanzotto A, Gardiman M, Velasco R, Gambino G, Chitarra W. The hidden world within plants: metatranscriptomics unveils the complexity of wood microbiomes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2682-2697. [PMID: 35106548 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The importance of plants as complex entities influenced by genomes of the associated microorganisms is now seen as a new source of variability for a more sustainable agriculture, also in the light of ongoing climate change. For this reason, we investigated through metatranscriptomics whether the taxa profile and behaviour of microbial communities associated with the wood of 20-year-old grapevine plants are influenced by the health status of the host. We report for the first time a metatranscriptome from a complex tissue in a real environment, highlighting that this approach is able to define the microbial community better than referenced transcriptomic approaches. In parallel, the use of total RNA enabled the identification of bacterial taxa in healthy samples that, once isolated from the original wood tissue, displayed potential biocontrol activities against a wood-degrading fungal taxon. Furthermore, we revealed an unprecedented high number of new viral entities (~120 new viral species among 180 identified) associated with a single and limited environment and with potential impact on the whole holobiont. Taken together, our results suggest a complex multitrophic interaction in which the viral community also plays a crucial role in raising new ecological questions for the exploitation of microbial-assisted sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Nerva
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Jadran F Garcia
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Francesco Favaretto
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
- University of Padova, Department of Agronomy, Animals, Food, Natural Resources and Environment (DAFNAE), Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Gaetano Giudice
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
- University of Milano, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA), Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Loredana Moffa
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
- University of Udine, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Sandrini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
- University of Udine, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Alessandro Zanzotto
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Massimo Gardiman
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Riccardo Velasco
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Giorgio Gambino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Walter Chitarra
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
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Nuzzo F, Moine A, Nerva L, Pagliarani C, Perrone I, Boccacci P, Gribaudo I, Chitarra W, Gambino G. Grapevine virome and production of healthy plants by somatic embryogenesis. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:1357-1373. [PMID: 35182024 PMCID: PMC9049623 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis spp.) is a widespread fruit tree hosting many viral entities that interact with the plant modifying its responses to the environment. The production of virus‐free plants is becoming increasingly crucial for the use of grapevine as a model species in different studies. Using high‐throughput RNA sequencing, the viromes of seven mother plants grown in a germplasm collection vineyard were sequenced. In addition to the viruses and viroids already detected in grapevine, we identified 13 putative new mycoviruses. The different spread among grapevine tissues collected in vineyard, greenhouse and in vitro conditions suggested a clear distinction between viruses/viroids and mycoviruses that can successfully be exploited for their identification. Mycoviruses were absent in in vitro cultures, while plant viruses and viroids were particularly accumulated in these plantlets. Somatic embryogenesis applied to the seven mother plants was effective in the elimination of the complete virome, including mycoviruses. However, different sanitization efficiencies for viroids and grapevine pinot gris virus were observed among genotypes. The absence of mycoviruses in in vitro plantlets, associated with the absence of all viral entities in somaclones, suggested that this regeneration technique is also effective to eradicate endophytic/epiphytic fungi, resulting in gnotobiotic or pseudo‐gnotobiotic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Nuzzo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Amedeo Moine
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Luca Nerva
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy.,Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, Conegliano, 31015, Italy
| | - Chiara Pagliarani
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Irene Perrone
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Paolo Boccacci
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Ivana Gribaudo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Walter Chitarra
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy.,Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, Conegliano, 31015, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gambino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino, 10135, Italy
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Crucitti D, Chiapello M, Oliva D, Forgia M, Turina M, Carimi F, La Bella F, Pacifico D. Identification and Molecular Characterization of Novel Mycoviruses in Saccharomyces and Non- Saccharomyces Yeasts of Oenological Interest. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010052. [PMID: 35062256 PMCID: PMC8778689 DOI: 10.3390/v14010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wine yeasts can be natural hosts for dsRNA, ssRNA viruses and retrotransposon elements. In this study, high-throughput RNA sequencing combined with bioinformatic analyses unveiled the virome associated to 16 Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 8 non-Saccharomyces strains of oenological interest. Results showed the presence of six viruses and two satellite dsRNAs from four different families, two of which-Partitiviridae and Mitoviridae-were not reported before in yeasts, as well as two ORFan contigs of viral origin. According to phylogenetic analysis, four new putative mycoviruses distributed in Totivirus, Cryspovirus, and Mitovirus genera were identified. The majority of commercial S. cerevisiae strains were confirmed to be the host for helper L-A type totiviruses and satellite M dsRNAs associated with the killer phenotype, both in single and mixed infections with L-BC totiviruses, and two viral sequences belonging to a new cryspovirus putative species discovered here for the first time. Moreover, single infection by a narnavirus 20S-related sequence was also found in one S. cerevisiae strain. Considering the non-Saccharomyces yeasts, Starmerella bacillaris hosted four RNAs of viral origin-two clustering in Totivirus and Mitovirus genera, and two ORFans with putative satellite behavior. This study confirmed the infection of wine yeasts by viruses associated with useful technological characteristics and demonstrated the presence of complex mixed infections with unpredictable biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Crucitti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse (IBBR), C.N.R., Corso Calatafimi 414, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.C.); (F.L.B.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (D.P.); Tel.: +39-091-657-4578 (D.C.)
| | - Marco Chiapello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), C.N.R., Strada delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (M.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Daniele Oliva
- Istituto Regionale del Vino e dell’Olio (IRVO), Via Libertà 66, 90143 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Marco Forgia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), C.N.R., Strada delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (M.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Massimo Turina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), C.N.R., Strada delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (M.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Francesco Carimi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse (IBBR), C.N.R., Corso Calatafimi 414, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.C.); (F.L.B.)
| | - Francesca La Bella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse (IBBR), C.N.R., Corso Calatafimi 414, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.C.); (F.L.B.)
| | - Davide Pacifico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse (IBBR), C.N.R., Corso Calatafimi 414, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.C.); (F.L.B.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (D.P.); Tel.: +39-091-657-4578 (D.C.)
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7
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Degola F, Spadola G, Forgia M, Turina M, Dramis L, Chitarra W, Nerva L. Aspergillus Goes Viral: Ecological Insights from the Geographical Distribution of the Mycovirome within an Aspergillus flavus Population and Its Possible Correlation with Aflatoxin Biosynthesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:833. [PMID: 34682254 PMCID: PMC8538035 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial multi-level interactions are essential to control the success of spreading and survival of most microbes in natural environments. Phytopathogenic mycotoxigenic fungal species, such as Aspergillus flavus, represent an important issue in food safety. Usually, non-toxigenic strains are exploited for biocontrol strategies to mitigate infections by toxigenic strains. To comprehend all the biological variables involved in the aflatoxin biosynthesis, and to possibly evaluate the interplay between A. flavus toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains during intraspecific biocompetition, the "virological" perspective should be considered. For these reasons, investigations on mycoviruses associated to A. flavus populations inhabiting specific agroecosystems are highly desirable. Here, we provide the first accurate characterization of the novel mycovirome identified within an A. flavus wild population colonizing the maize fields of northern Italy: a selection of A. flavus strains was biologically characterized and subjected to RNAseq analysis, revealing new mycoviruses and a peculiar geographic pattern distribution in addition to a 20% rate of infection. More interestingly, a negative correlation between viral infection and aflatoxin production was found. Results significantly expanded the limited existent data about mycoviruses in wild A. flavus, opening new and intriguing hypotheses about the ecological significance of mycoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Degola
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (G.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Giorgio Spadola
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (G.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Marco Forgia
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.F.); (M.T.); (W.C.)
| | - Massimo Turina
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.F.); (M.T.); (W.C.)
| | - Lucia Dramis
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (G.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Walter Chitarra
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.F.); (M.T.); (W.C.)
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
| | - Luca Nerva
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.F.); (M.T.); (W.C.)
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
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Poimala A, Parikka P, Hantula J, Vainio EJ. Viral diversity in Phytophthora cactorum population infecting strawberry. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5200-5221. [PMID: 33848054 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Eighty-eight Phytophthora cactorum strains isolated from crown or leather rot of strawberry in 1971-2019 were screened for viruses using RNA-seq and RT-PCR. Remarkably, all but one isolate were virus-infected, most of them harbouring more than one virus of different genera or species. The most common virus occurring in 94% of the isolates was the Phytophthora cactorum RNA virus 1 (PcRV1) resembling members of Totiviridae. Novel viruses related to members of Endornaviridae, named Phytophthora cactorum alphaendornaviruses 1-3 (PcAEV1-3), were found in 57% of the isolates. Four isolates hosted viruses with affinities to Bunyaviridae, named Phytophthora cactorum bunyaviruses 1-3 (PcBV1-3), and a virus resembling members of the proposed genus 'Ustivirus', named Phytophthora cactorum usti-like virus (PcUV1), was found in a single isolate. Most of the virus species were represented by several distinct strains sharing ≥81.4% aa sequence identity. We found no evidence of spatial differentiation but some temporal changes in the P. cactorum virus community were observed. Some isolates harboured two or more closely related strains of the same virus (PcAEV1 or PcRV1) sharing 86.6%-96.4% nt identity in their polymerase sequence. This was surprising as viruses with such a high similarity are typically mutually exclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Poimala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Forest Health and Biodiversity, Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, FI-00790, Finland
| | - Päivi Parikka
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Plant Health, Humppilantie 18, Jokioinen, 31600, Finland
| | - Jarkko Hantula
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Forest Health and Biodiversity, Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, FI-00790, Finland
| | - Eeva J Vainio
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Forest Health and Biodiversity, Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, FI-00790, Finland
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Virome characterization of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates from Azerbaijan unveiled a new mymonavirus and a putative new RNA virus unrelated to described viral sequences. Virology 2020; 553:51-61. [PMID: 33221630 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight is controlled in Europe through natural spread of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1), a mycovirus able to induce hypovirulence to the host. In recent years C. parasitica was reported infecting Azerbaijani population of chestnut, but the presence of CHV1 still needs to be confirmed. Aim of this work was to investigate fifty-five C. parasitica isolates collected in Azerbaijan to describe the associated viruses. Our work found i) the first negative-sense ssRNA virus known to infect C. parasitica naturally for which we propose the name Cryphonectria parasitica sclerotimonavirus 1 (CpSV1) and ii) an RNA sequence showing peculiar features suggesting a viral nature for which we propose the name Cryphonectria parasitica ambivirus 1 (CpaV1). The discovery of CpaV1 expands our knowledge of the RNA virosphere suggesting the existence of a new lineage that cannot presently be reliably associated to the monophyletic Riboviria.
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Abstract
Mycoviruses, just as the fungal endophytes they infect, are ubiquitous biological entities on Earth. Mycoviruses constitute a diverse group of viruses, and metagenomic approaches have-through recent discoveries of been mycoviruses-only recently began to provide evidence of this astonishing diversity. The current review presents (1) various mycoviruses which infect fungal endophytes and forest pathogens, (2) their presumed origins and interactions with fungi, plants and the environment, (3) high-throughput sequencing techniques that can be used to explore the horizontal gene transfer of mycoviruses, and (4) how the hypo- and hypervirulence induced by mycoviral infection is relevant to the biological control of pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Bakar Siddique
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (EMG), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Two New Putative Plant Viruses from Wood Metagenomics Analysis of an Esca Diseased Vineyard. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070835. [PMID: 32635154 PMCID: PMC7412230 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The concept of plant as a holobiont is now spreading among the scientific community and the importance to study plant-associated microorganisms is becoming more and more necessary. Along with bacteria and fungi, also viruses can play important roles during the holobiont-environment interactions. In grapevine, viruses are studied mainly as pathological agents, and many species (more than 80) are known to be able to replicate inside its tissues. In this study two new viral species associated with grape wood tissues are presented, one belongs to the Potyviridae family and one to the Bunyavirales order. Due to the ability of potyviruses to enhance heterologous virus replication, it will be important to assess the presence of such a virus in the grapevine population to understand its ecological role. Furthermore, the association of the cogu-like virus with esca symptomatic samples opens new questions and the necessity of a more detailed characterization of this virus.
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Nerva L, Forgia M, Ciuffo M, Chitarra W, Chiapello M, Vallino M, Varese GC, Turina M. The mycovirome of a fungal collection from the sea cucumber Holothuria polii. Virus Res 2019; 273:197737. [PMID: 31479695 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Holothuria polii is a marine animal with an important ecological and economic impact. In the present study we analysed the presence of mycoviruses associated to fungi that were isolated from different H. polii tissues. Among the 48 fungal isolates analysed we identified 10 viruses in 8 strains belonging to 7 fungal species. Five out of nine viruses have a dsRNA genome: three of them belong to the Partitiviridae family, one belongs to a still undefined clade of bipartite viruses and the last one belongs to the Chrysoviridae family. We also identified two viruses belonging to a recently proposed new mycovirus taxon named polymycovirus. Two viruses belong to the positive single stranded RNA clade: one falls into the new Botourmiaviridae family, specifically in the Magoulivirus genus, and the other one falls into a still undefined clade phylogenetically related to tombusviruses. Finally, we also identified a virus with a negative stranded RNA genome showing similarity to a group of viruses recently proposed as a new family of mycoviruses in the order Bunyavirales. A bioinformatics approach comparing two datasets of contigs containing two closely related mycobunyaviruses allowed us to identify putative nucleocapsids (Nc) and non-structural (Ns) associated proteins. The GenBank/eMBL/DDBJ accession numbers of the sequences reported in this paper are: PRJNA432529, MG913290, MG913291, MG887747, MG887748, MG887749, MG887750, MG887751, MG887752, MG887753, MG887754, MG887755, MG887756, MG887757, MG887758, MG887759, MG887760, MG887761, MG887762, MG887763, MG887764, MG887765, MG887766, MG887767, MH271211, MN163273, MN163274.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nerva
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, CREA, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
| | - M Forgia
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - M Ciuffo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - W Chitarra
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, CREA, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
| | - M Chiapello
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - M Vallino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - G C Varese
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - M Turina
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy.
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Picarelli MASC, Forgia M, Rivas EB, Nerva L, Chiapello M, Turina M, Colariccio A. Extreme Diversity of Mycoviruses Present in Isolates of Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2 LP From Zoysia japonica From Brazil. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:244. [PMID: 31355150 PMCID: PMC6640214 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoysia japonica, in Brazil, is commonly infected by Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani) in humid and cool weather conditions. Eight isolates of R. solani, previously identified as belonging to the AG2-2 LP anastomosis group, isolated from samples from large path symptoms, were collected from three counties in São Paulo state (Brazil) and investigated for the presence of mycoviruses. After detection of double-strand RNA (dsRNA) in all samples, RNA_Seq analysis of ribosomal RNA-depleted total RNA from in vitro cultivated mycelia was performed. Forty-seven partial or complete viral unique RNA dependent-RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequences were obtained with a high prevalence of positive sense ssRNA viruses. Sequences were sufficiently different from the first match in BLAST searches suggesting that they all qualify as possible new viral species, except for one sequence showing an almost complete match with Rhizoctonia solani dsRNA virus 2, an alphapartitivirus. Surprisingly four large contigs of putative viral RNA could not be assigned to any existing clade of viruses present in the databases, but no DNA was detected corresponding to these fragments confirming their viral replicative nature. This is the first report on the occurrence of mycoviruses in R. solani AG2-2 LP in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Forgia
- Department of Life Science and System Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Turin, Italy
| | - Eliana B Rivas
- Phytopathological Diagnostic Laboratory, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luca Nerva
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Turin, Italy.,Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Conegliano, Italy
| | - Marco Chiapello
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Turina
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Turin, Italy
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14
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Wang J, Xiao Y, Zhao H, Ni Y, Liu X, Zhao X, Wang G, Xiao X, Liu H. A novel double-stranded RNA mycovirus that infects Macrophomina phaseolina. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2411-2416. [PMID: 31254049 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophomina phaseolina is a pathogenic fungus of the family Botryosphaeriaceae that causes stem rot or leaf blight in many economically important plants. Mycoviruses exist widely in fungi, but there are only a limited number of reports on mycovirus infection in M. phaseolina. A novel dsRNA virus, tentatively named "Macrophomina phaseolina fusagravirus 1" (MpFV1), was isolated from strain 2012-19 of M. phaseolina, and its molecular features were examined. The full-length cDNA of MpFV1 comprises 9,289 nucleotides with a predicted GC content of 48.1% and two discontinuous open reading frames (ORF 1 and 2). A-1 frameshift region with two typical factors, including a shifty heptamer (GGAAAAC) and an H-type pseudoknot, was predicted in the junction region of ORF1 and ORF2. The protein encoded by ORF1 shows significant similarity to a hypothetical protein, whereas ORF2 encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) via a ribosomal frameshifting mechanism. Homology searches and phylogenetic analysis based on the RdRp sequence suggested that MpFV1 is a new member of the proposed family "Fusagraviridae".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yannong Xiao
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Ni
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xintao Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinbei Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Nerva L, Turina M, Zanzotto A, Gardiman M, Gaiotti F, Gambino G, Chitarra W. Isolation, molecular characterization and virome analysis of culturable wood fungal endophytes in esca symptomatic and asymptomatic grapevine plants. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:2886-2904. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Nerva
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics – Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA‐VE Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV) Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino Italy
| | - Massimo Turina
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino Italy
| | - Alessandro Zanzotto
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics – Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA‐VE Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV) Italy
| | - Massimo Gardiman
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics – Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA‐VE Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV) Italy
| | - Federica Gaiotti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics – Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA‐VE Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV) Italy
| | - Giorgio Gambino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino Italy
| | - Walter Chitarra
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics – Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA‐VE Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV) Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino Italy
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16
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Nerva L, Vigani G, Di Silvestre D, Ciuffo M, Forgia M, Chitarra W, Turina M. Biological and Molecular Characterization of Chenopodium quinoa Mitovirus 1 Reveals a Distinct Small RNA Response Compared to Those of Cytoplasmic RNA Viruses. J Virol 2019; 93:e01998-18. [PMID: 30651361 PMCID: PMC6430534 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01998-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirect evidence of mitochondrial viruses in plants comes from discovery of genomic fragments integrated into the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of a number of plant species. Here, we report the existence of replicating mitochondrial virus in plants: from transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) data of infected Chenopodium quinoa, a plant species commonly used as a test plant in virus host range experiments, among other virus contigs, we could assemble a 2.7-kb contig that had highest similarity to mitoviruses found in plant genomes. Northern blot analyses confirmed the existence of plus- and minus-strand RNA corresponding to the mitovirus genome. No DNA corresponding to the genomic RNA was detected, excluding the endogenization of such virus. We have tested a number of C. quinoa accessions, and the virus was present in a number of commercial varieties but absent from a large collection of Bolivian and Peruvian accessions. The virus could not be transmitted mechanically or by grafting, but it is transmitted vertically through seeds at a 100% rate. Small RNA analysis of a C. quinoa line carrying the mitovirus and infected by alfalfa mosaic virus showed that the typical antiviral silencing response active against cytoplasmic viruses (21- to 22-nucleotide [nt] vsRNA peaks) is not active against CqMV1, since in this specific case the longest accumulating vsRNA length is 16 nt, which is the same as that corresponding to RNA from mitochondrial genes. This is evidence of a distinct viral RNA degradation mechanism active inside mitochondria that also may have an antiviral effect.IMPORTANCE This paper reports the first biological characterization of a bona fide plant mitovirus in an important crop, Chenopodium quinoa, providing data supporting that mitoviruses have the typical features of cryptic (persistent) plant viruses. We, for the first time, demonstrate that plant mitoviruses are associated with mitochondria in plants. In contrast to fungal mitoviruses, plant mitoviruses are not substantially affected by the antiviral silencing pathway, and the most abundant mitovirus small RNA length is 16 nt.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nerva
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Turin, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Conegliano, Italy
| | - G Vigani
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - D Di Silvestre
- Institute for Biomedical Technology, CNR, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - M Ciuffo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Turin, Italy
| | - M Forgia
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Turin, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - W Chitarra
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Turin, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Conegliano, Italy
| | - M Turina
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Turin, Italy
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