Pattern of multiple human papillomavirus infection and type competition: An analysis in healthy Chinese women aged 18-45 years

To assess the pattern of multiple human papillomavirus infection to predict the type replacement postvaccination. A total of 7372 women aged 18-45y from a phase III trial of an Escherichia coli-produced HPV-16/18 vaccine were analyzed at enrollment visit before vaccination. Hierarchical multilevel logistic regression was used to evaluate HPV vaccine type and nonvaccine-type interactions with age as a covariate. Binary logistic regression was construed to compare multiple infections with single infections to explore the impact of multiple-type infections on the risk of cervical disease. Multiple HPV infections were observed in 25.2% of HPV-positive women and multiple infections were higher than expected by chance. Statistically significant negative associations were observed between HPV16 and 52, HPV18 and HPV51/52/58, HPV31 and HPV39/51/52/53/54/58, HPV33 and HPV52/58, HPV58 and HPV52, HPV6 and HPV 39/51/52/53/54/56/58. Multiple HPV infections increased the risk of CIN2+ and HSIL+, with the ORs of 2.27(95%CI: 1.41, 3.64) and 2.26 (95%CI: 1.29, 3.95) for multiple oncogenic HPV infection separately. However, no significant evidence for the type-type interactions on risk of CIN2+ or HSIL+. There is possibility of type replacement between several pairs of vaccine and nonvaccine HPV type. Multiple HPV infection increased the risk of cervical disease, but coinfection HPV types seem to follow independent disease processes. Continued post-vaccination surveillance for HPV 51/52/58 types and HPV 39/51 types separately was essential after the first and second generation of HPV vaccination implementation in China.

Design of a recombinant asparaginyl ligase for site-specific modification using efficient recognition and nucleophile motifs

Asparaginyl ligases have been extensively utilized as valuable tools for site-specific bioconjugation or surface-modification. However, the application is hindered by the laborious and poorly reproducible preparation processes, unstable activity and ambiguous substrate requirements. To address these limitations, this study employed a structure-based rational approach to obtain a high-yield and high-activity protein ligase called OaAEP1-C247A-aa55-351. It was observed that OaAEP1-C247A-aa55-351 exhibits appreciable catalytic activities across a wide pH range, and the addition of the Fe3+ metal ion effectively enhances the catalytic power. Importantly, this study provides insight into the recognition and nucleophile peptide profiles of OaAEP1-C247A-aa55-351. The ligase demonstrates a higher recognition ability for the "Asn-Ala-Leu" motif and an N-terminus "Arg-Leu" as nucleophiles, which significantly increases the reaction yield. Consequently, the catalytic activity of OaAEP1-C247A-aa55-351 with highly efficient recognition and nucleophile motif, "Asn-Ala-Leu" and "Arg-Leu" under the buffer containing Fe3+ is 70-fold and 2-fold higher than previously reported OaAEP1-C247A and the most efficient butelase-1, respectively. Thus, the designed OaAEP1-C247A-aa55-351, with its highly efficient recognition and alternative nucleophile options, holds promising potential for applications in protein engineering, chemo-enzymatic modification, and the development of drugs.

Clinical characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for mortality in hospitalized diabetes and chronic kidney disease patients after COVID-19 infection following widespread vaccination

BACKGROUND

COVID-19 poses a significant threat to patients with comorbidities, such as diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD). China experienced a nationwide COVID-19 endemic from December 2022 to January 2023, which is the first occurrence of such an outbreak following China's widespread administration of COVID-19 vaccinations.

METHODS

A total of 338 patients with diabetes and CKD combined with COVID-19 infection between December 7, 2022 and January 31, 2023 were included in this study. The end follow-up date was February 10, 2023. Univariate analysis and multivariate Cox analysis were used to analyze risk factors for death.

RESULTS

During the 50-day median follow-up period, 90 patients in the study cohort died, for a mortality rate of 26.63%. The median age of the study cohort was 74 years, with a male predominance of 74%. During hospitalization, 21% of patients had incident AKI, 17% of patients experienced stroke, and 40% of patients experienced respiratory failure. Cox proportional hazard regression showed that older age, a diagnosis of severe or critically severe COVID-19 infection, incident AKI and respiratory failure, higher level of average values of fasting glucose during hospitalization, UA, and total bilirubin were independent risk factors for death in our multivariate model.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings highlight the critical importance of identifying and managing comorbid risk factors for COVID-19, especially among the elderly, in order to optimize clinical outcomes, even after COVID-19 vaccination.

Prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging feature tracking technology in patients with light chain amyloidosis

AIM

To undertake a meta-analysis of the prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging feature tracking (CMR-FT) in patients with light-chain cardiac amyloidosis (LCA).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. All analyses were conducted using RevMan 5.3 software.

RESULTS

Eight studies were included with 663 patients. For the left ventricle, the results showed that CMR-FT was statistically significant in predicting death, with less impaired global circumferential (GCS), radial (GRS) and longitudinal (GLS) strain in survivors of LCA (odds ratio [OR] 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-1.25; 0.95, 0.93-0.96; 1.12, 1.05-1.20, all p<0.001). For ejection fraction (EF) and mass index, surviving patients had higher EFs and mass index (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.96-0.97; 1.01, 1.01-1.02). For the right ventricle, the results showed that CMR-FT was statistically significant in predicting death, with less impaired GLS and GRS in survivors of LCA (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.08-1.15; 0.93, 0.90-0.96, all p<0.001). Surviving patients had higher EFs (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.96-0.98, p<0.001). Upon removing the studies one by one, there was no significant change in the results of the study. Both analyses showed no apparent publication deviation on funnel plots.

CONCLUSION

Parameters derived from CMR-FT technology are promising new predictors for LCA, and are easily available and reliable. Patients with poor myocardial deformability are at highest risk of death.

Adverse birth outcomes related to concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in maternal blood collected from pregnant women in 1960-1966

BACKGROUND

Prior animal and epidemiological studies suggest that per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure may be associated with reduced birth weight. However, results from prior studies evaluated a relatively small set of PFAS.

OBJECTIVES

Determine associations of gestational PFAS concentrations in maternal serum samples banked for 60 years with birth outcomes.

METHODS

We used data from 97 pregnant women from Boston and Providence that enrolled in the Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP) study (1960-1966). We quantified concentrations of 27 PFAS in maternal serum in pregnancy and measured infant weight, height and ponderal index at birth. Covariate-adjusted associations between 11 PFAS concentrations (>75% detection limits) and birth outcomes were estimated using linear regression methods.

RESULTS

Median concentrations of PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, and PFOS were 6.189, 0.330, 14.432, and 38.170 ng/mL, respectively. We found that elevated PFAS concentrations during pregnancy were significantly associated with lower birth weight and ponderal index at birth, but no significant associations were found with birth length. Specifically, infants born to women with PFAS concentrations ≥ median levels had significantly lower birth weight (PFOS: β = -0.323, P = 0.006; PFHxS: β = -0.292, P = 0.015; PFOA: β = -0.233, P = 0.03; PFHpS: β = -0.239, P = 0.023; PFNA: β = -0.239, P = 0.017). Similarly, women with PFAS concentrations ≥ median levels had significantly lower ponderal index (PFHxS: β = -0.168, P = 0.020; PFHxA: β = -0.148, P = 0.018).

CONCLUSIONS

Using data from this US-based cohort study, we found that 1) maternal PFAS levels from the 1960s exceeded values in contemporaneous populations and 2) that gestational concentrations of certain PFAS were associated with lower birth weight and infant ponderal index. Additional studies with larger sample size are needed to further examine the associations of gestational exposure to individual PFAS and their mixtures with adverse birth outcomes.

Observation of the Exotic 0_{2}^{+} Cluster State in ^{8}He

We report here the first observation of the 0_{2}^{+} state of ^{8}He, which has been predicted to feature the condensatelike α+^{2}n+^{2}n cluster structure. We show that this state is characterized by a spin parity of 0^{+}, a large isoscalar monopole transition strength, and the emission of a strongly correlated neutron pair, in line with theoretical predictions. Our finding is further supported by the state-of-the-art microscopic α+4n model calculations. The present results may lead to new insights into clustering in neutron-rich nuclear systems and the pair correlation and condensation in quantum many-body systems under strong interactions.

[Screening of traditional Chinese medicine-derived snail control drug targets based on network pharmacology]

OBJECTIVE

To screen the targets of traditional Chinese medicine-derived potential plant molluscicides based on network pharmacology and explore the mechanisms of molluscicidal actions.

METHODS

The traditional Chinese medicines with molluscicidal actions were screened based on retrospective literature reviews, and their molluscicidal efficiency was summarized. The active ingredients and potential targets of traditional Chinese medicines were captured from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform, Unified Protein Database and literature mining using network pharmacology. The drug-active ingredient-target network was created using the software Cytoscape 3.7.2, and the key targets were subjected to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis using the Metascape software.

RESULTS

A total of 27 types of snail control drugs derived from traditional Chinese medicines were screened from publications and classified into 14 categories. Network pharmacology identified 190 active ingredients, and the active ingredients with a high degree in the drug-active ingredient-target network included quercetin, linoleyl acetate, luteolin, beta-carotene, (24S)-ethylcholesta-5,22,25-trans-3beta-ol, fumarine and arctiin, with 181 corresponding potential targets screened. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that these targets were mainly located in 16 pathways, including the neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, regulation of adipocyte lipolysis and adrenergic signal in myocardial cells.

CONCLUSIONS

This study preliminarily demonstrates the multi-ingredient, multi-target and multi-pathway mechanisms of action of 27 molluscicides. The screened key ingredient may provide the basis for isolation, purification and pharmacological studies of molluscicides, and the screened key targets and key pathways may facilitate the illustration of mechanisms of actions of traditional Chinese medicine-derived molluscicides and development of novel green molluscicides.

OS06.4A Identification of T cell receptors targeting ZFTA-RELA fusion-positive ependymoma

BACKGROUND

The oncogenic gene fusion between ZFTA (formerly C11orf95) and RELA has in recent years been highlighted as oncogenic driver event ultimately leading to malignant transformation and progression of ependymoma. Representing a genetic hallmark in 17.6% of ependymomas, ZFTA-RELA fusion-positive tumors qualified as separate diagnostic entity in the 2016 revision of the WHO classification of CNS tumors. This tumor entity mainly occurs in pediatric patients and is characterized by poor prognosis and the lack of biology-driven therapy.

RESULTS

De novo prediction of putative gene fusion-derived neoepitopes in malignant CNS diseases yielded several potential candidates suitable for screening. Of these, vaccination of A2.DR1-transgenic major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-humanized mice with in silico compiled peptide vaccines encompassing the ZFTA-RELA fusion sequence elicited robust antigen-specific CD4+-restricted immune responses. We identified ZFTA-RELA-reactive T cell clones by multiplexed Interferon-γ / Interleukin-2 recall response. Single-cell VDJ-sequencing of reactive T cells demonstrated a highly clonal T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and shared clonotypes among all vaccinated animals. Matching TCRα/β chains have been assembled from single-cell sequencing data and cloned for functional testing of neoepitope-reactive TCR-transgenic T cells in vitro as well as in vivo using a transposon system-based immunocompetent, MHC-humanized ZFTA-RELA fusion-positive ependymoma model.

CONCLUSION

Here we identify the oncogenic ZFTA-RELA gene fusion product as a novel tumor-specific neoepitope that is recognized by MHC class II-restricted TCRs. Therapeutic efficacy of TCR-transgenic cell therapy can be further investigated using an immunocompetent MHC-humanized mouse model of ZFTA-RELA fusion-positive ependymoma. Our findings provide initial evidence for neoepitope-specific immunotherapy in pediatric CNS tumors.

[Analysis of the effect of transgluteal percutaneous drainage in the treatment of deep pelvic abscess]

Objective: To investigate the safety and feasibility of transgluteal percutaneous drainage using double catheterization cannula in the treatment of deep pelvic abscess. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of patients who underwent transgluteal percutaneous drainage using double catheterization cannula with deep pelvic abscesses admitted to the Jinling Hospital from May 2017 to September 2020 was conducted. Seven patients were enrolled, including 5 males and 2 females, who aged 26-74 (median 53.0) years old, and all of them had digestive fistula. One male patient was punctured again due to the tube falling off, and a total of 7 patients underwent 8 times of transgluteal percutaneous drainage, all under the guidance of CT. The puncture and drainage steps of the double catheterization cannula group are as follows: (1) Locate the puncture point under CT in the lateral position; (2) Place the trocar into the abscess cavity; (3) Confirm that the trocar is located in the abscess cavity under CT; (4) Pull out the inner core and insert into the double catheterization cannula through the operating hole; (5) Confirmthat the double catheterization cannula is located in the abscess cavity under CT; (6) The double catheterization cannula is properly fixed to prevent it from falling off. The white blood cells, C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) of all patients before the drainage and 1 days, 3 days, and 5 days after the drainage were collected, as well as the bacterial culture results of the drainage fluid. The changes of various infection biomarkers before and after the drainage were compared. Results: All 7 patients were cured. No complications such as hemorrhage and severe pain were observed. The average time with drainage tube was 60.8 (18-126) days. Five patients finally underwent gastrointestinal reconstruction surgery due to gastrointestinal fistula. The median serum interleukin-6 of patients before drainage, 1 day, 3 days and 5 days after drainage were 181.6 (113.0, 405.4) μg/L, 122.2 (55.8, 226.0) μg/L, 59.2 (29.0,203.5) μg/L and 64.1 (30.0,88.4) μg/L, respectively.The level of serum interleukin-6 at 3 days and 5 days after drainage was significantly lower than before drainage (F=3.586, P=0.026). Although the white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin decreased gradually after drainage compared with before drainage, the difference was not statistically significant (all P>0.05). Conclusion: Transgluteal percutaneous drainage with double catheterization cannula is simple and effective, and can be used for the treatment of deep pelvic abscess.

Influence of post-core material and cement peculiarities on stress of post-cores under ultrasonic vibration: a three-dimensional finite element analysis

AIM

To analyse the effect of post-core, and cement materials and thickness of the cement lute on the stress in post-core systems under ultrasonic vibration at different frequencies and amplitudes using three-dimensional finite element analysis.

METHODOLOGY

Eight three-dimensional finite element models of a maxillary central incisor with post-cores were established. Two post-core materials (Au and Ni-Cr alloys), two cements (glass ionomer (GI) and zinc phosphate (ZP)) and two cement layer thicknesses (50 and 150 μm) were considered. Vibration loads were applied near the neck on the buccal side of the core at frequencies of 10-40 kHz and amplitudes of 10-50 μm. The maximum shear stress of the cement layer and maximum principal stress of the roots and their distributions were investigated.

RESULTS

The stresses on cements and roots increased with an increase in the frequency and amplitude of the vibration load and elastic modulus of the cements, and decreased with increasing thickness of the cement layer and elastic modulus of the post-core. Maximum cement stress was observed on the contralateral upper part of the loading side, whereas the maximum root stress was found on the ferrule where the load was applied.

CONCLUSIONS

In this simulated model, the frequency and amplitude of ultrasound needed to remove a post-core were positively related to the elastic modulus of the post-core and thickness of the cement layer and negatively related to the elastic modulus of the cements.

Abstract B71: Molecular heterogeneity and novel oncogenic fusions in RELA- and YAP1-negative supratentorial ependymoma

Introduction: One of the DNA methylation-based molecular subgroups of supratentorial ependymoma (ST-EPN), designated ST-EPN-RELA, mostly harbors fusions of the uncharacterized gene C11orf95 and RELA (ST-EPN-RELA). Rarely, no C11orf95-RELA fusion is detected in tumors predicted to belong to the ST-EPN-RELA group. With this study we aimed to refine the molecular classification of ST-EPN and to identify alternative oncogenic mechanisms in the absence of a classic fusion type.

Methods and Materials: In an unbiased approach, t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding was applied to 53,468 DNA methylation profiles from brain tumors, other cancer types, and control tissues. Only samples clustering with a reference set of ST-EPN-RELA were selected for further analyses (n=614), including RNA- and/or DNA-panel sequencing, histopathologic reevaluation, and immunohistochemistry for L1CAM. Fusions were validated using RT-PCR on total RNA and Sanger sequencing. Clinical data were analyzed retrospectively for 150 patients.

Results: We identified one large and four satellite clusters. The large cluster (n=479; designated ST-EPN-RELA 1) and one of the satellite clusters (n=12; ST-EPN-RELA 2) predominantly contained samples with a calibrated score ≥ 0.9 for ST-EPN-RELA based on the current version of the Heidelberg Brain Tumor Classifier. Samples of the three other satellite clusters (n=41, n=17, and n=25 samples) contained 65.9%, 88.2%, and 96.0% of samples with a calibrated score &lt; 0.9 for any methylation class, and were thus predicted as unclassifiable. These clusters were provisionally designated ST-EPN-RELA-like A, B, and C, and initial histologic diagnoses showed a wide spectrum of rare morphologies beside EPN, e.g., sarcoma and teratoma. Within clusters ST-EPN-RELA-like A and C, sequencing revealed fusions of C11orf95 with different partner genes, including MAML2 (n=14), MAML3 (n=2), and NCOA2 (n=7), while ST-EPN-RELA-like B included classic C11orf95-RELA fusions (n=11) in samples with initial diagnoses other than EPN. Copy number variation analysis showed clear differences between the clusters. L1CAM-positivity was observed in all groups. Within the cluster ST-EPN-RELA 1, samples separated according to fusion types, 1 versus 2/3. Analysis of clinical data showed significant differences in overall survival between cases with confirmed C11orf95-RELA fusion type 1 (n=25, median OS=88 months) and type 2/3 (n=20, median OS=67 months). Clinical data collection for the satellite clusters is currently ongoing.

Conclusion: Molecular refinement of ST-EPN-RELA revealed novel subgroups harboring fusions of C11orf95 with numerous fusion partners different from RELA, which will be included in the next update of the Heidelberg Classifier. Preliminary analysis suggests differences in clinical outcome related to the fusion type. Findings of this study will improve diagnostic accuracy and clinical management and need to be considered when developing targeted treatment strategies against ST-EPN.

Citation Format: D.R. Ghasemi, K. Okonechnikov, A. Korshunov, M. Sill, T. Zheng, J.M. Huebner, K.K. Maass, J. Benzel, M. Snuderl, J. Gojo, U. Schüller, N.U. Gerber, I. Stoler, P. Hernáiz-Driever, T. Milde, D. Sturm, R. Chapman, R.G. Grundy, A. von Deimling, D. Kawauchi, D.T.W. Jones, M. Kool, S.M. Pfister, F. Sahm, K.W. Pajtler. Molecular heterogeneity and novel oncogenic fusions in RELA- and YAP1-negative supratentorial ependymoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 17-20; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(14 Suppl):Abstract nr B71.

[Minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion significantly improves the sagittal balance for adult degenerative scoliosis]

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF/OLIF) on the sagittal balance of adult degenerative scoliosis. Methods: From January 2014 to June 2017, a total of 23 patients with degenerative scoliosis underwent staged minimally invasive surgery in Shanghai Ruijin Hospital. All patients were implanted with LLIF or OLIF cage from the lateral approach first, and was followed by the posterior percutaneous pedicle screw fixation or pedicle screw fixation via Wiltse approach. If the sagittal deformity correction was not satisfactory after the first surgery, a posterior osteotomy can be performed during the second stage operation. A biplanar X-ray of the whole spine was taken with the EOS imaging system before and after surgery. The EOS software was used to measure and evaluate the patient's sagittal balance parameters including pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), lumbar lordosis (LL), the sagittal vertical axis (SVA) and the coronal Cobb angle. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score for low back pain, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score were evaluated before and after surgery. Paired t test or repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the data before and after surgery. Results: There were 6 males and 17 females with a mean age of (72±4) years (62-79 years). Nine patients were treated with LLIF and 14 patients with OLIF. Sixteen cases were implanted with three cages, five with two cages and two with four cages. The mean follow-up period was 24.2 months (15-42 months). After the first operation, the Cobb angle of the patient was significantly improved (18°±7° vs 33°±8°, t=13.2, P<0.01). All the parameters for sagittal balance, including PI-LL (20°±8° vs 31°±8(o)), SVA ((5.3±2.0) cm vs (8.2±3.5) cm), PT (16°±6° vs 23°±4°) were all significantly improved as well (t=6.8, 4.5, 9.0, ALL P<0.01). At the last follow-up, the VAS score of low back pain (3.4±1.1 vs 6.3±1.0) and ODI scores (27.3%±3.0% vs 47.1%±5.9%) were also significantly improved (t=11.3, 17.8, both P<0.01). No major complications occurred in this group. Conclusions: Minimally invasive LLIF/OLIF can significantly improve the coronal and sagittal balance of adult degenerative scoliosis. Staged minimally invasive surgery can significantly alleviate pain and improve function in these patients.

[Investigation of treatment and analysis of prognostic risk on enterocutaneous fistula in China: a multicenter prospective study]

Objective: To investigate the diagnosis and treatment for enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) in China, and to explore the prognostic factors of ECF. Methods: A multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted based on the Registration System of Chinese Gastrointestinal Fistula and Intra-Abdominal Infections to collect the clinical data of ECF patients from 54 medical centers in 22 provinces/municipalities from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018. The clinical data included patient gender, age, length of hospital stay, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, underlying diseases, primary diseases, direct causes of ECF, location and type of ECF, complications, treatment and outcomes. All medical records were carefully filled in by the attending physicians, and then re-examined by more than two specialists. The diagnosis of ECF was based on the clinical manifestations, laboratory/imaging findings and intraoperative exploration. Results: A total of 1521 patients with ECF were enrolled, including 1099 males and 422 females, with a median age of 55 years. The top three primary diseases of ECF were malignant tumors in 626 cases (41.2%, including 540 gastrointestinal tumors, accounting for 86.3% of malignant tumors), gastrointestinal ulcers and perforations in 202 cases (13.3%), and trauma in 157 cases (10.3%). The direct causes of ECF were mainly surgical operation in 1194 cases (78.5%), followed by trauma in 156 (10.3%), spontaneous fistula due to Crohn's disease in 92 (6.0%), radiation intestinal injury in 41 (2.7%), severe pancreatitis in 20 (1.3%), endoscopic treatment in 13 (0.9%) and 5 cases (0.3%) of unknown reasons. All the patients were divided into three groups: 1350 cases (88.7%) with simple ECF, 150 (9.9%) with multiple ECF, and 21 (1.4%) with combined internal fistula. Among the patients with simple ECF, 438 cases (28.8%) were jejuno-ileal fistula, 313 (20.6%) colon fistula, 170 (11.2%) rectal fistula, 111 (7.3%) duodenal fistula, 76 (5.0%) ileocecal fistula, 65 (4.3%) ileocolic anastomotic fistula, 55 (3.6%) duodenal stump fistula, 36 (2.4%) gastrointestinal anastomotic fistula, 36 (2.4%) esophagogastric/esophagojejunal anastomotic fistula, 29 (1.9%) gastric fistula and 21 (1.4%) cholangiopancreatiointestinal. Among all the simple ECF patients, 991 were tubular fistula and 359 were labial fistula. A total of 1146 patients finished the treatment, of whom 1061 (92.6%) were healed (586 by surgery and 475 self-healing) and 85 (7.4%) died. A total of 1043 patients (91.0%) received nutritional support therapy, and 77 (6.7%) received fistuloclysis. Infectious source control procedures were applied to 1042 patients, including 711 (62.0%) with active lavage and drainage and 331 (28.9%) with passive drainage. Among them, 841 patients (73.4%) underwent minimally invasive procedures of infectious source control (replacement of drainage tube through sinus tract, puncture drainage, etc.), 201 (17.5%) underwent laparotomy drainage, while 104 (9.1%) did not undergo any drainage measures. A total of 610 patients (53.2%) received definitive operation, 24 patients died within postoperative 30-day with mortality of 3.9% (24/610), 69 (11.3%) developed surgical site infection (SSI), and 24 (3.9%) had a relapse of fistula. The highest cure rate was achieved in ileocecal fistula (100%), followed by rectal fistula (96.2%, 128/133) and duodenal stump fistula (95.7%,44/46). The highest mortality was found in combined internal fistula (3/12) and no death in ileocecal fistula. Univariate prognostic analysis showed that primary diseases as Crohn's disease (χ(2)=6.570, P=0.010) and appendicitis/appendiceal abscess (P=0.012), intestinal fistula combining with internal fistula (χ(2)=5.460, P=0.019), multiple ECF (χ(2)=7.135, P=0.008), esophagogastric / esophagojejunal anastomotic fistula (χ(2)=9.501, P=0.002), ECF at ileocecal junction (P=0.012), non-drainage/passive drainage before the diagnosis of intestinal fistula (χ(2)=9.688, P=0.008), non-drainage/passive drainage after the diagnosis of intestinal fistula (χ(2)=9.711, P=0.008), complicating with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) (χ(2)=179.699, P<0.001), sepsis (χ(2)=211.851, P<0.001), hemorrhage (χ(2)=85.300, P<0.001), pulmonary infection (χ(2)=60.096, P<0.001), catheter-associated infection (χ(2)=10.617, P=0.001) and malnutrition (χ(2)=21.199, P<0.001) were associated with mortality. Multivariate prognostic analysis cofirmed that sepsis (OR=7.103, 95%CI:3.694-13.657, P<0.001), complicating with MODS (OR=5.018, 95%CI:2.170-11.604, P<0.001), and hemorrhage (OR=4.703, 95%CI: 2.300-9.618, P<0.001) were independent risk factors of the death for ECF patients. Meanwhile, active lavage and drainage after the definite ECF diagnosis was the protective factor (OR=0.223, 95%CI: 0.067-0.745, P=0.015). Conclusions: The overall mortality of ECF is still high. Surgical operation is the most common cause of ECF. Complications e.g. sepsis, MODS, hemorrhage, and catheter-associated infection, are the main causes of death. Active lavage and drainage is important to improve the prognosis of ECF.

[Relationship between blood pressure variability and target organ damage in children with essential hypertension]

Objective: To investigate the correlation between blood pressure variability (BPV) and target organ damage in children with essential hypertension. Methods: A retrospective review identified 144 children (104 boys (72.2%) and 40 girls (27.8%), age (11.7±2.5)years) diagnosed with essential hypertension at Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics from January 2013 to June 2018. Data on indicators for assessing fundus, cardiac, and renal damages obtained included 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, BPV, fundus oculi examination, electrocardiogram, echocardiography, renal function, 24-hour urine protein quantitation, urine microalbumin, serum and urine β(2)-microglobulin. According to the existence of target organ damage, subjects were divided into target organ damage group and non-target organ damage group. Comparison between groups was analyzed using independent sample t test, chi square test and pearson correlation analysis. Results: The study included 144 children. There were 108 children (75.0%) diagnosed with phase 1 hypertension and 36 children (25.0%) diagnosed with phase 2 hypertension. Patients in target organ damage group (n=86, 59.7%) had a higher coefficient of 24 h diastolic BPV (14.5%±3.2% vs. 13.2%±2.5% t=2.558, P=0.012), a higher coefficient of daytime systolic BPV (8.2%±2.1% vs. 7.4%±2.0%, t=2.253, P=0.026) and a higher coefficient of daytime diastolic BPV (12.8%±3.4% vs.11.1%±2.4%, t=3.188, P=0.002) compared with patients in non-target organ damage group (n=58, 40.3%). The coefficients of daytime systolic BPV and daytime diastolic BPV were significantly associated with cardiac damage (r=0.190, P=0.023; r=0.366, P<0.01) and renal damage (r=0.167, P=0.046; r=0.167, P=0.045). The coefficient of daytime diastolic BPV was positively correlated with left ventricular mass index (r=0.366, P<0.01). Conclusions: There is a correlation between BPV and target organ damage in children with essential hypertension. Daytime BPV is strongly associated with cardiac and renal damage, and daytime diastolic BPV may predict early cardiac hypertrophy. As a noninvasive method, daytime BPV can provide evidence for early identification of hypertensive target organ damage.

[Suture under tension across cartilage in the application of the crooked nose surgery]

Objective:Observing the effect of maintain tension across suture between cartilages to fix new nasal structure on balance the asymmetric strength of the two sides of the cartilage and the recurrence of the postoperative crooked nose.Method:A L-shaped struct made of the nasal septum cartilage were fixed to maintain tension across structure between cartilage during rhinoplasty in 39 patients with crooked nasal deformity. Of 21 cases were type I deviation, of 12 cases were C-shaped deviation,and of 6 cases were S-shaped deviation.Result:A 1-5 years follow-up were performed. The effects were divided into three degrees: 30 cases excellent (76.92%), 6 cases good (15.38%) and 3 cases acceptable (7.69%).The rate of excellent and good was 92.31%(36/39). The type I improvement rate was 80.3%,the rate of type C was 83.6% and the improvement rate of type S was 84.1%,the overall improvement rate was about 81.9%.Conclusion:Suture under tension across cartilage can fix reconstruction of nasal structure effectively,improve the postoperative effect, reduce recurrence of crooked nose. The operation is simple and is an essential part of the nasal deformity correction technique.

Cohort Profile: The Chongqing Cancer Cohort Study (CCCS) of the Urban Population in Southwest China

Purpose: Urbanization is causing an increasingly negative effect on public health in China. This study was established to examine the associations between socio-economic and environmental exposures and the potential impact of gene-environment interactions and cancer risk of urban population in Chongqing, China. Participants: The cohort was established in Beibei District of Chongqing in southwest China. Between March 2016 and December 2016, we enrolled 57,332 adults who were 40-69 years of age, and collected baseline data on demographic information, socio-economic status, lifestyle, family and personal disease histories through face-to-face interviews using a standardized questionnaire. Regular follow-up including face-to-face interviews will take place every 5 years. Findings to date: Ninety-nine percent (56658/57332) of the participants completed the baseline assessment. The eligible participants had a mean age of 54.8 years, and 51.42% were females. Nearly three-fifths of participants having a normal BMI (18.5 to 23.9 kg/m2) and one-third being overweight (24.0 to 27.9 kg/m2). Among males, 29.58% were smokers and 21.08% were alcohol users. Among females, 1.49% were smokers and 1.66% were alcohol users. Among all participants, 7.03% of males and 9.08% of females reported their family history of cancer. Future plans: The relationships of modifiable risk factors with the cancer risk will be analyzed. Meanwhile, participants will be closely tracked to minimize loss to follow-up. We plan to construct a risk prediction model on cancer and verify the prediction model by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The successful completion of this cohort study will allow for better targeting of cancer screening to those at highest risk in urban population of China and provide clinicians and policymakers with a practical predication rule.

A GWAS meta-analysis from 5 population-based cohorts implicates ion channel genes in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome

BACKGROUND

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) shows genetic predisposition, however, large-scale, powered gene mapping studies are lacking. We sought to exploit existing genetic (genotype) and epidemiological (questionnaire) data from a series of population-based cohorts for IBS genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and their meta-analysis.

METHODS

Based on questionnaire data compatible with Rome III Criteria, we identified a total of 1335 IBS cases and 9768 asymptomatic individuals from 5 independent European genotyped cohorts. Individual GWAS were carried out with sex-adjusted logistic regression under an additive model, followed by meta-analysis using the inverse variance method. Functional annotation of significant results was obtained via a computational pipeline exploiting ontology and interaction networks, and tissue-specific and gene set enrichment analyses.

KEY RESULTS

Suggestive GWAS signals (P ≤ 5.0 × 10^-6 ) were detected for 7 genomic regions, harboring 64 gene candidates to affect IBS risk via functional or expression changes. Functional annotation of this gene set convincingly (best FDR-corrected P = 3.1 × 10^-10 ) highlighted regulation of ion channel activity as the most plausible pathway affecting IBS risk.

CONCLUSION & INFERENCES

Our results confirm the feasibility of population-based studies for gene-discovery efforts in IBS, identify risk genes and loci to be prioritized in independent follow-ups, and pinpoint ion channels as important players and potential therapeutic targets warranting further investigation.

Influence of hormone therapy or C. foetida extract on breast tenderness in postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the prevalence of breast tenderness in a population treated with menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) or Cimicifuga foetida extract.

METHODS

A prospective, randomized, controlled trial was conducted. Ninety-six postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to three groups: group A, 1 mg estradiol valerate daily plus 4 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), days 19-30; group B, 1 mg estradiol valerate daily plus 100 mg micronized progesterone (MP), days 19-30; group C, 100 mg C. foetida extract daily. Breast tenderness was evaluated daily for 12 months.

RESULTS

Seventy-three patients completed the study. Group A had the highest prevalence of breast tenderness, while group C had the lowest. More than 50% of all participants reported no symptoms throughout the period. The participants in group A experienced a sharp increase in breast tenderness after treatment, but decreased after 1 month. No significant decline was found in the duration of pain in group B. The patients in group C reported no remarkable changes after 1 month. Compared to estrogen only, estrogen plus MPA/MP led to a higher incidence of prolonged breast symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared to MHT groups, C. foetida extract had the lowest prevalence of breast tenderness. Most participants experienced mild or no symptoms.

EFFECTS OF Wnt / β-CATENIN SIGNALING PATHWAY AND STAR D7 ON TESTOSTERONE SYNTHESIS

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to assess the mechanism through which Wnt/ beta - catenin signaling pathway, and StarD7, prometes testosterone synthesis, and to explore a new pathway for the regulation of testosterone synthesis.

ANIMALS AND METHODS

Leydig cells were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into four groups and treated with Annexin 5 in concentration of 0, 0.1, 1 and 10 nmol/L. Testosterone secretion, expression of StarD7, StarD7 mRNA, β-catenin and changes of β - catenin localization in Leydig cells of testis of rats were tested in the four groups.

RESULTS

mRNA and protein levels of StarD7 and β-catenin increased significantly, upon stimulation with 1 nmol/L annexin 5. Accumulation of β-catenin inside the cells and the nucleus, was observed by immunofluorescence staining, in cells treated with annexin 5. These findings indicate a possible role of StarD7 and β-catenin in the process of annexin5-mediated stimulation of testosterone synthesis.

CONCLUSIONS

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and StarD7 are involved in the process of annexin5 stimulation of testosterone synthesis. Activation of Wnt/ β-catenin signaling pathway by Annexin5, and increase in StarD7 expression lead to elevated expression of key regulatory enzymes in testosterone synthesis, thus promoting testosterone synthesis.

Epidemiology of Mouth Cancer in 1989: A Review

The oral cavity and pharynx combined is the sixth commonest site of cancer in both sexes. In many countries the mortality rate is increasing among younger men born since approximately 1910-1920. A causal role in the aetiology of mouth cancer has been established for tobacco use, both smoking and chewing, separately and in conjunction with betel-quid chewing; with alcohol consumption and, less certainly, with other factors such as poor oral hygiene, nutritional factors and certain occupational exposures. In Western countries, there is convincing evidence that a large attributable risk can be ascribed to the joint habits of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. In Asian societies, a high attributable risk can be ascribed to cigarette smoking and betel chewing. Mouth cancer is at the same time an important form of cancer, and one for which practical prospects for prevention already exist. Against this background of a continually increasing trend among younger persons, it seems essential to engage upon programmes of prevention, including increasing awareness for early detection, against mouth cancer at the present time.

Efficacy and safety evaluation of Cimicifuga foetida extract in menopausal women

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with Cimicifuga foetida extract in menopausal women.

METHODS

A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted. A total of 96 early postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to three groups: group A received 1 mg estradiol valerate daily plus 4 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate on days 19-30; group B received 1 mg estradiol valerate daily plus 100 mg micronized progesterone on days 19-30; group C received 100 mg C. foetida extract daily. The efficacy was evaluated. Safety parameters were recorded.

RESULTS

A total of 81 patients completed the treatment and follow-up visit. The modified Kupperman Menopausal Index scores decreased after 3 months in all groups. No significant changes were observed in the liver, renal function and components of metabolic syndrome in group C (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences in the incidences of metabolic syndrome among the three groups (p > 0.05). After 24 months, the endometrial thickness increased significantly in group B (p = 0.014), but not in the C. foetida extract group (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

C. foetida extract is safe and effective for the treatment of menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women.

[Corneal astigmatism among 2 085 age-related cataract patients before surgery]

Objective: To investigate the characteristics and distribution of corneal astigmatism before surgery among age-related cataract patients in the Hubei area. Methods: Retrospective study. From January 1, 2012 to July 31, 2016, IOL Master measurements of all qualified cataract surgery candidates were retrospectively collected. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to assess the degree, distribution and type of corneal astigmatism. Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test was used to evaluate the normal distribution of variables. One-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test were applied for the comparison of variance for normally and non-normally distributed quantitative data among different age groups. Spearman's rank test was used to assess the relationship between age and corneal astigmatism. Results: The mean age of the 2 085 patients (3 586 eyes) involved was (73.1±9.43) years old, with more women (58.3%) than men. The mean value of corneal curvature was 44.33 D (95%CI: 44.28-44.39), and the mean corneal astigmatism was 1.06 D (range, 0.05 D to 6.74 D). K-S test indicated the distribution of corneal curvature was normal (P=0.18), while corneal astigmatism did not obey the normal distribution (P<0.01). Corneal astigmatism was between 0.25 D and 1.25 D in 67.7% of the eyes, >1.25 D in 29.7%, and<0.25 D in 4.2%. Corneal astigmatism degree increased with the age increase (P<0.01). There was no statistical difference in corneal astigmatism between women and men (P=0.075). However, women had steeper corneal curvatures than men with statistical difference (P<0.01). Corneal astigmatism with the rule was observed in 29.0% of the eyes, while astigmatism against the rule was found in 53.0%. And astigmatism against the rule increased with age. Conclusion: Corneal astigmatism mostly distributes between 0.25 D and 1.25 D in age-related cataract patients who lived in Hubei. Corneal astigmatism degree increased with age, and the dominant type was astigmatism against the rule. There was no difference in astigmatism between men and women patients aged 50 years and above, but in 70- to 79-year-old patients, women had a higher astigmatism degree than men. The corneal curvature of women was steeper than men in general and in each age group. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2017, 53: 522-527).

[Experience of Sun's procedure for chronic type B dissection with aortic arch involvement]

Objective: To study the surgical treatment of chronic type B dissection with aortic arch involvement using Sun's procedure. Methods: Between February 2009 and December 2015, 29 patients [20 males, 9 females, with a mean age of (41±12) years, range 24-64 years] with type B dissection with aortic arch involvement underwent Sun's procedure. Sixteen patient had a history of hypertension. Marfan syndrome was observed in 9 cases, coronary artery disease in 3 cases, mitral regurgitation in 3 patients, cerebrovascular disease in one patient. Twenty-two patients suffered proximal aortic arch disease, 4 cases experienced history of aortic root procedure and 2 subjects had history of pregnancy. Four patients had aortic arch malformation. Results: One case suffered from massive cerebral infarction after surgery and died in another hospital. Concomitant procedures included mitral valve replacement in 3 cases, coronary artery bypass grafting in 3 patients, reconstruction of the right aberrant subclavian artery in one patient. Ventilator support exceeding 24 hours obseved in 2 patients. One of them recieved continuous renal replacement therapy and recovered before discharge. Spinal cord injury was obseved in one case, brain infarction in one patient and pericardial drainage in one case. Two patients required tracheotomy. During 12-94 (43±23) months' follow-up, thoracoabdominal aortic replacment was performed in 4 patients, thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) in 2 subjects and repair of perivalvular leakage in one patient. Conclusions: Sun's procedure obtained satisfactory results in patients with chronic type B dissection with aortic arch involvement. Concomitant repair of proximal aortic arch lesions and distal type B dissection can be adopted using Sun's procedure.

Occupational metal exposures, smoking and risk of diabetes and prediabetes

BACKGROUND

Metal exposure and tobacco smoking have been independently associated with diabetes, but no study has been conducted to investigate the interaction between them on the risk of diabetes.

AIMS

To investigate the effect of occupational exposure to metals, and potential effect modification by smoking, on the risk of diabetes and prediabetes in a cohort of Chinese male workers.

METHODS

We assessed metal exposure and tobacco smoking at baseline in the Jinchang Cohort of male workers. We used Poisson regression analyses to estimate the interaction between smoking and metal exposures based on occupations, which we grouped according to the measured urinary metal levels.

RESULTS

Among the 26008 study subjects, compared with non-smokers, the adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) for diabetes was 1.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-2.4] for smokers of >40 pack-years. The adjusted PRs were 1.2 (95% CI 1.1-1.4) among mining/production workers and 2.7 (95% CI 2.4-3.0) among smelting/refining workers, both compared with office workers. There was significant effect modification under the additive model between smoking and metal exposure on the prevalence of diabetes (Pinteraction = 0.001), with an adjusted PR of 3.6 (95% CI 2.4-5.4) for those with >40 pack-years of smoking who had the highest metal exposures, whereas no significant interaction was observed for prediabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

Both exposure to metals and heavy smoking were associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes in this large cohort of male workers. There was also strong interaction between these two exposures in affecting diabetes risk that should be confirmed in future studies.

Layer-number dependent and structural defect related optical properties of InSe

We present systematic investigations on the layer-dependent optical properties of InSe and modify its excitonic states by electron beam irradiation.

[Job burnout and related influencing factors in community medical staff in Nanchong, China]

Objective: To investigate job burnout and related influencing factors in community medical staff in Nanchong, China. Methods: From June to July, 2015, cluster random sampling was performed to select 181 medical staff members in Nanchong Community Health Service Center as study subjects. The Chinese Maslach Burnout Inventory (CMBI) was used to measure the level of job burnout. Results: The overall detection rate of job burnout in community medical staff in Nanchong was 95.0%, and among these staff members with job burnout, 119 (65.7%) had mild job burnout, 44 (24.3%) had moderate job burnout, and 9 (5.0%) had severe job burnout. There were significant differences in the scores of emotional exhaustion and reduced sense of personal accomplishmentbetween the medical staff members with different ages (F=5.820 and 3.180, both P<0.05) . There was a significant difference in the score of emotional exhaustion between the medical staff members with different working years (F=2.909, P<0.05) . There was also a significant difference in the score of reduced sense of personal accomplishment between the medical staff members with different types of work (F=5.797, P<0.05) , and the nurses had the lowest score. Conclusion: The medical staff members in Nanchong have a high incidence rate of job burnout, with the feature of reduced sense of personal accomplishment. An old age, long working years, and nursing occupation are major risk factors for job burnout.

Stress of algicidal substances from a bacterium Exiguobacterium sp. h10 on Microcystis aeruginosa

Microcystis aeruginosa is a cyanobacterial bloom-causing species and is considered a serious threat to human health and biological safety. In this study, the algicidal bacterium h10 showed high algicidal effects on M. aeruginosa 7820, and strain h10 was confirmed to belong to the genus Exiguobacterium, for which the name Exiguobacterium sp. h10 is proposed. Algicidal activity and mode analysis revealed that the supernatant, rather than the bacterial cells, was responsible for the algicidal activity, indicating that the algicidal mode of strain h10 is by indirect attack through the production of algicidal substances. Analysis of the algicidal substance characteristics showed a molecular weight of <1000 Da and that algicidal substances exhibit high thermal stability and pH instability, and the characteristic functional groups of the algicidal substance mainly included carbonyl, amino and hydroxyl groups. Under the effects of the algicidal substance, the cellular pigment content was significantly decreased, and the algal cell structure and morphology were seriously damaged. The results indicate that the algicidal bacterium Exiguobacterium sp. h10 could be a potential bio-agent for controlling cyanobacterial blooms of M. aeruginosa.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

In this study, the effects of algicidal substances from an algicidal bacterium Exiguobacterium sp. h10 on the toxic cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa 7820, were first investigated. The algicidal mode of action was confirmed as an indirect attack through the production of algicidal substances. The characteristics of the algicidal substance were determined, especially the functional groups analysis that confirmed the algicidal substances were glycolipid mixtures. With the stress of algicidal substances, the algal chlorophyll a synthesis, cell structure and morphology were seriously damaged. This study proved that algicidal bacteria are promising sources of potential cyanobacterial bloom-control, and provided good procedures for the identification and analysis of an algicidal bacterium and substances.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D predicts early recurrent stroke in ischemic stroke patients

BACKGROUND AND AIM

This study was conducted to determine 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] levels in serum, and to investigate their associations with stroke recurrence events in a 3-month follow-up study in Chinese patients with first-ever ischemic stroke.

METHODS AND RESULTS

From February 2014 to September 2015, consecutive first-ever ischemic stroke patients admitted to the Department of Emergency of our hospital were identified. Serum 25(OH) D levels were measured at admission. We followed the participants for a median of 3 months (range, 2.5-3.5 months) using a standard questionnaire. We used logistic regression models to assess the relationship between 25(OH) levels and risk of recurrent stroke. In this study, 349 ischemic stroke patients were included and completed follow-up. Thirty-seven patients (10.6%) had a stroke recurrence. Serum 25(OH) D levels in patients with recurrent stroke were significantly lower as compared with those in patients without recurrent stroke [9.9 (IQR, 7.9-14.8) ng/mL vs. 17.9 (IQR, 13.4-23.4) ng/mL; P < 0.001). After adjusting for traditional risk factors, serum 25(OH) D levels were negatively associated with the stroke recurrence (OR, 0.897; 95% CI, 0.848-0.950; P < 0.001). Compared with the first quartile of serum 25(OH) D levels, the second quartile OR for recurrent stroke was 0.466 (95% CI, 0.308-707; P = 0.006). For the third and fourth quartiles, it was 0.248 (95% CI, 0.100-0.618; P = 0.001) and 0.173 (95% CI, 0.062-0.482; P < 0.001), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that reduced serum levels of 25(OH) D can predict the risk of early stroke recurrence in patients with first-ever ischemic stroke.

Proteomic modulation in breast tumors after metformin exposure: results from a "window of opportunity" trial

PURPOSE

Reverse Phase Protein Array (RPPA) is a high-throughput antibody-based technique to assess cellular protein activity. The goal of this study was to assess protein marker changes by RPPA in tumor tissue from a pre-surgical metformin trial in women with operable breast cancer (BC).

METHODS

In an open-label trial, metformin 1500-mg PO daily was administered prior to resection in 35 non-diabetic patients with stage 0-III BC, body mass index ≥25 kg/m². For RPPA, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples were probed with 160 antibodies. Paired and two-sample t-tests were performed (p ≤ 0.05). Multiple comparisons were adjusted for by fixing the false discovery rate at 25 %. We evaluated whether pre- and post-metformin changes of select markers by RPPA were identified by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in these samples. We also assessed for these changes by western blot in metformin-treated BC cell lines.

RESULTS

After adjusting for multiple comparisons in the 32 tumors from metformin-treated patients vs. 34 untreated historical controls, 11 proteins were significantly different between cases vs.

CONTROLS

increases in Raptor, C-Raf, Cyclin B1, Cyclin D1, TRFC, and Syk; and reductions in pMAPK^pT202,Y204, JNK^pT183,pT185, Bad^pS112, PKC.alpha^pS657, and Src^pY416. Cyclin D1 change after metformin by IHC was not observed. In cell lines, reductions in JNK^pT183 and Bad^pS112 were seen, with no change in Cyclin D1 or Raptor.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that metformin modulates apoptosis/cell cycle, cell signaling, and invasion/motility. These findings should be assessed in larger metformin trials. If confirmed, associations between these changes and BC clinical outcome should be evaluated. CLINICALTRIALS.

GOV IDENTIFIER

NCT00930579.

Smoking attenuated the association between IκBα rs696 polymorphism and defective spermatogenesis in humans

Defective spermatogenesis is prevalent in infertile men, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its aetiology are largely unknown. In this study, a proposed association between IκBα SNPs, smoking-related ROS and sperm quality was investigated. Two polymorphisms in the IκBα gene, rs2233406 and rs696 were genotyped in 342 controls and 338 patients with defective spermatogenesis from a southern Chinese population. The results showed the rs696 AA genotype to be significantly more common (21.60% versus 14.33%, P = 0.013) and the rs696 GG genotype to be significantly rarer (28.99% versus 37.13%, P = 0.024) in the cases than in the controls. After subjects were stratified into smokers and nonsmokers, these differences were only observed in nonsmokers. Further analysis showed the rs696 AA genotype to be significantly closely associated with defective spermatogenesis in all subjects (P = 0.014, OR = 1.647) and in nonsmokers (P = 0.036, OR = 1.889). In a TM3 cell model, exposure to cigarette smoke condensate was found to activate NF-κB luciferase activity and altered transcriptional level of NF-κB pathway genes. In conclusion, this study demonstrates an association between functional polymorphisms of the IκBα rs696 and cigarette smoking with the risk of defective spermatogenesis, suggesting some interaction between the NF-κB signalling pathway and smoking-related ROS in human spermatogenesis.

Photothrombosis combined with thrombin injection establishes a rat model of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

OBJECTIVE

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare but life-threatening disease and an animal model for in-depth study of CVST is needed. This study aimed to develop a rat model suitable for studying clinically relevant aspects of CVST and investigating its dynamic pathophysiological changes during a 7-day period.

METHOD

A photothrombosis method was used to create a rat sinus-vein thrombosis model. A spot size-adjustable Diode Pumped Solid State laser (DPSS) combined with thrombin injection occluded the rostral and caudal superior sagittal sinus (SSS). The model was used to evaluate pathophysiological changes at different time points over 7 days. Evans Blue dye injection was used to detect alterations in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Brain water content was also measured. Moreover, we examined changes in brain infarct volume, neurological function, as well as histology after induction of CVST.

RESULT

CVST in rats significantly altered BBB permeability, consistent with the development of brain edema. It was accompanied by an increase in brain infarct volume and deficits in neurological function that began on day 1, peaked on day 2, and typically improved by day 7 due to the neuroprotective effects of angiogenesis and gliocyte proliferation.

CONCLUSION

In this study, we describe a rat model that produces clinically relevant pathophysiology and pathology that will facilitate evaluation of therapeutic regimens for CVST. Furthermore, our results indicate a period of optimal clinical intervention for patients with CVST, which may reduce the probability of dependency and death.

Sulfur dioxide exposure and other factors affecting age at natural menopause in the Jinchuan cohort

OBJECTIVE

To describe the associations between occupational exposures and age at natural menopause in the Jinchuan cohort.

METHODS

The Jinchuan cohort consists of all current or retired workers of the Jinchuan Nonferrous Metals Corporation (JNMC) in Jinchang, Gansu, China. Our final study population consisted of 3167 postmenopausal women. The data used for this study were derived from the epidemiological survey and were self-reported. Age at natural menopause (ANM) was defined as the age at the last period prior to 12 months of amenorrhea in women who experienced natural menopause. ANM was related to five commonly reported occupational exposures using bivariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regressions.

RESULTS

Blue-collar workers have significantly earlier mean ANM (49.0 years) than white-collar workers (49.5 years). Sulfur dioxide exposure was found to be associated with earlier mean ANM in blue-collar workers. After stratifying both blue-collar workers and white-collar workers further by exposure time for each of the exposures, blue-collar workers exposed to sulfur dioxide for 21-25 years had the earliest mean ANM (47.8 years) of any level of any exposure in this study.

CONCLUSION

This paper is significant because it is the first report of an association between sulfur dioxide and menopause, and one of few papers to look at the determinants of ANM in an occupational cohort. Blue-collar workers had earlier mean ANM than white-collar workers. Blue-collar workers are more exposed to sulfur dioxide and other occupational exposures than white-collar workers, and blue-collar workers who are more exposed to sulfur dioxide have earlier menopause. Sulfur dioxide may be part of the reason that blue-collar workers experience earlier menopause than white-collar workers.

Detection of bovine herpesvirus type 4 antibodies and bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus in New Zealand dairy cows

AIM

To detect the presence of bovine herpesvirus (BoHV) type 4 in New Zealand dairy cows with clinical metritis.

METHODS

Serum samples taken from 92 dairy cows with clinical metritis, each from a different farm, were tested for the presence of antibodies against BoHV-4 using a commercially available, indirect ELISA. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from 10 BoHV-4 seropositive cows, and PBMC were examined by a pan-herpesvirus nested PCR to detect herpesvirus. PCR products were sequenced directly and a proportion of the PCR products were cloned and sequenced to identify the virus present.

RESULTS

Antibodies to BoHV-4 were detected in 23/92 (25%) serum samples. The pan-herpesvirus PCR was positive in 8/10 PBMC samples. Cloning and sequencing identified that all of the eight PCR-positive PBMC contained bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus (BLHV); no BoHV-4 DNA was detected.

CONCLUSIONS

This study reports the finding of the presence of apparent antibodies to BoHV-4, and BLHV DNA in New Zealand dairy cows affected by metritis.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Bovine herpesvirus type 4 and BLHV are reported to have the potential to cause reproduction failure in cows. This is the first report of apparent BoHV-4 antibodies, and BLHV in New Zealand. The importance and epidemiology of these viruses in cattle in New Zealand requires further investigation.

Similar blood-borne DNA methylation alterations in cancer and inflammatory diseases determined by subpopulation shifts in peripheral leukocytes

BACKGROUND

Although many DNA methylation (DNAm) alterations observed in peripheral whole blood/leukocytes and serum have been considered as potential diagnostic markers for cancer, their origin and their specificity for cancer (e.g., vs inflammatory diseases) remain unclear.

METHODS

From publicly available datasets, we identified changes in the methylation of blood-borne DNA for multiple cancers and inflammatory diseases. We compared the identified changes with DNAm difference between myeloid and lymphoid cells extracted from two datasets.

RESULTS

At least 94.7% of the differentially methylated DNA loci (DM loci) observed in peripheral whole blood/leukocytes and serum of cancer patients overlapped with DM loci that distinguish between myeloid and lymphoid cells and >99.9% of the overlapped DM loci had consistent alteration states (hyper- or hypomethylation) in cancer samples compared to normal controls with those in myeloid cells compared to lymphoid cells (binomial test, P-value <2.2 × 10(-16)). Similar results were observed for DM loci in peripheral whole blood/leukocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel diseases. The direct comparison between DM loci observed in the peripheral whole blood/leukocytes of patients with inflammatory diseases and DM loci observed in the peripheral whole blood of patients with cancer showed that DM loci detected from cancer and inflammatory diseases also had significantly consistent alteration states (binomial test, P-value <2.2 × 10(-16)).

CONCLUSIONS

DNAm changes observed in the peripheral whole blood/leukocytes and serum of cancer patients and in the peripheral whole blood/leukocytes of inflammatory disease patients are predominantly determined by the increase of myeloid cells and the decrease of lymphoid cells under the disease conditions, in the sense that their alteration states in disease samples compared to normal controls mainly reflect the DNAm difference between myeloid and lymphoid cells. These analyses highlight the importance of comparing cancer and inflammatory disease directly for the identification of cancer-specific diagnostic biomarkers.

Abstract P4-15-03: Proteomic modulation in breast tumors after metformin use: Results from a “window of opportunity” trial

Background: Laboratory and population studies demonstrate that metformin offers a beneficial breast cancer (BC) effect through reduction of serum insulin levels and changes in cellular protein synthesis and growth, such as AMPK pathway signaling. In a pre-surgical metformin trial of overweight/obese, multi-ethnic BC patients, we reported no difference in tumor proliferation, as measured by ki-67. However, reductions in other biomarkers were observed, including reduction in body mass index (BMI), serum cholesterol, serum insulin, and leptin. Reverse Phase Protein Array (RPPA) is a high-throughput antibody-based technique to assess cellular protein activity in signaling networks. The goal of this study was to assess changes in functional proteomics through RPPA in patients treated in a pre-surgical metformin trial.

Methods: Metformin 1500mg PO daily (500mg am/1000 mg pm) was administered for 2-4 weeks prior to resection in 35 patients with stage 0-III operable BC, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, and no history of diabetes. Protein was extracted from pre- and post-metformin paraffin-embedded tumor tissue, denatured by sodium dodecyl sulfate, and printed on nitrocellulose-coated slides. Samples were probed with 160 antibodies. Evaluated antibodies associated with various cellular activities, including PI3K/AKT signaling, HSP90 clients, Src/STAT activity, and apoptosis. We analyzed changes in RPPA parameters in tumor tissue of study patients with those of untreated historical controls, matched by age, BMI, and tumor characteristics. Paired t-test was used to calculate within-group changes in RPPA, and two-sample t-tests were used to compare between-group changes in cases and controls (significance: p ≤ 0.05). Multiple comparisons were adjusted for by fixing the false discovery rate (FDR) at 25%.

Results: Of the 35 metformin-treated patients, 32 were evaluable. The majority were Hispanic (80%). Metformin was administered for a median of 23 days (range: 8-64). Of the invasive BCs (n = 21/35), 80% of patients had HR+/HER2- BC. The 33 historical controls were well-matched. For RPPA, the mean total formalin-fixed paraffin embedded protein concentration was 38.9 ug (SD: 3.3). Of the 160 antibodies, 67 antibodies significantly changed after metformin use in the treated group, including reduction in pAKTS473, pAKTT308, and MTOR (unadjusted). Nineteen antibodies were identified as having between group differences in change from baseline: increase in BadpS112, C-RAF, Claudin-7, Cyclin B1, Cyclin D1, EGFR, HER3 pY1298, Lck, PKC-alphapS657, RAD50, Raptor, Syk, and TRFC; reduction in 14-3-3 epsilon, FOXO3a, JNKpT183, MAPKpT202, MEK1pS217, and SrcpY416. Adjusting for multiple comparisons, the following remain statistically significantly different between cases vs. controls: increase in BadpS112, C-RAF, Cyclin D1, and Raptor; and reduction in JNKpT183. Further assessment of RPPA modulation is ongoing, including changes grouped by signaling pathway and activity, as well as validation by immunohistochemistry.

Conclusions: Compared to controls, metformin use associates with changes in apoptosis, cell signaling, C-RAF, and Raptor. These results should be further validated in larger metformin intervention trials to better define populations who may benefit from this therapy.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P4-15-03.

Enhanced cadmium resistance and accumulation in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 expressing the phytochelatin synthase gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Phytochelatins (PCs) are cysteine-rich peptides with high binding affinity for toxic metals. Expressing the PC synthase gene (PCS) in plant growth-promoting bacteria may enhance its metal resistance and accumulation, consequently increasing phytoremediation efficiency in heavy metal pollution. In this study, PCS from Schizosaccharomyces pombe was cloned and expressed in Pseudomonas putida KT2440, which was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR through an increase in SpPCS mRNA expression level when induced by 20 μmol of CdCl2 in the transformed Ps. putida cells. The recombined strain KT2440-SpPCS exhibited enhanced Cd, Ag and Hg resistance. Compared with the original strain, KT2440-SpPCS also displayed a threefold to fivefold increase in Cd accumulation (14·32 μmol g(-1) to 17·38 μmol g(-1) ; dry weight) when grown in 30 and 50 μmol CdCl2 , along with an increase in nonprotein thiols. Further experiments showed significantly enhanced germination rates and growth of wheat seeds in 0·1 mmol to 1·0 mmol Cd when inoculated with KT2440-SpPCS. This study shows potential use of Ps. putida KT2440-SpPCS in plants to construct a symbiotic system for an enhanced phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated environments.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The symbiotic system of using plant growth-promoting bacteria Pseudomonas putida to express phytochelatin synthase gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe together in plants resulted in high heavy metal resistance and high accumulation capacity, suggesting potential enhancement in phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated environments.

Oral administration of Lactobacillus brevis KB290 to mice alleviates clinical symptoms following influenza virus infection

Lactobacillus brevis KB290 (KB290), isolated from a traditional Japanese pickle 'Suguki', has been reported to have immunomodulatory effects. We investigated whether oral administration of KB290 has protective effects against influenza virus (IFV) infection in mice. After 14 days of administration of lyophilized KB290 suspended in phosphate-buffered saline by oral gavage, BALB/c mice were intranasally infected with 2 × MLD50 (50% mouse lethal dose) of IFV A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). Prophylactically administered KB290 significantly alleviated the loss of body weight and the deterioration in observational physical conditions induced by the infection. In addition, 7 days after infection, the levels of IFV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)A in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly increased in mice fed KB290 compared with controls. Moreover, there was a significant elevation of serum interferon (IFN)-α in KB290 group mice, even at three and 7 days after infection, despite the administration of KB290 being stopped before IFV infection. Our results demonstrated that oral administration of KB290 before infection could alleviate IFV-induced clinical symptoms. Alleviation of clinical symptoms by KB290 consumption may have been induced by long-lasting enhancement of IFN-α production and the augmentation of IFV-specific IgA production.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

This study demonstrated that oral administration of Lactobacillus brevis KB290 (KB290), a probiotic strain derived from a Japanese traditional pickle, could protect against influenza virus (IFV) infection in mice. Our results demonstrated that continual intake of KB290 for 14 days prior to IFV infection alleviated clinical symptoms such as loss of body weight and deterioration in observational physical conditions induced by the infection. The beneficial effects of KB290 consumption may have been elicited by the long-lasting enhancement of interferon-α production and the augmentation of IFV-specific immunoglobulin A production.