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Su Y, Zheng T, Bi Z, Jia X, Li Y, Kuang X, Yang Y, Chen Q, Lin H, Huang Y, Huang S, Qiao Y, Wu T, Zhang J, Xia N. Pattern of multiple human papillomavirus infection and type competition: An analysis in healthy Chinese women aged 18-45 years. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2334474. [PMID: 38619081 PMCID: PMC11020552 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2334474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
To assess the pattern of multiple human papillomavirus infection to predict the type replacement postvaccination. A total of 7372 women aged 18-45y from a phase III trial of an Escherichia coli-produced HPV-16/18 vaccine were analyzed at enrollment visit before vaccination. Hierarchical multilevel logistic regression was used to evaluate HPV vaccine type and nonvaccine-type interactions with age as a covariate. Binary logistic regression was construed to compare multiple infections with single infections to explore the impact of multiple-type infections on the risk of cervical disease. Multiple HPV infections were observed in 25.2% of HPV-positive women and multiple infections were higher than expected by chance. Statistically significant negative associations were observed between HPV16 and 52, HPV18 and HPV51/52/58, HPV31 and HPV39/51/52/53/54/58, HPV33 and HPV52/58, HPV58 and HPV52, HPV6 and HPV 39/51/52/53/54/56/58. Multiple HPV infections increased the risk of CIN2+ and HSIL+, with the ORs of 2.27(95%CI: 1.41, 3.64) and 2.26 (95%CI: 1.29, 3.95) for multiple oncogenic HPV infection separately. However, no significant evidence for the type-type interactions on risk of CIN2+ or HSIL+. There is possibility of type replacement between several pairs of vaccine and nonvaccine HPV type. Multiple HPV infection increased the risk of cervical disease, but coinfection HPV types seem to follow independent disease processes. Continued post-vaccination surveillance for HPV 51/52/58 types and HPV 39/51 types separately was essential after the first and second generation of HPV vaccination implementation in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tingquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhaofeng Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinhua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Cancer Center, National Center for Cancer Clinical Research, The Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Cancer Center, National Center for Cancer Clinical Research, The Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Cancer Center, National Center for Cancer Clinical Research, The Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Cancer Center, National Center for Cancer Clinical Research, The Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongyan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shoujie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Youlin Qiao
- National Cancer Center, National Center for Cancer Clinical Research, The Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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O'Keeffe FE, Pendleton RC, Holland CV, Luijckx P. Increased virulence due to multiple infection in Daphnia leads to limited growth in 1 of 2 co-infecting microsporidian parasites. Parasitology 2024; 151:58-67. [PMID: 37981808 PMCID: PMC10941049 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of various infectious diseases have highlighted the ever-present need to understand the drivers of the outbreak and spread of disease. Although much of the research investigating diseases focuses on single infections, natural systems are dominated by multiple infections. These infections may occur simultaneously, but are often acquired sequentially, which may alter the outcome of infection. Using waterfleas (Daphnia magna) as a model organism, we examined the outcome of sequential and simultaneous multiple infections with 2 microsporidian parasites (Ordospora colligata and Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis) in a fully factorial design with 9 treatments and 30 replicates. We found no differences between simultaneous and sequential infections. However, H. tvaerminnensis fitness was impeded by multiple infection due to increased host mortality, which gave H. tvaerminnensis less time to grow. Host fecundity was also reduced across all treatments, but animals infected with O. colligata at a younger age produced the fewest offspring. As H. tvaerminnensis is both horizontally and vertically transmitted, this reduction in offspring may have further reduced H. tvaerminnensis fitness in co-infected treatments. Our findings suggest that in natural populations where both species co-occur, H. tvaerminnensis may evolve to higher levels of virulence following frequent co-infection by O. colligata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane E. O'Keeffe
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rebecca C. Pendleton
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Celia V. Holland
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pepijn Luijckx
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Wang Y, Gong Y, Zhou Q, Qu W, Chen F, Wang Y, Mo J, Zhang H, Lin L, Bi T, Wang X, Gu J, Xu C, Li Y. Genetic variability analysis of human papillomavirus 58: Novel sublineage identification and persistent infection association. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29262. [PMID: 38037452 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to characterize the genetic variability of HPV58, identify novel lineages and sublineages, and explore the association between persistent/multiple HPV58 infections and genetic variation. In this study, samples from 124 women with HPV58 infection in Eastern China were collected and 81 isolates of E6 and L1 full-length genes were successfully amplified from 55 samples. We evaluated the diversity of genetic variants and performed correlation analyses between genetic variability and pathology, vaccination, multiple infections, and persistent infections. Among the E6 and L1 gene sequences collected, the dominant prevailing sublineages were A1 (46.2%) and A2 (23.1%). In addition, we found two potential novel sublineages denoted as the A4 and A5 sublineage. A total of 50 nucleotide substitutions, including 28 synonymous substitutions and 22 nonsynonymous substitutions, were observed in the E6 and L1 genes. Among them, variants with A388C/K93N substitutions in the E6 gene correlated with persistent infection (≥1 and ≥2 years) (p < 0.005), and C307T/C66C was associated with persistent infection (≥2 years) (p < 0.005). Notably, two mutations above were detected in the isolate from the patient with breakthrough vaccine infection. Our study found two novel sublineages and sites of genetic variability in multiple and persistent infection variants. In addition, we identified two mutational sites associated with persistent infection. This study provides new insight into the clinical characteristics of HPV 58 genetic variations and offers new ideas for research on next-generation vaccines in Eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingxin Gong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Qu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayin Mo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Bi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xujie Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiashi Gu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Congjian Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Cui Z, Le Y, Liu H, Feng L, Zhang S. Misdiagnosed periappendiceal and intestinal tuberculosis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:5720-5723. [PMID: 37915626 PMCID: PMC10617938 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and importance The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. It mainly involves the respiratory system, causing fever, cough, chest tightness, and other symptoms. However, when combined with other common or rare diseases, such as appendicitis and intestinal tuberculosis (TB), it can cause other systemic lesions, thus making the original disease lose its specific clinical manifestations. This case highlights the importance of early identification and clinical precision medicine diagnosis and treatment. Case presentation A young woman presented with intermittent pain and discomfort in the right lower quadrant. Ultrasonography suggested appendicitis with a peripheral abscess. The nucleic acid test of COVID-19 was positive, and the chest computed tomography scan showed pulmonary involvement. She was sent for surgery. Postoperative body temperature increased regularly, and the TB T-cell test was positive. Clinical discussion Multiple infections caused by common bacteria, pandemic virus, and specific mycobacterium TB cause a series of nonspecific clinical manifestations, which brings challenges to clinical diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, when facing a complex infection case, the authors should consider the possibility of multiple infections and give targeted treatment for the pathogens. Conclusions During the epidemic of COVID-19, the incidence of intestinal TB is relatively low, which is easy to be overlooked and misdiagnosed, especially in the case of appendicitis. Therefore, clinicians must be highly vigilant in the diagnosis process to avoid missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis, so as to provide the best diagnosis and treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Cui
- Department of Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou
| | - Yi Le
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shanghai Mengchao Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shanghai Mengchao Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linjing Feng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shanghai Mengchao Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaogeng Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shanghai Mengchao Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Kang G, Woo WS, Kim KH, Son HJ, Sohn MY, Kong HJ, Kim YO, Kim DG, Kim EM, Noh ES, Park CI. Identification of Potential Hazards Associated with South Korean Prawns and Monitoring Results Targeting Fishing Bait. Pathogens 2023; 12:1228. [PMID: 37887744 PMCID: PMC10610149 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study detected two potential pathogens, Vibro parahaemolyticus, which causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), in fishing bait in South Korea. However, their infectious nature was not confirmed, possibly due to the degradation caused by freezing/thawing or prolonged storage under frozen conditions. While infectivity was not confirmed in this study, there is still a significant risk of exposure to these aquatic products. Furthermore, fishing bait and feed should be handled with caution as they are directly exposed to water, increasing the risk of disease transmission. In Australia, cases of WSSV infection caused by imported shrimp intended for human consumption have occurred, highlighting the need for preventive measures. While freezing/thawing is a method for inactivating pathogens, there are still regulatory and realistic issues to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyoungsik Kang
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (G.K.)
| | - Won-Sik Woo
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (G.K.)
| | - Kyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (G.K.)
| | - Ha-Jeong Son
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (G.K.)
| | - Min-Young Sohn
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (G.K.)
| | - Hee Jeong Kong
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ok Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Soo Noh
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (G.K.)
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Gong P, Shi B, Cong X, Yang L, Gong C, Zhou Y, Li X, Wang J. Multiple infections containing the top five prevalent HPV genotypes and their impact on cervical lesions in Changzhou, China. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2245723. [PMID: 37584193 PMCID: PMC10435003 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2245723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions. The overall prevalence of HPV genotypes in Changzhou has previously been reported. However, the distribution of multiple HPV infections and their roles in cervical injury have less been investigated. We aimed to assess the prevalence of multiple HPV infections among the people in Changzhou. Furthermore, we analyzed whether multiple HPV infections comprising the top five prevalent HPVs were more associated with abnormalities in E6 and E7 (E6/E7) mRNA, liquid-based cytology, and cervical histopathology than a single infection. In the current study, HPV 16, 52, 58, 53, and 81 were the top five prevalent HPV types, both in single and multiple infections. Compared to a single infection, multiple infections containing HPV 16/52/58 were closely linked to positivity for E6/E7 mRNA. In addition to HPV 16, multiple infections containing the remaining top four HPVs conferred a significant advantage on atypical squamous cells of undermined significance or worse in comparison to a single infection. Furthermore, women with multiple infections containing the top five prevalent HPV types were more likely to develop cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade II or worse than those with a single HPV infection. Our results demonstrate the superiority of multiple HPV infections containing the top five prevalent HPV types in cervical disease progression, which should be closely monitored. These findings are conducive for formulating regional preventive strategies for cervical cancer screening and vaccination in Changzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bingwei Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Xing Cong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chunxiang Gong
- Department of Pathology, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Yilan Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
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Liu J, Wang C, Ma J, Wei S, Li Y, Chen X, Zhao Q, Huo Y. Pattern of infection and genotypes of human papillomavirus in Zhengzhou City based on a four-year (2015-2018) epidemiological study. Women Health 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37280193 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2023.2221742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been associated with the development of cervical cancer. To reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and promote awareness of HPV, a government-sponsored epidemiological study was conducted from 2015 to 2018 in Zhengzhou City. A total of 184,092 women aged 25-64 years were included, of which 19,579 were infected with HPV, reflecting a prevalence of 10.64 percent (19,579/184,092). The HPV genotypes found were classified as high-risk (13 genotypes) and low-risk (8 genotypes). Single and multiple infections were detected in 13,787 (70.42 percent) and 5,792 (29.58 percent) women, respectively. The five most common high-risk genotypes detected, listed in descending order, were HPV52 (2.14 percent; 3,931/184,092), HPV16 (2.04 percent; 3,756/184,092), HPV58 (1.42 percent; 2,607/184,092), HPV56 (1.01 percent; 1,858/184,092), and HPV39 (0.81 percent; 1,491/184,092). Meanwhile, the most common low-risk genotype was HPV53 (0.88 percent; 1,625/184,092). The prevalence of HPV gradually increased with age, with the highest occurring in women aged 55-64 years. The prevalence of single-type HPV infection decreased with age, whereas that of multiple-type HPV infection increased with age. This study indicates a high burden of HPV infection in women in Zhengzhou City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuguang Wei
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuhui Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingxia Zhao
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Huo
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
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Gong Y, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Qu W, Chen F, Wang Y, Mo J, Zhang H, Lin L, Bi T, Wang X, Gu J, Sui L, Li Y. The possible impact of novel mutations in human papillomavirus 52 on the infection characteristics. Microb Genom 2023; 9. [PMID: 37103992 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus 52 (HPV52) infection is prevalent in the Chinese population, and variations in HPV52 show correlations with oncogenicity. However, no specific variation in HPV52 was reported to show relevancy to infection characteristics. In this study, we retrieved 222 isolates of E6 and L1 full-length genes from 197 Chinese women with HPV52 infection. After sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree construction, we found that 98.39 % of the collected variants belonged to the sublineage B2 and two variants displayed incongruence between the phylogenetic tree of E6 and L1. The analysis of the infection pattern showed that the presence of C6480A/T mutation in the L1 gene was associated with single infection (P=0.01) and persistent infection (P=0.047) of HPV52, while the A6516G nucleotide change was relevant to transient infection (P=0.018). Our data also indicated that variations T309C in the E6 gene and C6480T, C6600A in L1 were more commonly presented in patients with high-grade cytology (P<0.05). One HPV52 breakthrough infection after vaccination was identified, which hinted at the immune escape post-vaccination. Young coitarche age and non-condom usage were correlated to multiple infections. This study provided insight into the polymorphism of HPV52 and revealed the impact of variations in HPV52 on its infection characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Gong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wenjie Qu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiayin Mo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tianyi Bi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xujie Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiashi Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Long Sui
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yanyun Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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9
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Li H, Jiang Z, Zhou J, Liu X, Zhang Y, Chu D. Ecological Factors Associated with the Distribution of Bemisia tabaci Cryptic Species and Their Facultative Endosymbionts. Insects 2023; 14:252. [PMID: 36975937 PMCID: PMC10053707 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci species complex, comprises at least 44 morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species, whose endosymbiont infection patterns often varied at the spatial and temporal dimension. However, the effects of ecological factors (e.g., climatic or geographical factors) on the distribution of whitefly and the infection frequencies of their endosymbionts have not been fully elucidated. We, here, analyzed the associations between ecological factors and the distribution of whitefly and their three facultative endosymbionts (Candidatus Cardinium hertigii, Candidatus Hamiltonella defensa, and Rickettsia sp.) by screening 665 individuals collected from 29 geographical localities across China. The study identified eight B. tabaci species via mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene sequence alignment: two invasive species, MED (66.9%) and MEAM1 (12.2%), and six native cryptic species (20.9%), which differed in distribution patterns, ecological niches, and high suitability areas. The infection frequencies of the three endosymbionts in different cryptic species were distinct and multiple infections were relatively common in B. tabaci MED populations. Furthermore, the annual mean temperature positively affected Cardinium sp. and Rickettsia sp. infection frequencies in B. tabaci MED but negatively affected the quantitative distribution of B. tabaci MED, which indicates that Cardinium sp. and Rickettsia sp. maybe play a crucial role in the thermotolerance of B. tabaci MED, although the host whitefly per se exhibits no resistance to high temperature. Our findings revealed the complex effects of ecological factors on the expansion of the invasive whitefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongran Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 515100, China
| | - Zhihui Jiang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jincheng Zhou
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dong Chu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Zou J, Liu H, Chen J, Zhang J, Li X, Long Y, Jiang Y, Li W, Zhou B. Development of a TaqMan-Probe-Based Multiplex Real-Time PCR for the Simultaneous Detection of Porcine Circovirus 2, 3, and 4 in East China from 2020 to 2022. Vet Sci 2022; 10:29. [PMID: 36669030 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus disease (PCVD) caused by porcine circovirus (PCV) is an important swine disease that is characterized by porcine dermatitis, nephropathy syndrome, and reproductive disorders in sows. However, disease caused by PCV2, PCV3, or PCV4 is hard to distinguish, so a rapid and sensitive detection method is urgently needed to differentiate these three types. In this study, four pairs of specific primers and the corresponding probes for PCV 2, -3, and -4, and porcine endogenous gene β-Actin as the positive internal reference index, were designed to establish a TaqMan multiplex real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for the simultaneous differential diagnosis of different types of viruses. The results showed that this assay has good specificity and no cross-reactivity with other important porcine viral pathogens. Furthermore, it has high sensitivity, with a detection limit of 101 copies/μL, and good reproducibility, with intra- and inter-group coefficients of variation below 2%. Subsequently, 535 clinical samples of suspected sow reproductive disorders collected from Shandong, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Jiangsu provinces from 2020 to 2022 were analyzed using the established assay. The results showed that the individual positive rates of PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 were 31.03%, 30.09%, and 30.84%, respectively; the mixed infection rates of PCV2 and PCV3, PCV2 and PCV4, and PCV3 and PCV4 were 31.03%, 30.09%, and 30.84%, respectively; the mixed infection rate of PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 was 28.22%. This indicated that this assay provides a convenient tool for the rapid detection and differentiation of PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 in pig farms in East China. Our findings highlight that there are different types of porcine circovirus infection in pig farms in East China, which makes pig disease prevention and control difficult.
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11
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Palumbo PJ, Grant-McAuley W, Grabowski MK, Zhang Y, Richardson P, Piwowar-Manning E, Sharma D, Clarke W, Laeyendecker O, Rose S, Ha TV, Dumchev K, Djoerban Z, Redd A, Hanscom B, Hoffman I, Miller WC, Eshleman SH. Multiple Infection and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Superinfection Among Persons who Inject Drugs in Indonesia and Ukraine. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:2181-2191. [PMID: 36346452 PMCID: PMC10205628 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 074 study evaluated an integrated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment and prevention strategy among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in Indonesia, Ukraine, and Vietnam. We previously detected multiple HIV infection in 3 of 7 (43%) of seroconverters with 3-8 HIV strains per person. In this report, we analyzed multiple HIV infection and HIV superinfection (SI) in the HPTN 074 cohort. METHODS We analyzed samples from 70 participants in Indonesia and Ukraine who had viral load >400 copies/mL at enrollment and the final study visit (median follow-up, 2.5 years). HIV was characterized with Sanger sequencing, next-generation sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Additional methods were used to characterize a rare case of triple-variant SI. RESULTS At enrollment, multiple infection was detected in only 3 of 58 (5.2%) participants with env sequence data. SI was detected in only 1 of 70 participants over 172.3 person-years of follow-up (SI incidence, 0.58/100 person-years [95% confidence interval, .015-3.2]). The SI case involved acquisition of 3 HIV strains with rapid selection of a strain with a single pol region cluster. CONCLUSIONS These data from a large cohort of PWID suggest that intrahost viral selection and other factors may lead to underestimation of the frequency of multiple HIV infection and SI events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Palumbo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendy Grant-McAuley
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Kate Grabowski
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yinfeng Zhang
- Division of Molecular & Genomic Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Shadyside, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Estelle Piwowar-Manning
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Deeksha Sharma
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William Clarke
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott Rose
- Science Facilitation Department, FHI 360, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tran V Ha
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Zubairi Djoerban
- Departments of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Medicine, University of Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andrew Redd
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brett Hanscom
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Irving Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - William C Miller
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Susan H Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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12
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Kim M, Park NJ, Jeong JY, Park JY. Multiple Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Infections Are Associated with HSIL and Persistent HPV Infection Status in Korean Patients. Viruses 2021; 13:1342. [PMID: 34372548 DOI: 10.3390/v13071342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with multiple human papilloma virus (HPV) types have been reported, but their role in cervical carcinogenesis has not been fully elucidated. In this study, 236 cases with multiple HPV infection were examined and compared to 180 cases with single HPV infection. HPV genotyping was performed with cervico-vaginal swab specimens using multiplex (real-time) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In multiple HPV infection, the most prevalent HPV genotype was HPV 53, followed by HPV 16, 58, 52, and 68. HPV 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 53, 58, and 68 were high-risk-HPV (HR-HPV) genotypes that were more frequently detected in multiple HPV infection compared to that in single HPV infection. The association between multiple HPV infection and high-grade SIL (HSIL) was significantly stronger compared to that of single HPV infection and HSIL (p = 0.002). Patients with multiple HPV infection displayed persistent and longer duration of the HPV infection compared to patients with single HPV infection. Multiple HPV infections have distinct clinicopathologic characteristics. Since it is associated with persistent HPV infection, HSIL, and different HR-HPV strains in contrast to single HPV infection, the presence of multiple HPV infection should be reported; close follow up is warranted.
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13
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Laura Flores-Villegas A, Cabrera-Bravo M, De Fuentes-Vicente JA, Guillermo Jiménez-Cortés J, Salazar-Schettino PM, Bucio-Torres MI, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Coinfection by Trypanosoma cruzi and a fungal pathogen increases survival of Chagasic bugs: advice against a fungal control strategy. Bull Entomol Res 2020; 110:363-369. [PMID: 31690355 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triatomine bugs carry the parasitic protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease. It is known that both the parasite and entomopathogenic fungi can decrease bug survival, but the combined effect of both pathogens is not known, which is relevant for biological control purposes. Herein, the survival of the triatomine Meccus pallidipennis (Stal, 1872) was compared when it was coinfected with the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) and T. cruzi, and when both pathogens acted separately. The immune response of the insect was also studied, using phenoloxidase activity in the bug gut and hemolymph, to understand our survival results. Contrary to expectations, triatomine survival was higher in multiple than in single challenges, even though the immune response was lower in cases of multiple infection. We postulate that T. cruzi exerts a protective effect and/or that the insect reduced the resources allocated to defend itself against both pathogens. Based on the present results, the use of M. anisopliae as a control agent should be re-considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Laura Flores-Villegas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Margarita Cabrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José A De Fuentes-Vicente
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente 1150, CP 29029. Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - J Guillermo Jiménez-Cortés
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paz María Salazar-Schettino
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha Irene Bucio-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico
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14
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Gómez-Gallego M, LeBoldus JM, Bader MKF, Hansen E, Donaldson L, Williams NM. Contrasting the Pathogen Loads in Co-Existing Populations of Phytophthora pluvialis and Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii in Douglas Fir Plantations in New Zealand and the Pacific Northwest United States. Phytopathology 2019; 109:1908-1921. [PMID: 31282283 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-18-0479-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of Phytophthora pluvialis as a foliar pathogen of Douglas fir in New Zealand and the Pacific Northwest United States has raised questions about its interaction with the widespread Swiss needle cast (SNC) disease. During Spring 2017, we repeatedly sampled 30 trees along an environmental gradient in each region and 292 additional trees in a longitudinal transect to assess the P. pluvialis epidemic and the association between P. pluvialis and Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii, which are causal agents of SNC. Both pathogens were consistently more abundant in the host's exotic environment in New Zealand. In both areas, the two pathogens co-exist in different spatial scales for regions and needles. The relative abundance of both pathogens was negatively correlated in the Pacific Northwest, where both presumably have co-existed for longer. Our findings confirmed the interaction of P. pluvialis and N. gaeumannii as foliar pathogens of Douglas fir and suggest a within-site spatial variation in the Pacific Northwest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Gómez-Gallego
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Jared M LeBoldus
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | | | - Everett Hansen
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Lloyd Donaldson
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
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15
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Philosoph AM, Dombrovsky A, Elad Y, Koren A, Frenkel O. Insight Into Late Wilting Disease of Cucumber Demonstrates the Complexity of the Phenomenon in Fluctuating Environments. Plant Dis 2019; 103:2877-2883. [PMID: 31490089 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-18-2141-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Some diseases are caused by coinfection of several pathogens in the same plant. However, studies on the complexity of these coinfection events under different environmental conditions are scarce. Our ongoing research involves late wilting disease of cucumber caused by coinfection of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) and Pythium spp. We specifically investigated the role of various temperatures (18, 25, 32°C) on the coinfection by CGMMV and two predominant Pythium species occurring in cucumber greenhouses under Middle Eastern climatic conditions. During the summer months, Pythium aphanidermatum was most common, whereas P. spinosum predominated during the winter-spring period. P. aphanidermatum preferred higher temperatures while P. spinosum preferred low temperatures and caused very low levels of disease at 32°C when the 6-day-old seedlings were infected with P. spinosum alone. Nevertheless, after applying a later coinfection with CGMMV on the 14-day-old plants, a synergistic effect was detected for both Pythium species at optimal and suboptimal temperatures, with P. spinosum causing high mortality incidence even at 32°C. The symptoms caused by CGMMV infection appeared earlier as the temperature increased. However, within each temperature, no significant influence of the combined infection was detected. Our results demonstrate the complexity of coinfection in changing environmental conditions and indicate its involvement in disease development and severity as compared with infection by each of the pathogens alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit M Philosoph
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 7528809, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Levi Eshkol School of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 761001, Israel
| | - Aviv Dombrovsky
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 7528809, Israel
| | - Yigal Elad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 7528809, Israel
| | | | - Omer Frenkel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 7528809, Israel
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16
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Clay PA, Rudolf VHW. How parasite interaction strategies alter virulence evolution in multi-parasite communities. Evolution 2019; 73:2189-2203. [PMID: 31506940 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The majority of organisms host multiple parasite species, each of which can interact with hosts and competitors through a diverse range of direct and indirect mechanisms. These within-host interactions can directly alter the mortality rate of coinfected hosts and alter the evolution of virulence (parasite-induced host mortality). Yet we still know little about how within-host interactions affect the evolution of parasite virulence in multi-parasite communities. Here, we modeled the virulence evolution of two coinfecting parasites in a host population in which parasites interacted through cross immunity, immune suppression, immunopathology, or spite. We show (1) that these within-host interactions have different effects on virulence evolution when all parasites interact with each other in the same way versus when coinfecting parasites have unique interaction strategies, (2) that these interactions cause the evolution of lower virulence in some hosts, and higher virulence in other hosts, depending on the hosts infection status, and (3) that for cross immunity and spite, whether parasites increase or decrease the evolutionarily stable virulence in coinfected hosts depended on interaction strength. These results improve our understanding of virulence evolution in complex parasite communities, and show that virulence evolution must be understood at the community scale.
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17
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Picarelli MASC, Forgia M, Rivas EB, Nerva L, Chiapello M, Turina M, Colariccio A. Extreme Diversity of Mycoviruses Present in Isolates of Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2 LP From Zoysia japonica From Brazil. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:244. [PMID: 31355150 PMCID: PMC6640214 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoysia japonica, in Brazil, is commonly infected by Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani) in humid and cool weather conditions. Eight isolates of R. solani, previously identified as belonging to the AG2-2 LP anastomosis group, isolated from samples from large path symptoms, were collected from three counties in São Paulo state (Brazil) and investigated for the presence of mycoviruses. After detection of double-strand RNA (dsRNA) in all samples, RNA_Seq analysis of ribosomal RNA-depleted total RNA from in vitro cultivated mycelia was performed. Forty-seven partial or complete viral unique RNA dependent-RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequences were obtained with a high prevalence of positive sense ssRNA viruses. Sequences were sufficiently different from the first match in BLAST searches suggesting that they all qualify as possible new viral species, except for one sequence showing an almost complete match with Rhizoctonia solani dsRNA virus 2, an alphapartitivirus. Surprisingly four large contigs of putative viral RNA could not be assigned to any existing clade of viruses present in the databases, but no DNA was detected corresponding to these fragments confirming their viral replicative nature. This is the first report on the occurrence of mycoviruses in R. solani AG2-2 LP in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Forgia
- Department of Life Science and System Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Turin, Italy
| | - Eliana B Rivas
- Phytopathological Diagnostic Laboratory, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luca Nerva
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Turin, Italy.,Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Conegliano, Italy
| | - Marco Chiapello
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Turina
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Turin, Italy
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18
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Wodarz D, Levy DN, Komarova NL. Multiple infection of cells changes the dynamics of basic viral evolutionary processes. Evol Lett 2018; 3:104-115. [PMID: 30788146 PMCID: PMC6369963 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection of cells by multiple copies of a given virus can impact viral evolution in a variety of ways, yet some of the most basic evolutionary dynamics remain underexplored. Using computational models, we investigate how infection multiplicity affects the fixation probability of mutants, the rate of mutant generation, and the timing of mutant invasion. An important insight from these models is that for neutral and disadvantageous phenotypes, rare mutants initially enjoy a fitness advantage in the presence of multiple infection of cells. This arises because multiple infection allows the rare mutant to enter more target cells and to spread faster, while it does not accelerate the spread of the resident wild-type virus. The rare mutant population can increase by entry into both uninfected and wild-type-infected cells, while the established wild-type population can initially only grow through entry into uninfected cells. Following this initial advantageous phase, the dynamics are governed by drift or negative selection, respectively, and a higher multiplicity reduces the chances that mutants fix in the population. Hence, while increased infection multiplicity promotes the presence of neutral and disadvantageous mutants in the short-term, it makes it less likely in the longer term. We show how these theoretical insights can be useful for the interpretation of experimental data on virus evolution at low and high multiplicities. The dynamics explored here provide a basis for the investigation of more complex viral evolutionary processes, including recombination, reassortment, as well as complementary/inhibitory interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wodarz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 321 Steinhaus Hall University of California Irvine CA 92697.,Department of Mathematics, Rowland Hall University of California Irvine CA 92697
| | - David N Levy
- Department of Basic Science, 921 Schwartz Building New York University College of Dentistry New York NY 10010
| | - Natalia L Komarova
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 321 Steinhaus Hall University of California Irvine CA 92697.,Department of Mathematics, Rowland Hall University of California Irvine CA 92697
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19
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Karvonen A, Jokela J, Laine AL. Importance of Sequence and Timing in Parasite Coinfections. Trends Parasitol 2018; 35:109-118. [PMID: 30578150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coinfections by multiple parasites predominate in the wild. Interactions between parasites can be antagonistic, neutral, or facilitative, and they can have significant implications for epidemiology, disease dynamics, and evolution of virulence. Coinfections commonly result from sequential exposure of hosts to different parasites. We argue that the sequential nature of coinfections is important for the consequences of infection in both natural and man-made environments. Coinfections accumulate during host lifespan, determining the structure of the parasite infracommunity. Interactions within the parasite community and their joint effect on the host individual potentially shape evolution of parasite life-history traits and transmission biology. Overall, sequential coinfections have the potential to change evolutionary and epidemiological outcomes of host-parasite interactions widely across plant and animal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Karvonen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyvaskyla, Finland.
| | - Jukka Jokela
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal & Evolutionary Biology, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Moltini-Conclois I, Stalinski R, Tetreau G, Després L, Lambrechts L. Larval Exposure to the Bacterial Insecticide Bti Enhances Dengue Virus Susceptibility of Adult Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. Insects 2018; 9:E193. [PMID: 30558130 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between pathogens sharing the same host can be complicated for holometabolous animals when larval and adult stages are exposed to distinct pathogens. In medically important insect vectors, the effect of pathogen exposure at the larval stage may influence susceptibility to human pathogens at the adult stage. We addressed this hypothesis in the mosquito Aedes aegypti, a major vector of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), such as the dengue virus (DENV) and the chikungunya virus (CHIKV). We experimentally assessed the consequences of sub-lethal exposure to the bacterial pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti), during larval development, on arbovirus susceptibility at the adult stage in three Ae. aegypti strains that differ in their genetic resistance to Bti. We found that larval exposure to Bti significantly increased DENV susceptibility, but not CHIKV susceptibility, in the Bti-resistant strains. However, there was no major difference in the baseline arbovirus susceptibility between the Bti-resistant strains and their Bti-susceptible parental strain. Although the generality of our results remains to be tested with additional arbovirus strains, this study supports the idea that the outcome of an infection by a pathogen depends on other pathogens sharing the same host even when they do not affect the same life stage of the host. Our findings may also have implications for Bti as a mosquito biocontrol agent, indicating that the sub-optimal Bti efficacy may have counter-productive effects by increasing vector competence, at least for some combinations of arbovirus and mosquito strains.
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21
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Camargo M, Del Río-Ospina L, Soto-De León SC, Sánchez R, Pineda-Peña AC, Sussmann O, Patarroyo ME, Patarroyo MA. Association of HIV status with infection by multiple HPV types. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:1259-1268. [PMID: 30133078 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the clinical and demographic characteristics of HIV-positive and HIV-negative women infected by multiple HPV types. METHODS 1399 women participated in the study (240 HIV-positive and 1159 HIV-negative women). Samples were provided for Pap tests and for HPV detection and typing by PCR. Data were collected on HPV infection, frequency of multiple infection, and HPV type distribution. Odds ratios were reported from logistic regression models. RESULTS Compared with HIV-negative women, HIV-positive women had higher frequencies of cervical abnormality (30% vs. 20.8%), higher HPV prevalence (68.3% vs. 51.3%) and were more commonly infected with multiple HPV types (78.7% vs. 44.3%). HPV-16 was the most common type detected in the study population, with other types showing variable associations with HIV status. Positive associations were observed between infection by multiple HPV types and HIV status, cervical abnormality and having had more than three pregnancies. The odds of multiple infection by HPV types were higher in HIV-positive women who used an intrauterine device, who had a history of abortions and who had HIV viral loads >100 000 copies/ml, whilst the odds were lower in women with >500 CD4 cells/mm3 . CONCLUSIONS HIV immunosuppression favours infection by multiple high-risk HPV types, mainly in women affected by low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Antiretroviral therapy had no effect on infection by multiple HPV types. Risk factors related to progressive damage to the cervix were positively associated with infection by multiple HPV types in women living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Camargo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia.,PhD Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Luisa Del Río-Ospina
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Sara Cecilia Soto-De León
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia.,Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Sánchez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia.,Medical School, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Andrea Clemencia Pineda-Peña
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Otto Sussmann
- Asistencia Científica de Alta Complejidad S.A.S., Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia.,Medical School, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia.,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC, Colombia
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22
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Wymant C, Hall M, Ratmann O, Bonsall D, Golubchik T, de Cesare M, Gall A, Cornelissen M, Fraser C. PHYLOSCANNER: Inferring Transmission from Within- and Between-Host Pathogen Genetic Diversity. Mol Biol Evol 2018; 35:719-733. [PMID: 29186559 PMCID: PMC5850600 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A central feature of pathogen genomics is that different infectious particles (virions and bacterial cells) within an infected individual may be genetically distinct, with patterns of relatedness among infectious particles being the result of both within-host evolution and transmission from one host to the next. Here, we present a new software tool, phyloscanner, which analyses pathogen diversity from multiple infected hosts. phyloscanner provides unprecedented resolution into the transmission process, allowing inference of the direction of transmission from sequence data alone. Multiply infected individuals are also identified, as they harbor subpopulations of infectious particles that are not connected by within-host evolution, except where recombinant types emerge. Low-level contamination is flagged and removed. We illustrate phyloscanner on both viral and bacterial pathogens, namely HIV-1 sequenced on Illumina and Roche 454 platforms, HCV sequenced with the Oxford Nanopore MinION platform, and Streptococcus pneumoniae with sequences from multiple colonies per individual. phyloscanner is available from https://github.com/BDI-pathogens/phyloscanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Wymant
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hall
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Ratmann
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Bonsall
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine and the NIHR Oxford BRC, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya Golubchik
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariateresa de Cesare
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Astrid Gall
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Cornelissen
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Fraser
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Raaf N, Amhis W, Saoula H, Abid A, Nakmouche M, Balamane A, Ali Arous N, Ouar-Korichi M, Vale FF, Bénéjat L, Mégraud F. Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and MLST typing of Helicobacter pylori in Algiers, Algeria. Helicobacter 2017; 22. [PMID: 29035009 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori infection is common in Algeria, but there are few data on the characterization of isolated strains. The aim of this study was to update data on the prevalence of H. pylori in patients submitted to endoscopy, antibiotic resistance, and phylogeography of H. pylori strains isolated in Algiers. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a prospective study carried out between November 2015 and August 2016. The culture of H. pylori was performed on antral and fundic gastric biopsies of adult patients from 3 hospitals. A real-time PCR using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) principle for the detection of H. pylori followed by a melting curve analysis for the detection of mutations associated with resistance to clarithromycin was applied. Differentiation between antral and fundic isolates of the same patient was also determined by RAPD, and an MLST typing was performed for characterization of the phylogeographic group of H. pylori. RESULTS By real-time PCR, the prevalence of H. pylori infection among the 147 patients included was 57%. Culture was positive in only 29% of the cases. Twenty-seven percent of patients had received H. pylori eradication treatment. The primary and secondary resistance rates to clarithromycin were 23% and 36%, respectively, and to metronidazole, 45% and 71%, respectively. Only one isolate was resistant to levofloxacin, and no resistance to amoxicillin, tetracycline, and rifampicin was detected. A double population was present in 14 patients. The MLST analysis classified the 42 H. pylori strains from 38 patients in 2 haplotypes: hpEurope (33) and hpNEAfrica (9). CONCLUSION The prevalence of H. pylori remains high in Algeria but appears to be decreasing in recent years. High resistance to clarithromycin requires increased monitoring of the evolution of antibiotic resistance and adaptation of eradication therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naïma Raaf
- Département de Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Ferhat Abbas, Setif, Algeria.,Laboratoire Central de Biologie Clinique, EPH Ibn Ziri Bologhine, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Wahiba Amhis
- Laboratoire Central de Biologie Clinique, EPH Ibn Ziri Bologhine, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Houria Saoula
- Service de Gastroentérologie, CHU Lamine Debaghine Bab El Oued, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Ahmed Abid
- Service de Gastroentérologie, CHU Isaad Hassani Beni Messous, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mhamed Nakmouche
- Service de Gastroentérologie, CHU Lamine Debaghine Bab El Oued, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Abdelmalek Balamane
- Service de Gastroentérologie, CHU Isaad Hassani Beni Messous, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nassima Ali Arous
- Servive de Médecine interne, EPH Ibn Ziri Bologhine, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mounira Ouar-Korichi
- Laboratoire des Entérobactéries et autres bactéries apparentées, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Filipa F Vale
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed-ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lucie Bénéjat
- French National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital Pellegrin, & INSERM U 1053, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francis Mégraud
- French National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital Pellegrin, & INSERM U 1053, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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24
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Abstract
The study of Helicobacter pylori genetic variability brought us interesting data on the history of mankind. Based on multilocus sequence typing and more recently on whole-genome sequencing, paleomicrobiology still attracts the attention of global researchers in relation to its ancestor roots and coexistence with humans. Three studies determining the prevalence of virulence factors illustrates the controversial results obtained since 30 years by studies trying to associate prevalence of different virulence markers and clinical outcomes of H. pylori infection. Three articles analyzed the prevalence and risk of multiple (genetically distinct isolates) and mixed (susceptible and resistant isolates) infections. A number of studies confirm that H. pylori prevalence is falling worldwide especially in the developed world and in children but that the level of infection is higher in certain ethnic minorities and in Migrants. There is little new in identifying the mode of H. pylori transmission though intrafamilial spread appears to be important. There have, however, been some interesting papers on the presence of the organism in food, water, and the oral cavity.
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25
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Del Río-Ospina L, Soto-DE León SC, Camargo M, Sánchez R, Moreno-Pérez DA, Pérez-Prados A, Patarroyo ME, Patarroyo MA. Multiple high-risk HPV genotypes are grouped by type and are associated with viral load and risk factors. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:1479-90. [PMID: 28185605 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268817000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating whether high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) types tend to become grouped in a particular way and whether factors are associated with such grouping is important for measuring the real impact of vaccination. In total, 219 women proving positive for HPV as detected by real-time PCR were included in the study. Each sample was analysed for detecting and quantifying six viral types and the hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene. Multiple correspondence analysis led to determining grouping patterns for six HR-HPV types and simultaneous association with multiple variables and whether viral load was related to the coexistence of other viral types. Two grouping profiles were identified: the first included HPV-16 and HPV-45 and the second profile was represented by HPV-31, HPV-33 and HPV-58. Variables such as origin, contraceptive method, births and pregnancies, educational level, healthcare affiliation regime, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and viral load were associated with these grouping profiles. Different socio-demographic characteristics were found when coinfection occurred by phylogenetically related HPV types and when coinfection was due to non-related types. Biological characteristics, the number of viral copies, temporality regarding acquiring infection and competition between viral types could influence the configuration of grouping patterns. Characteristics related to women and HPV, influence such interactions between coexisting HPV types reflecting the importance of their evaluation.
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26
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Palau M, Kulmann M, Ramírez-Lázaro MJ, Lario S, Quilez ME, Campo R, Piqué N, Calvet X, Miñana-Galbis D. Usefulness of Housekeeping Genes for the Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection, Strain Discrimination and Detection of Multiple Infection. Helicobacter 2016; 21:481-487. [PMID: 26991758 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori infects human stomachs of over half the world's population, evades the immune response and establishes a chronic infection. Although most people remains asymptomatic, duodenal and gastric ulcers, MALT lymphoma and progression to gastric cancer could be developed. Several virulence factors such as flagella, lipopolysaccharide, adhesins and especially the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA and the oncoprotein CagA have been described for H. pylori. Despite the extensive published data on H. pylori, more research is needed to determine new virulence markers, the exact mode of transmission or the role of multiple infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Amplification and sequencing of six housekeeping genes (amiA, cgt, cpn60, cpn70, dnaJ, and luxS) related to H. pylori pathogenesis have been performed in order to evaluate their usefulness for the specific detection of H. pylori, the genetic discrimination at strain level and the detection of multiple infection. A total of 52 H. pylori clones, isolated from 14 gastric biopsies from 11 patients, were analyzed for this purpose. RESULTS All genes were specifically amplified for H. pylori and all clones isolated from different patients were discriminated, with gene distances ranged from 0.9 to 7.8%. Although most clones isolated from the same patient showed identical gene sequences, an event of multiple infection was detected in all the genes and microevolution events were showed for amiA and cpn60 genes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that housekeeping genes could be useful for H. pylori detection and to elucidate the mode of transmission and the relevance of the multiple infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Palau
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marcos Kulmann
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María José Ramírez-Lázaro
- Digestive Diseases Service, Hospital de Sabadell, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Lario
- Digestive Diseases Service, Hospital de Sabadell, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Elisa Quilez
- Digestive Diseases Service, Hospital de Sabadell, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Campo
- Digestive Diseases Service, Hospital de Sabadell, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Piqué
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavier Calvet
- Digestive Diseases Service, Hospital de Sabadell, Institut Universitari Parc Taulí, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Miñana-Galbis
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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27
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Kamitani M, Nagano AJ, Honjo MN, Kudoh H. RNA-Seq reveals virus-virus and virus-plant interactions in nature. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw176. [PMID: 27549115 PMCID: PMC5854034 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As research on plant viruses has focused mainly on crop diseases, little is known about these viruses in natural environments. To understand the ecology of viruses in natural systems, comprehensive information on virus-virus and virus-host interactions is required. We applied RNA-Seq to plants from a natural population of Arabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmifera to simultaneously determine the presence/absence of all sequence-reported viruses, identify novel viruses and quantify the host transcriptome. By introducing the criteria of read number and genome coverage, we detected infections by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Cucumber mosaic virus and Brassica yellows virus Active TuMV replication was observed by ultramicroscopy. De novo assembly further identified a novel partitivirus, Arabidopsis halleri partitivirus 1 Interestingly, virus reads reached a maximum level that was equivalent to that of the host's total mRNA, although asymptomatic infection was common. AhgAGO2, a key gene in host defence systems, was upregulated in TuMV-infected plants. Multiple infection was frequent in TuMV-infected leaves, suggesting that TuMV facilitates multiple infection, probably by suppressing host RNA silencing. Revealing hidden plant-virus interactions in nature can enhance our understanding of biological interactions and may have agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kamitani
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Yokotani 1-5, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2914, Japan JST PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Mie N Honjo
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kudoh
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan
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28
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Pérez-Castro R, Castellanos JE, Olano VA, Matiz MI, Jaramillo JF, Vargas SL, Sarmiento DM, Stenström TA, Overgaard HJ. Detection of all four dengue serotypes in Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes collected in a rural area in Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:233-40. [PMID: 27074252 PMCID: PMC4830112 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aedes aegypti vector for dengue virus (DENV) has been reported in urban and periurban areas. The information about DENV circulation in mosquitoes in Colombian rural areas is limited, so we aimed to evaluate the presence of DENV in Ae. aegypti females caught in rural locations of two Colombian municipalities, Anapoima and La Mesa. Mosquitoes from 497 rural households in 44 different rural settlements were collected. Pools of about 20 Ae. aegypti females were processed for DENV serotype detection. DENV in mosquitoes was detected in 74% of the analysed settlements with a pool positivity rate of 62%. The estimated individual mosquito infection rate was 4.12% and the minimum infection rate was 33.3/1,000 mosquitoes. All four serotypes were detected; the most frequent being DENV-2 (50%) and DENV-1 (35%). Two-three serotypes were detected simultaneously in separate pools. This is the first report on the co-occurrence of natural DENV infection of mosquitoes in Colombian rural areas. The findings are important for understanding dengue transmission and planning control strategies. A potential latent virus reservoir in rural areas could spill over to urban areas during population movements. Detecting DENV in wild-caught adult mosquitoes should be included in the development of dengue epidemic forecasting models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Víctor A Olano
- Universidad El Bosque, Instituto de Salud y Ambiente, Bogotá,
Colombia
| | - María Inés Matiz
- Universidad El Bosque, Instituto de Salud y Ambiente, Bogotá,
Colombia
| | - Juan F Jaramillo
- Universidad El Bosque, Instituto de Salud y Ambiente, Bogotá,
Colombia
| | - Sandra L Vargas
- Universidad El Bosque, Instituto de Salud y Ambiente, Bogotá,
Colombia
| | - Diana M Sarmiento
- Universidad El Bosque, Instituto de Salud y Ambiente, Bogotá,
Colombia
| | - Thor Axel Stenström
- Durban University of Technology, South African Research Chair
Initiative, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hans J Overgaard
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Mathematical and
Technological Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Kasetsart University, Department of Entomology, Bangkok, Thailand
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Maladies Infectieuses et
Vecteurs Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle, Montpellier, France
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29
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Goo YK, Shin WS, Yang HW, Joo SY, Song SM, Ryu JS, Lee WM, Kong HH, Lee WK, Lee SE, Lee WJ, Chung DI, Hong Y. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in Women Visiting 2 Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics in Daegu, South Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2016; 54:75-80. [PMID: 26951983 PMCID: PMC4792318 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study explored epidemiological trends in trichomoniasis in Daegu, South Korea. Wet mount microscopy, PCR, and multiplex PCR were used to test for Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal swab samples obtained from 621 women visiting 2 clinics in Daegu. Of the 621 women tested, microscopy detected T. vaginalis in 4 (0.6%) patients, PCR detected T. vaginalis in 19 (3.0%) patients, and multiplex PCR detected T. vaginalis in 12 (1.9%) patients. Testing via PCR demonstrated high sensitivity and high negative predictive value for T. vaginalis. Among the 19 women who tested positive for T. vaginalis according to PCR, 94.7% (18/19) reported vaginal signs and symptoms. Notably, more than 50% of T. vaginalis infections occurred in females younger than 30 years old, and 58% were unmarried. Multiplex PCR, which simultaneously detects pathogens from various sexually transmitted infections, revealed that 91.7% (11/12) of patients were infected with 2 or more pathogens. Mycoplasma hominis was the most prevalent co-infection pathogen with T. vaginalis, followed by Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis. Our results indicate that PCR and multiplex PCR are the most sensitive tools for T. vaginalis diagnosis, rather than microscopy which has been routinely used to detect T. vaginalis infections in South Korea. Therefore, clinicians should take note of the high prevalence of T. vaginalis infections among adolescent and young women in order to prevent persistent infection and transmission of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Kyoung Goo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Won-Sik Shin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinsegae Women's Hospital, Daegu 41535, Korea
| | - Hye-Won Yang
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - So-Young Joo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Su-Min Song
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Jae-Sook Ryu
- Department of Environmental Biology & Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Won-Myung Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rosemary Hospital, Daegu 41422, Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Kong
- Department of Parasitology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Won-Ki Lee
- Center of Biostatistics, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Lee
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Osong 28159, Korea
| | - Won-Ja Lee
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Osong 28159, Korea
| | - Dong-Il Chung
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Yeonchul Hong
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
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30
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Louhi KR, Sundberg LR, Jokela J, Karvonen A. Interactions among bacterial strains and fluke genotypes shape virulence of co-infection. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20152097. [PMID: 26674949 PMCID: PMC4707758 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies of virulence of infection focus on pairwise host-parasite interactions. However, hosts are almost universally co-infected by several parasite strains and/or genotypes of the same or different species. While theory predicts that co-infection favours more virulent parasite genotypes through intensified competition for host resources, knowledge of the effects of genotype by genotype (G × G) interactions between unrelated parasite species on virulence of co-infection is limited. Here, we tested such a relationship by challenging rainbow trout with replicated bacterial strains and fluke genotypes both singly and in all possible pairwise combinations. We found that virulence (host mortality) was higher in co-infections compared with single infections. Importantly, we also found that the overall virulence was dependent on the genetic identity of the co-infecting partners so that the outcome of co-infection could not be predicted from the respective virulence of single infections. Our results imply that G × G interactions among co-infecting parasites may significantly affect host health, add to variance in parasite fitness and thus influence evolutionary dynamics and ecology of disease in unexpected ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja-Riikka Louhi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lotta-Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jukka Jokela
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Abstract
Host-parasite interactions represent one of the strongest selection pressures in nature. They are often governed by genotype-specific (GxG) interactions resulting in host genotypes that differ in resistance and parasite genotypes that differ in virulence depending on the antagonist's genotype. Another type of GxG interactions, which is often neglected but which certainly influences host-parasite interactions, are those between coinfecting parasite genotypes. Mechanistically, within-host parasite interactions may range from competition for limited host resources to cooperation for more efficient host exploitation. The exact type of interaction, i.e., whether competitive or cooperative, is known to affect life-history traits such as virulence. However, the latter has been shown for chosen genotype combinations only, not considering whether the specific genotype combination per se may influence the interaction (i.e., GxG interactions). Here, we want to test for the presence of GxG interactions between coinfections of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis infecting the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans by combining two non-pathogenic and five pathogenic strains in all possible ways. Furthermore, we evaluate whether the type of interaction, reflected by the direction of virulence change of multiple compared to single infections, is genotype-specific. Generally, we found no indication for GxG interactions between non-pathogenic and pathogenic bacterial strains, indicating that virulence of pathogenic strains is equally affected by both non-pathogenic strains. Specific genotype combinations, however, differ in the strength of virulence change, indicating that the interaction type between coinfecting parasite strains and thus the virulence mechanism is specific for different genotype combinations. Such interactions are expected to influence host-parasite interactions and to have strong implications for coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Bose
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Osnabrueck Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Rebecca D Schulte
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Osnabrueck Osnabrueck, Germany
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32
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Kim JK, Kim JW. Molecular epidemiologic trends of diarrhea-causing virus infection from clinical specimens in Cheonan, Korea, in 2010-2012. J Clin Lab Anal 2013; 28:47-51. [PMID: 24375926 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enteric viruses have high health significance in humans, ranging from poliomyelitis, hepatitis, and gastroenteritis to innocuous infections, and the human enteric viral infection is the one of the most common diseases during early childhood. This study was conducted from July 2010 to October 2012. METHODS We subjected 788 stool specimens using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) tests that could simultaneously detect five enteric viruses, group A rotavirus (GAR), enteric adenovirus (EAdV), norovirus GI (NoV-GI), norovirus GII (NoV-GII), and human astrovirus (HAstV). The data were analyzed according to seasonality and patient age and sex. RESULTS Two hundred and seventy specimens (34.3%) were positive, 276 viruses were detected in the 788 sample. The prevalence of GAR, EAdV, NoV-GI, NoV-GII, and HAstV infections in the 270 mPCR-positive specimens was 101 (36.6%), 28 (10.1%), 4 (1.4%), 132 (47.8%), and 11 (4.0%), respectively; six specimens (2.2%) contained double infections. NoV-GII and GAR infections occurred mainly in the winter and spring. CONCLUSION We described the epidemiological analytic data of the diarrhea-causing viruses in the population of local society of Korea. These results could be helpful for the diagnosis and subsequent epidemiological surveillance of enteric viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, South Korea
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33
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Abstract
We present a Bayesian approach for estimating the relative frequencies of multi-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotypes in populations of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum by using microarray SNP data from human blood samples. Each sample comes from a malaria patient and contains one or several parasite clones that may genetically differ. Samples containing multiple parasite clones with different genetic markers pose a special challenge. The situation is comparable with a polyploid organism. The data from each blood sample indicates whether the parasites in the blood carry a mutant or a wildtype allele at various selected genomic positions. If both mutant and wildtype alleles are detected at a given position in a multiply infected sample, the data indicates the presence of both alleles, but the ratio is unknown. Thus, the data only partially reveals which specific combinations of genetic markers (i.e. haplotypes across the examined SNPs) occur in distinct parasite clones. In addition, SNP data may contain errors at non-negligible rates. We use a multinomial mixture model with partially missing observations to represent this data and a Markov chain Monte Carlo method to estimate the haplotype frequencies in a population. Our approach addresses both challenges, multiple infections and data errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonore Wigger
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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34
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Fels D, Kaltz O. Temperature-dependent transmission and latency of Holospora undulata, a micronucleus-specific parasite of the ciliate Paramecium caudatum. Proc Biol Sci 2006; 273:1031-8. [PMID: 16627290 PMCID: PMC1560244 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of parasites to new hosts crucially depends on the timing of production of transmission stages and their capacity to start an infection. These parameters may be influenced by genetic factors, but also by the environment. We tested the effects of temperature and host genotype on infection probability and latency in experimental populations of the ciliate Paramecium caudatum, after exposure to infectious forms of its bacterial parasite Holospora undulata. Temperature had a significant effect on the expression of genetic variation for transmission and maintenance of infection. Overall, low temperature (10 degrees C) increased levels of (multiple) infection, but arrested parasite development; higher temperatures (23 and 30 degrees C) accelerated the onset of production of infectious forms, but limited transmission success. Viability of infectious forms declined rapidly at 23 and 30 degrees C, thereby narrowing the time window for transmission. Thus, environmental conditions can generate trade-offs between transmission relevant parameters and alter levels of multiple infection or parasite-mediated selection, which may affect evolutionary trajectories of parasite life history or virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fels
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 7103, CC 237, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 7 Quai St-Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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35
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Cooper† T, Heinemann J. Selection for plasmid post-segregational killing depends on multiple infection: evidence for the selection of more virulent parasites through parasite-level competition. Proc Biol Sci 2005; 272:403-10. [PMID: 15734695 PMCID: PMC1634991 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Is the virulence of parasites an outcome of optimized infection? Virulence has often been considered an inevitable consequence of parasite reproduction when the cost incurred by the parasite in reducing the fitness of its current host is offset by increased infection of new hosts. More recent models have focused on how competition occurring between parasites during co-infection might effect selection of virulence. For example, if co-infection was common, parasites with higher intrinsic growth rates might be selected, even at the expense of being optimally adapted to infect new hosts. If growth rate is positively correlated with virulence, then competition would select increased virulence. We tested these models using a plasmid-encoded virulence determinant. The virulence determinant did not contribute to the plasmid's reproduction within or between hosts. Despite this, virulent plasmids were more successful than avirulent derivatives during selection in an environment allowing within-host competition. To explain these findings we propose and test a model in which virulent parasites are selected by reducing the reproduction of competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J.A. Heinemann
- School of Biological Sciences and New Zealand Institute of Gene Ecology, University of CanterburyPrivate Bag 4800, ChristchurchNew Zealand
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Cuschieri KS, Cubie HA, Whitley MW, Seagar AL, Arends MJ, Moore C, Gilkisson G, McGoogan E. Multiple high risk HPV infections are common in cervical neoplasia and young women in a cervical screening population. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:68-72. [PMID: 14693839 PMCID: PMC1770158 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.57.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2003] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS If human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is to be included within cervical screening programmes, the importance of multiple HPV infections in cervical neoplasia needs to be determined. This study investigated the diversity of multiple HPV types in a routine cervical screening population, and assessed associations with cervical neoplasia. METHODS Overall HPV prevalence, type specific prevalence, and extent of multiple infection were assessed in residual material from 3444 liquid based cytology samples, using real time GP5+/GP6+ polymerase chain reaction for screening and linear array assay for genotyping. HPV status was studied in relation to age and concurrent cytological evidence of dyskaryosis. RESULTS Twenty per cent of samples were HPV positive. HPV type diversity was broad, and multiple HPV infections occurred in half of the HPV positive samples. Younger women were significantly more likely to harbour multiple high risk HPV (HR-HPV) infections. Infections with multiple HR-HPV types were found in 3.4% of samples negative for neoplasia and in 33.3%, 41.8%, and 40.4% of samples with borderline, mild, or high grade dyskaryosis, respectively. Single HR-HPV infections were found in 4.9%, 38.6%, 45.0%, and 51.1% of negative, borderline, mild, or high grade dyskaryosis samples, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Multiple HR-HPV infections were most prevalent in young women. Multiple HR-HPV infections were not more frequent in high grade than in low grade cervical neoplasia, reflecting common sexual transmission of multiple HR-HPV. Prospective cohort studies linking sequential loss or gain of HPV types with cytological analysis are required to assess the impact of multiple HR-HPV infections on neoplastic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Cuschieri
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
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Togashi K, Arakawa Y. Horizontal Transmission of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus between Sexes of Monochamus alternatus. J Nematol 2003; 35:7-16. [PMID: 19265968 PMCID: PMC2620615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Four experiments were conducted using nematode-infested and nematode-free adults of the cerambycid beetle, Monochamus alternatus, to determine horizontal transmission pathways of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. When nematode-infested beetles of one sex and nematode-free beetles of the opposite sex were paired in containers for 48 or 72 hours, the number of nematodes carried by nematode-free beetles tended to increase with increased number of nematodes carried by nematode-infested beetles. The nematodes acquired by "nematode-free" beetles could be transmitted to pine. A female beetle that received 13 nematodes from a male transmitted one nematode to a Pinus densiflora bolt via an oviposition wound. When the nematode-infested and nematode-free beetles were observed continuously, it was observed that the number of nematodes carried by nematode-free beetles at the end of the first sexual mounting increased as the number of nematodes carried by nematode-infested beetles just before mounting increased. The number of nematodes transferred to nematode-free beetles was positively related to duration time of mounting. There was no difference in transmission efficacy between male-to-female transmission and female-to-male transmission. The horizontal transmission pathways are discussed relative to the persistence of B. xylophilus in resistant pine forests and the control of pine wilt disease.
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Arakawa Y, Togashi K. Newly Discovered Transmission Pathway of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus from Males of the Beetle Monochamus alternatus to Pinus densiflora Trees via Oviposition Wounds. J Nematol 2002; 34:396-404. [PMID: 19265963 PMCID: PMC2620576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus from Monochamus alternatus males to Pinus densiflora trees via oviposition wounds has been determined. Nematode-infested males, with mandibles fixed experimentally to prevent feeding, were placed for 48 hours with pine bolts containing oviposition wounds that had been made by nematode-free females. After removal of the nematode-infested males, the pine bolts were held for 1 month and then examined for the presence of nematodes. Reproducing nematode populations were recovered from pine bolts that were exposed to male beetles carrying a high number of nematodes. No reproducing nematode population could be recovered from pine bolts exposed to beetles with a small number of nematodes. Nematode reproduction in the pine bolts was not related to the number of oviposition wounds per bolt. Fourth-stage dispersal B. xylophilus juveniles, collected from beetle body surfaces, were inoculated on pine bolt bark 0, 5, 10, and 15 cm away from a single artificial, small hole. These dauer juveniles successfully entered some bolts. The probability of successful nematode reproduction decreased with increased distance between inoculation point and artificial hole. The results indicated that B. xylophilus can move a significant distance to oviposition wounds along the bark surface and enter a tree via the wounds. The new transmission pathway is considered important for the nematode to persist in pine forests such as in North America where pine wilt disease does not occur.
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