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Kaabi HH. Smokeless tobacco keratosis in oral mucosa with epithelial dysplasia: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37771. [PMID: 38608125 PMCID: PMC11018213 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Smokeless tobacco use is a risk factor for the development of various oral lesions, among which is smokeless tobacco keratosis (STK). This condition is caused by constant frictional irritation of smokeless tobacco products against the oral mucosa and appears as a White-to-gray plaque with wrinkling. PATIENT CONCERNS A 50-year-old man who had been using smokeless tobacco for 24 years visited our clinic complaining of changes in the lower right sulcus of the oral cavity for 10 days. Clinical examination revealed a unilateral, nonhomogeneous White lesion in the area of the complaint. Histopathological examination showed hyperkeratosis, areas of keratin plugging, and mild dysplastic epithelial changes. DIAGNOSIS The clinico-histopathological correlation suggested a diagnosis of STK with focal mild epithelial dysplasia. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME A comprehensive management plan included maintaining oral hygiene, education on the detrimental effects of smokeless tobacco, advice to cease smoking, and regular follow-up to monitor the potential for malignant transformation. The patient was referred to a tobacco cessation society for tailored advice and counseling. On follow-up visits, there was an improvement in the lesion after habitual cessation. LESSONS The diagnosis of tobacco-related oral lesions is often delayed, which may result in malignant transformation. This illustrates the need to train healthcare professionals to identify tobacco-related conditions at an early stage and to educate patients regarding the harmful effects of tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hamed Kaabi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Arakeri G, Rao Us V, Patil S, Kunigal S, Reddy R, Krishnan M, Hale B, Brennan PA. Evaluation of possible role of fluoride in pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis: A pilot study. J Oral Pathol Med 2024; 53:226-231. [PMID: 38417414 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder. Although areca nut chewing is an established risk factor, its low prevalence among nut chewers indicates additional factors likely facilitates pathogenesis. We recently demonstrated high fluoride levels in smokeless tobacco products and hypothesized a potential pathological role of fluoride in OSMF. Further exploring this novel role, this study compared fluoride levels in tissue, serum, and saliva samples from OSMF patients and healthy controls. METHODS The ethically approved study included 25 clinically confirmed OSMF patients and 25 healthy matched controls. OSMF cases underwent buccal mucosal incisional biopsy, while controls had buccal mucosa tissue sampling during third molar removal. Fasting venous blood and unstimulated saliva were collected. Fluoride levels were analysed using ion chromatography and expressed as median (IQR). RESULTS OSMF cases showed significantly higher fluoride concentrations compared with controls in tissue biopsies (30.1 vs. 0 mg/kg, p < 0.0001), serum (0.4 vs. 0 mg/L, p = 0.005) and saliva (1.3 vs. 0 mg/L, p < 0.0001). Majority (68%) of controls had undetectable fluoride levels across all samples. Tissue fluoride weakly correlated with OSMF severity (r = -0.158, p = 0.334). CONCLUSION The preliminary findings demonstrated increased tissue fluoride levels in OSMF patients compared with healthy controls. Along with a previous study showing high fluoride content in smokeless tobacco products, these findings provided early evidence suggesting fluoride could play a contributory role in OSMF pathogenesis. Further large-scale investigation is warranted to definitively establish whether the association between fluoride exposure and OSMF is indicative of causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gururaj Arakeri
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, HCG Cancer Hospital, Bengaluru, India
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, HKDET Dental College and Hospital, Humnabad, India
| | - Vishal Rao Us
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, HCG Cancer Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shekar Patil
- Department of Medical Oncology, HCG Cancer Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sateesh Kunigal
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, HCG Cancer Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - Roopa Reddy
- Center for Incubation, Innovation, Research and Consultancy (CIIRC), Jyothy Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Murugesan Krishnan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Beverley Hale
- Institute of Allied Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Peter A Brennan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
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3
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Gil GF, Anderson JA, Aravkin A, Bhangdia K, Carr S, Dai X, Flor LS, Hay SI, Malloy MJ, McLaughlin SA, Mullany EC, Murray CJL, O'Connell EM, Okereke C, Sorensen RJD, Whisnant J, Zheng P, Gakidou E. Health effects associated with chewing tobacco: a Burden of Proof study. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1082. [PMID: 38316758 PMCID: PMC10844244 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chewing tobacco use poses serious health risks; yet it has not received as much attention as other tobacco-related products. This study synthesizes existing evidence regarding the health impacts of chewing tobacco while accounting for various sources of uncertainty. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of chewing tobacco and seven health outcomes, drawing on 103 studies published from 1970 to 2023. We use a Burden of Proof meta-analysis to generate conservative risk estimates and find weak-to-moderate evidence that tobacco chewers have an increased risk of stroke, lip and oral cavity cancer, esophageal cancer, nasopharynx cancer, other pharynx cancer, and laryngeal cancer. We additionally find insufficient evidence of an association between chewing tobacco and ischemic heart disease. Our findings highlight a need for policy makers, researchers, and communities at risk to devote greater attention to chewing tobacco by both advancing tobacco control efforts and investing in strengthening the existing evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela F Gil
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason A Anderson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aleksandr Aravkin
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kayleigh Bhangdia
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sinclair Carr
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaochen Dai
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Luisa S Flor
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew J Malloy
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan A McLaughlin
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin C Mullany
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher J L Murray
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin M O'Connell
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chukwuma Okereke
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Reed J D Sorensen
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joanna Whisnant
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peng Zheng
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emmanuela Gakidou
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Anand R, Sarode G, Sengupta N, Sarode S. Transformative Multimedia Messages for Smokeless Tobacco Cessation: Tech-Savvy against Tobacco. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2024; 25:369. [PMID: 38415520 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2024.25.2.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Anand
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr DY Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Gargi Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr DY Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Namrata Sengupta
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr DY Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Sachin Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr DY Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
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Waters TL, Collins LK, Cole MW, Springer BD, Salas Z, Sherman WF. Smokeless Tobacco Use is Associated With Worse Medical and Surgical Outcomes Following Total Hip Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2024; 39:441-447. [PMID: 37271231 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2023.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have demonstrated increased complication risk after total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients who smoke cigarettes. It is unclear if smokeless tobacco use confers a similar impact. The purpose of this study was to (1) evaluate rates of postoperative complications after THA in smokeless tobacco users and people who smoke compared to matched controls, and (2) compare rates of postoperative complications in smokeless tobacco users versus patients who smoke. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a large national database. For patients who underwent primary THA, smokeless tobacco users (n = 950) and people who smoke (n = 21,585) were matched 1:4 with controls (n = 3,800 and 86,340, respectively), and smokeless tobacco users (n = 922) were matched 1:4 with people who smoke (n = 3,688). Joint complication rates within 2 years and medical complications within 90 days postoperatively were compared using multivariable logistic regressions. RESULTS Within 90 days of primary THA, smokeless tobacco users demonstrated significantly higher rates of wound disruption, pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis, acute kidney injury (AKI), cardiac arrest, transfusion, readmission and longer length of stay compared to tobacco naïve controls. Within 2 years, smokeless tobacco users demonstrated significantly higher rates of prosthetic joint dislocations and overall joint-related complications compared to tobacco naïve controls. CONCLUSION Smokeless tobacco use is associated with higher rates of medical- and joint-related complications following primary THA. Smokeless tobacco use may be under-diagnosed in patients undergoing elective THA. Surgeons may consider delineating between smoking and smokeless tobacco use during preoperative counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Waters
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Lacee K Collins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Matthew W Cole
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Bryan D Springer
- OrthoCarolina Hip and Knee Center, Atrium Musculoskeletal Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Zachary Salas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - William F Sherman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Nordenstam F, Norman M, Caidahl K, Wickström R. Arterial Stiffness and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Children Exposed to Smokeless Tobacco in Fetal Life. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e9128. [PMID: 38214274 PMCID: PMC10926805 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial stiffening and increased intima-media thickness can be seen as early as childhood and are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events in adult life. The authors hypothesized that exposure to prenatal smokeless tobacco (Swedish snus) without additional nicotine exposure after the breastfeeding period would be associated with increased arterial stiffness and intima-media thickening in preschool children. METHODS AND RESULTS This was a longitudinal follow-up cohort study of children aged 5 to 6 years exposed to high doses of nicotine in utero. Women exclusively using snus and unexposed controls were enrolled in early pregnancy (gestational age range, 6-12 weeks). Exposure data were collected during and after pregnancy with questionnaires from both groups. For this study, only children of women using >48 mg nicotine per day during their entire pregnancy were included in the exposure group. Outcomes were determined in 40 healthy children (21 exposed to snus in utero). Ultrasonography of the common carotid artery was used to determine carotid intima-media thickness and calculate arterial stiffness index from the relationship between pulsatile changes in arterial diameter and arterial pressure. Children exposed to snus in fetal life had higher carotid stiffness (median 4.1 [interquartile range (IQR), 2.4-5] versus 2.9 [IQR, 2.1-3.5]; P=0.014) than tobacco-free controls. Carotid strain (relative diameter change) was lower in children exposed to snus (mean 16% [SD, 5.7%] versus 21% [SD, 6.6%]) than in controls (P=0.015). Carotid intima-media thickness did not differ significantly between children exposed to snus and controls. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to snus during fetal life was associated with a stiffer carotid artery in preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Nordenstam
- Pediatric Cardiology UnitKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Women’s and Children’s HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Mikael Norman
- Department of NeonatologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and TechnologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Kenneth Caidahl
- Clinical PhysiologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Ronny Wickström
- Department of Women’s and Children’s HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Neuropediatric UnitKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
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7
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Adwa U, Antelmi A, Sukakul T, Dahlin J, Bruze M, Svedman C. Oral lichenoid lesions in two snuff users with contact allergy to carvone. Contact Dermatitis 2024; 90:74-78. [PMID: 37915267 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact allergy to the mint-tasting flavour carvone has been observed in patients with oral lichenoid lesions (OLL). Mint-flavoured products such as toothpaste frequently contain carvone. Snuff is a smokeless tobacco product that is chewed or placed in the mouth rather than smoked. In Sweden, the use of snuff and its flavoured versions is extremely common. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the consumption of mint-flavoured snuff is associated with contact allergy to carvone and subsequently plays a role in the aetiology of OLL. METHODS Regarding the two patients, patch testing with snuff pouches was performed. High-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis were used for identification of carvone in different snuff samples. RESULTS Two patients with OLL were contacted allergic to carvone when patch tested. Both were using mint-flavoured snuffs several hours a day for many years. One patient was contacted allergic to the snuff pouch tested as is. Carvone was detected in the snuff samples of both patients. CONCLUSIONS The patients were recommended to avoid the use of mint-flavoured snuffs, toothpaste and foodstuffs. At follow-up 3 months later, the patients had a dramatic clinical improvement of the OLL and oral symptoms. Exposure to mint-flavoured snuffs can be overlooked as a possible aggravating/provoking factor in OLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usamah Adwa
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Annarita Antelmi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Thanisorn Sukakul
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden
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Valen H, Becher R, Vist GE, Holme JA, Mdala I, Elvsaas IKØ, Alexander J, Underland V, Brinchmann BC, Grimsrud TK. A systematic review of cancer risk among users of smokeless tobacco (Swedish snus) exclusively, compared with no use of tobacco. Int J Cancer 2023; 153:1942-1953. [PMID: 37480210 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this systematic review was to assess cancer risk, and mortality after cancer diagnosis, for exclusive users of Swedish snus, compared with non-users of tobacco. We followed international standards for systematic reviews and graded our confidence in the risk estimates using the GRADE approach. Our search gave 2450 articles, of which 67 were assessed in full text against our inclusion criteria. Of these, 14 cohort-studies and one case-control study were included in the review. The studies investigated risk of cancer in the oral cavity or oropharynx (3 studies), esophagus (1 study), stomach (1 study), pancreas (2 studies), colorectum (2 studies), anus (1 study) and lung (1 study), as well as malignant lymphoma (1 study), leukemia and multiple myeloma (1 study), melanoma (1 study), any cancer (1 study) and mortality after cancer diagnosis (4 studies). Cancer risk could only be evaluated in men as there was a general lack of data for women. All included studies were evaluated to have a moderate risk of bias, mostly related to validity of exposure information. An increased risk of cancer of the esophagus, pancreas, stomach and rectum as well as an association between use of snus and increased mortality after a cancer diagnosis was reported. Our confidence in the various risk estimates varied from moderate through low to very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon Valen
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Becher
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunn Elisabeth Vist
- Division for Health Services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørn Andreas Holme
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ibrahimu Mdala
- General Practice Research Unit (AFE), Department of General Practice, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jan Alexander
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vigdis Underland
- Division for Health Services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bendik Christian Brinchmann
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Sawane H, Rajpurohit L, Mathur A, Sonawane S, Kharat P. Smokeless Tobacco Use and Its Association with Type 2 Diabetes: A Case Control Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:4209-4217. [PMID: 38156856 PMCID: PMC10909092 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.12.4209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Its incidence is increasing globally, with a significant impact on public health. Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is a form of tobacco consumption that has been associated with various health risks, including potential effects on glucose homeostasis. This case-control study aimed to investigate the association between SLT use and T2DM. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the relationship of age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES), body mass index (BMI), family history of diabetes, physical activity, and periodontal status with T2DM participants. METHODS The study was conducted over 24 months and included 82 T2DM cases and 164 non-diabetic controls. Demographic data, tobacco use, medical history, oral hygiene habits, BMI, and periodontal status were collected through a self-administered questionnaire and interviews. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows 26.0 (SPSS, Inc. Chicago, Illinois). RESULTS The majority of T2DM cases were in the age group of 31-50 years, and there was a significant association between gender and T2DM, with more males being diabetic. There was no significant association between SES and diabetes. Obesity was found to be a significant risk factor for T2DM. Among SLT users, gutkha was the most commonly used product. SLT use was significantly associated with T2DM. Family history of diabetes and physical inactivity were also significantly associated with diabetes. CONCLUSION The study suggests that SLT use is a risk factor for T2DM and may be associated with increased diabetes risk. Further research is warranted to understand the underlying mechanisms and potential interventions to reduce the impact of SLT on diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ladusingh Rajpurohit
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr D Y Patil Dental College and Hospital, Pimpri, Pune Maharashtra, Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth Pimpri, Pune Maharashtra, India.
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10
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Ravi P, Agarwal D, Purohit BM, Bhadauria US, Priya H. Qualitative Analysis of Opinions and Beliefs Associated with the Use of Tobacco Dentifrice among Individuals Attending a Tobacco Counselling Session. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:4293-4300. [PMID: 38156866 PMCID: PMC10909080 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.12.4293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokeless tobacco (SLT) use is positively associated with oral, oesophageal, and pancreatic cancers. The tobacco dentifrice is a type of SLT which is applied to the teeth and gums. It is available in different forms which include mishri, gul/gulmanjan, gudhaku, snuff, red tooth powder, and creamy snuff. This qualitative study aims to explore the opinions and beliefs associated with the harmful effects of tobacco dentifrice use. METHODOLOGY Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted among tobacco dentifrice users visiting a dental hospital. The data were coded and analysed using thematic analysis in ATLAS.ti software 8. RESULTS A total of 11 codes and six categories were generated which comprised of the reason for the initiation, awareness of health effects, perception of oral tobacco application, perception of quitting, the reason for continued use, and use in society. Family, peers, access to the product, curiosity were important factors to initiate the tobacco dentifrice use. Participants believed in the myth that tobacco dentifrice was beneficial for the teeth, gums, and bowel movements. The participants considered tobacco dentifrice to be less harmful than other forms of tobacco. However, some participants were aware of its adverse effects on health and have tried to quit in the past. None of the participants had taken any professional help for quitting. CONCLUSION There were strong beliefs and myths among the participants that tobacco dentifrice was beneficial for oral and general health. There is a need to create awareness and improve the standard of the health warning of such products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Harsh Priya
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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11
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Shaaban AN, Andersson F, Peña S, Caspersen IH, Magnusson C, Orsini N, Karvonen S, Magnus P, Hergens MP, Galanti MR. The Association Between Tobacco Use and Risk of COVID-19 Infection and Clinical Outcomes in Sweden: A Population-Based Study. Int J Public Health 2023; 68:1606175. [PMID: 38098982 PMCID: PMC10720900 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2023.1606175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The association between tobacco use and COVID-19 is controversial. During the early course of the pandemic, limited testing prevented studying a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Objective: To examine the potential causal association between tobacco use and COVID-19 during the second wave (1 October 2020-30 June 2021) of the pandemic in Stockholm, Sweden. Methods: A population-based cohort study was conducted in the Stockholm region of Sweden, with information on tobacco use collected prior to the pandemic. Adjusted relative risks (RR) of COVID-19 and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated, contrasting current smokers and snus users to non-users of tobacco. Results: Compared with non-users of tobacco, current smokers had a lower risk of COVID-19 (RR 0.78, 95% CI = 0.75-0.81) and of hospitalisation for the disease. Current snus users had a higher risk of COVID-19. Heavy smokers and snus users had longer hospital stays than non-users of tobacco. Conclusion: Tobacco use may have a different impact on the risk of being infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the risk of developing severe clinical manifestations. Further research is needed to determine the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. N. Shaaban
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F. Andersson
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Peña
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - I. H. Caspersen
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - C. Magnusson
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N. Orsini
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Karvonen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P. Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - M. P. Hergens
- Unit for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - M. R. Galanti
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chen S, Dai S, Hou Y. Learn from tobacco to reduce betel nut use. Science 2023; 382:777-778. [PMID: 37972186 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk7903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigao Chen
- Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Shengpei Dai
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
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13
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Jha A, Verma A, Priya C. Effects of chewing tobacco on corneal endothelium in patients with diabetes mellitus. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:3392-3397. [PMID: 37072470 PMCID: PMC10630435 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of tobacco chewing on corneal endothelial structure in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS Corneal endothelial parameters (endothelial cell count, ECD; coefficient of variation, CV; hexagonality, Hex, and central corneal thickness, CCT) were analysed in 1234 eyes of 1234 patients using non-contact specular microscopy (EM 4000 Tomey Nishi-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan). The study group (with a present history of tobacco chewing) comprising of 948 subjects, with 473 having DM was compared with age and gender-matched control group comprising of 286 subjects (139 having DM) with no history of tobacco use in any form. RESULTS Tobacco chewers had a significantly reduced ECD (P = 0.024) and Hex (P = 0.009) as compared with non-chewers. Similar results were noted in ECD (P = 0.004) and Hex (P = 0.005) in patients with DM. Tobacco chewers had a significantly decreased ECD values among males, HbA1C ≤ 7.5% and duration of DM ≤ 20 years, and significantly decreased Hex among those with >50 years of age, females, and duration of DM > 20 years. The CV and CCT values were comparable between the study and the control groups. Tobacco chewers showed a significant association of ECD with age, HbA1C, and duration of DM; CV with HbA1C; Hex with age and duration of DM; and CCT with gender, age, HbA1C and duration of DM. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco chewing may negatively impact corneal health, especially confounded by additional factors like age and DM. These factors must be accounted for in the pre-operative evaluation of such patients prior to any intra-ocular surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Jha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Military Hospital Gaya, Gaya, 823005, India.
| | - Aditya Verma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, 310 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, 40202, Kentucky, USA
| | - Charima Priya
- Shree Vishveshwara Netraalaya, Gaya, Gaya, 823001, Bihar, India
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Naznin E, George J, Driezen P, Palazzi K, Wynne O, Nargis N, Fong GT, Bonevski B. Trend over time on knowledge of the health effects of cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use in Bangladesh: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Bangladesh Surveys. Drug Alcohol Rev 2023; 42:1838-1849. [PMID: 37565295 PMCID: PMC11031133 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco (ST) use are prevalent in Bangladesh. This longitudinal study examined how knowledge of the health effects of smoking and ST use in Bangladesh has changed overtime with the country's acceleration of tobacco control efforts. METHODS Data were analysed from the International Tobacco Control Survey, a nationally representative longitudinal study of users and non-users of tobacco (aged 15 and older) in Bangladesh, across four waves conducted in 2009 (n = 4378), 2010 (n = 4359), 2012 (n = 4223) and 2015 (n = 4242). Generalised estimating equations assessed the level of knowledge about harms of tobacco use across four waves. Multivariable logistic regressions assessed whether knowledge of health effects from cigarette smoking and ST use in 2015 differed by user group. RESULTS In 2015 survey, most tobacco users were aware that cigarette smoking causes stroke (92%), lung cancer (97%), pulmonary tuberculosis (97%) and ST use causes mouth cancer (97%) and difficulty in opening mouth (80%). There were significant increases in the total knowledge score of smoking related health harm from 2010 to 2012 (mean difference = 0.640; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.537, 0.742) and 2012 to 2015 (mean difference = 0.555; 95% CI 0.465, 0.645). Participants had greater odds of awareness for ST health effects from 2010 to 2015. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that increasing efforts of awareness policy interventions is having a positive effect on tobacco-related knowledge in Bangladesh. These policy initiatives should be continued to identify optimal methods to facilitate behaviour change and improve cessation of smoking and ST use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Naznin
- Research higher degree, School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Johnson George
- Senior lecturer, Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Pete Driezen
- Research Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kerrin Palazzi
- Senior Statistician, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Lot 1, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Olivia Wynne
- Health Research Economist, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Lot 1, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Nigar Nargis
- Senior Scientific Director, Surveillance and Healthy Equity Science. American Cancer Society, 555 11th Street NW suite 300, Washington DC, 20004
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Professor, School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Billie Bonevski
- Professor and Lead of Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia
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Kumar S, Gawde N, Pednekar MS. Social Determinants and the Prevalence of Paan Masala Use among Adults in India: Results from Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2016-17. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:3773-3781. [PMID: 38019235 PMCID: PMC10772776 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.11.3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gutkha or Paan masala with tobacco is commonly used smokeless tobacco product in India. Given the restrictions on advertisement and promotion of Gutkha and the necessity of warning labels on tobacco products, the tobacco industry has popularised paan masala without tobacco as a surrogate product. Paan masala itself is harmful for health but remains beyond scope of current tobacco control policies. It was important to understand prevalence and determinants of its use (with or without tobacco). METHODS Data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS)-2, India was used to estimate prevalence of paan masala use (with or without tobacco) in India. Multi-nominal regression and logistic regression were used to calculate risk ratios and odds ratios. RESULTS The prevalence of any form of paan masala was 12.1% among adults in India. Prevalence was higher among males (17.8%) than females (6.0%), aged 25-44 years (14.5%) than those aged 65 years or above (9.0%). Relative risk ratio (RRR) for Paan masala with tobacco was significantly high among those with no formal schooling (RRR:2.00) and among those in poorest wealth quintiles (RRR:1.26). While, RRR were lower for Paan masala use without tobacco among those with no formal schooling (RRR:0.95) and among poorest wealth quintiles (RRR:0.78). Region-wise AOR were highest for North-East (AOR:4.80) and Central regions (AOR:4.76) compared to South India. CONCLUSION The prevalence of paan masala use is high in India. Persons belonging to lower socioeconomic status or having no formal schooling have higher risk of consuming paan masala with tobacco. However, persons from higher wealth quintiles or having formal schooling had higher risk of use of paan masala without tobacco. These findings need careful attention of policy makers and law enforcers as it indicates different marketing strategies might have adopted by industry to target these two mutually exclusive population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Kumar
- School of Health Systems Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Nilesh Gawde
- School of Health Systems Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
- Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi, Maharashtra, India
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Anand R, Sarode G, Sengupta N, Sarode S. Mitigating Smokeless Tobacco Use among School Going Adolescents: An Urgent Call for Intervention. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:3307. [PMID: 37898832 PMCID: PMC10770683 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.10.3307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Anand
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr DY Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India.
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Singh S, Jain R, Joshi I, Chandra R, Singh L, Singh PK. Determinants of initiation, continuation and cessation of smokeless tobacco use among pregnant and lactating women: a qualitative study from low-income communities in urban India. Health Policy Plan 2023; 38:907-915. [PMID: 37494416 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco (SLT) consumption increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer and leads to adverse reproductive health outcomes among women and newborns. This study examines the factors associated with initiation, continuation and cessation of SLT use among women in the reproductive age so as to formulate and include prevention and cessation interventions from its inception. The study was conducted in urban low-income communities in India. Using snowball and purposive sampling techniques, in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 pregnant and 22 lactating women who currently used SLT products. Data were analysed using thematic analysis with the help of QSR NVivo software. Findings revealed that factors such as people influencing usage change with different life stages including pre-marital and post-marital periods. Perceived health benefits, altered taste preferences during pregnancy and social influences were also studied. Women were found to be more aware of the harmful effects of tobacco during pregnancy than during breastfeeding. Social stigma around women consuming tobacco acted as a major driving factor for cessation. Most of the participants were willing to quit but were not aware of any technique or programme for cessation. The findings of the study highlight the need to develop behavioural change intervention tools, which are culturally and locally appropriate and have a gender-sensitive approach. Different socio-cultural factors associated with initiation/cessation at different life stages should also be taken into consideration while developing these tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Rupal Jain
- Division of Preventive Oncology & Population Health, WHO FCTC Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Isha Joshi
- Division of Preventive Oncology & Population Health, WHO FCTC Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Rishita Chandra
- Division of Preventive Oncology & Population Health, WHO FCTC Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Lucky Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- Division of Preventive Oncology & Population Health, WHO FCTC Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
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Pedroso CM, Normando AGC, Siracusa CS, Lauby-Secretan B, Nethan ST, Tomasi RA, Lopes MA, Warnakulasuriya S, Santos-Silva AR. Pan-American prevalence of smokeless tobacco use and association with oral potentially malignant disorders and head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2023; 136:322-332. [PMID: 37076380 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use and its association with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and head and neck cancer (HNC) in the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) region. STUDY DESIGN A literature search was conducted across 9 databases and other sources. The eligibility criteria were pediatric (0-18 years old) and adult (19 years and older) populations consuming any type of SLT. Meta-analysis was performed to determine the prevalence of SLT and the association between its use and OPMDs/HNC in the PAHO region; the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation tool was used to verify the certainty of evidence. RESULTS Fifty-nine studies from 6 PAHO countries were included, of which 51 were also subjected to quantitative analysis. The pooled SLT prevalence of use was 15% (95%CI: 11.93-18.69) overall, 17% (95%CI: 13.25-22.65) in adults, and 11% (95%CI: 8.54-14.78) in the pediatric population. The highest reported SLT prevalence of use was 33.4% (95%CI: 27.17-39.93) in Venezuela. HNC was positively associated with SLT use (OR = 1.98, 95%CI: 1.54-2.55), with a moderate certainty of evidence. Among OPMDs, only leukoplakia reported a positive association with SLT use (OR = 8.38; 95%CI: 1.05-67.25). However, the quality of the evidence was very low. CONCLUSION A high consumption of SLT use, chewing tobacco and snuff, is reported among the adult population residing in the PAHO region with a positive association with the development of oral leukoplakia and HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caique Mariano Pedroso
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Gabriela Costa Normando
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Saldivia Siracusa
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Béatrice Lauby-Secretan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization (WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Suzanne Tanya Nethan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization (WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Ramiro Alejandro Tomasi
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental School, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marcio Ajudarte Lopes
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- The WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer, London, UK; Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alan Roger Santos-Silva
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Dubrosa F, Sangiuolo K, Franco J, Milanaik RL. Quick nic: novel smokeless nicotine products and pediatric trends. Curr Opin Pediatr 2023; 35:500-512. [PMID: 37335274 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The development and marketing of smokeless nicotine products in recent years have become increasingly popular among adolescents. In addition to well known conventional inhaled nicotine products, noninhaled products, such as nicotine toothpicks, orbs, lozenges, strips, and more, have dangerously captivated a new youth audience. Although smokeless nicotine products may seem to be less threatening than conventional inhaled nicotine products, there are significant risks associated with the use of these products, including addiction and severe health issues. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date information about alternative nicotine products currently on the market that may appeal to youth, and the dangers of nicotine use for pediatric populations. RECENT FINDINGS Smokeless nicotine products appeal to minors with their varying flavors and discrete packaging. These products may lead to nicotine toxicity as well as severe health problems, such as cancer, issues with reproduction, and heart attacks. Nicotine is extremely dangerous for young children; in fact, using nicotine products before the age of 18 years can lead to addiction and is linked to an increased likelihood of experimenting with stronger nicotine products or illicit drugs. The development of inconspicuous nicotine packaging has led to increasing concerns for accidental nicotine exposure and overdose in youth. SUMMARY Greater knowledge regarding current nicotine products on the market, specifically smokeless nicotine products, will help clinicians be more aware of the dangers associated with these products. Clinicians will be better able to provide their patients and families with proper guidance to avoid nicotine addiction, further drug use, and detrimental health issues. Caregivers and medical professionals must recognize novel and inconspicuous nicotine products commonly used among youth, understand the signs of nicotine abuse and dependence, and take measures to address possible nicotine-related health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Dubrosa
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, Lake Success, New York, USA
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20
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Suvarna R, Rao PK, Poonja PA, Rai D, Kini R, Meghana HC. Salivary superoxide dismutase activity in smokeless tobacco consumers and non-consumers: A biochemical study. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:1359-1364. [PMID: 37787309 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1057_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim and Objective Tobacco can alter the antioxidative capacity of saliva, and it is the first fluid that is exposed to tobacco. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is the first line defense antioxidant that plays an important protective role against peroxidation of lipids, converts superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide, and decreases the toxic effects of free radicals. The aim of this study was to estimate and compare the levels and activity of SOD in the saliva of smokeless tobacco (SLT) consumers and non-consumers. Method and Methodology Total of 64 individuals were divided into two groups (study and control) with 32 patients each. The patients were divided into two groups-Group I: 32 healthy individuals who do not consume SLT (control group) and Group II: 32 individuals who consume SLT for a period more than 1 year (study group). Saliva samples were collected for analysis from both the groups. Results The results of this study showed that antioxidant salivary SOD enzyme activity in tobacco chewers is higher in comparison to non-chewers. Conclusion The present study enlightens us to the possible relationship between SOD enzyme levels, oxidative stress, and tobacco habit. In initial or early stages, antioxidant levels increase, thereby showing an evidence of endogenous activity. But as the duration of the habit increases, there is decrease in the body's defense mechanism, and the level of SOD starts to fall resulting in oral lesions. This will help in establishing the reliability of SOD in saliva as a potential biomarker of oxidative stress in tobacco chewers. Further, it may also help in establishing the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of premalignant lesions and oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Suvarna
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Subbaiah Institute of Dental Sciences Purle, Shimoga, Karnataka, India
| | - Prasanna K Rao
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, A.J Institute of Dental Sciences, Kuntikana, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Preethi A Poonja
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, A.J Institute of Dental Sciences, Kuntikana, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Devishree Rai
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, A.J Institute of Dental Sciences, Kuntikana, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghavendra Kini
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, A.J Institute of Dental Sciences, Kuntikana, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - H C Meghana
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, A.J Institute of Dental Sciences, Kuntikana, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
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Dinakar C, Shetty D, Shetty P. Compliance with COTPA (Packaging and Labeling) Rules, 2008 and its amendments in smokeless tobacco products sold across Mangaluru taluk, Karnataka, India. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:1131-1135. [PMID: 37787274 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1374_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction India introduced the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) (Packaging and Labeling [P and L]) Rules in 2008. These rules utilize the tobacco package to communicate tobacco-caused harms; it also seeks to restrict the delivery of misleading information about the product on the pack. The enormous burden of tobacco-related oral cancers in India necessitates the compliance with the law regarding presentation of information in powerful and salient ways, intentionally designed to increase the awareness in target individuals. Objectives The objectives of the study are to assess the compliance to implementation and enforcement of the COTPA (P and L) Rules, 2008 and its amendments in 2014 and 2018. Materials and Methods Chewing tobacco products were retrieved and evaluated for compliance with the law. The specified pictorial and textual health warnings, area, clarity, rotation, and language were assessed as per the recommendations. Results and Conclusion Even though chewing tobacco products in India have introduced pictorial and textual health warnings, majority of them do not comply with the law. The products displayed the specified health warnings on a total of 70.6% on average, failing to abide by the government-specified average of 85%. 50% of the products did not follow the rotation of pictorial and textual health warning even after completion of the interregnum period of 12 months (September 2019). To ensure consumers' right to be informed about the health risks from a product, all the details regarding the contents, health warnings and messages, and product care instructions must be mentioned as specified under the law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chethana Dinakar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, A. B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, NITTE (Deemed to be) University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepthi Shetty
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, SDM Craniofacial Surgery and Research Centre, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, A Constituent Unit of Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Pushparaja Shetty
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, A. B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, NITTE (Deemed to be) University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Sahni V. Smokeless in India. Br Dent J 2023; 235:79. [PMID: 37500836 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-023-6139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Sahni
- Private Practice, New Delhi, India.
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Petruzzelli CJ, Varano A, Desrosiers A, Hossler EW, Mowad CM. Smokeless tobacco keratosis. Dermatol Online J 2023; 29. [PMID: 37591270 DOI: 10.5070/d329361430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco keratosis is a benign lesion characterized by the formation of white, gray, or pale macules or papules with wrinkling or rugae. It forms in the oral mucosa in response to the use of smokeless tobacco products. We present a 50-year-old man with an extensive history of smokeless tobacco use and development of the characteristic lesion. Shave biopsy showed typical changes of this benign condition and tobacco cessation was recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison Varano
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA. ,
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Simba H, Menya D, Mmbaga BT, Dzamalala C, Finch P, Mlombe Y, Mremi A, Narh CT, Schüz J, McCormack V. The contribution of smoking and smokeless tobacco to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk in the African oesophageal cancer corridor: Results from the ESCCAPE multicentre case-control studies. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:2269-2282. [PMID: 36733225 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use is a well-established risk factor for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) but the extent of its contribution to the disease burden in the African oesophageal cancer corridor has not been comprehensively elucidated, including by type of tobacco use. We investigated the contribution of tobacco use (smoking and smokeless) to ESCC in Tanzania, Malawi and Kenya. Hospital-based ESCC case-control studies were conducted in the three countries. Incident cases and controls were interviewed using a comprehensive questionnaire which included questions on tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco use. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) of ESCC associated with tobacco, adjusted for age, sex, alcohol use, religion, education and area of residence. One thousand two hundred seventy-nine cases and 1345 controls were recruited between August 5, 2013, and May 24, 2020. Ever-tobacco use was associated with increased ESCC risk in all countries: Tanzania (OR 3.09, 95%CI 1.83-5.23), and in Malawi (OR 2.45, 95%CI 1.80-3.33) and lesser in Kenya (OR 1.37, 95%CI 0.94-2.00). Exclusive smokeless tobacco use was positively associated with ESCC risk, in Tanzania, Malawi and Kenya combined (OR 1.92, 95%CI 1.26-2.92). ESCC risk increased with tobacco smoking intensity and duration of smoking. Tobacco use is an important risk factor of ESCC in Tanzania, Malawi and Kenya. Our study provides evidence that smoking and smokeless tobacco cessation are imperative in reducing ESCC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Simba
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Diana Menya
- School of Public Heath, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Peter Finch
- Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Yohannie Mlombe
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Fred N. Binka School of Public Heath, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Alex Mremi
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Clement T Narh
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Fred N. Binka School of Public Heath, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Valerie McCormack
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
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Yesupatham ST, Dayanand CD, Azeem Mohiyuddin SM, Harendra Kumar ML. An Insight into Survivin in Relevance to Hematological, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics in Tobacco Chewers with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cells 2023; 12:1444. [PMID: 37408277 PMCID: PMC10217417 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survivin is an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP), encoded by the Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing 5 (BIRC5) gene located on q arm (25.3) on chromosome 17. It is expressed in various human cancers and involved in tumor resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. The genetic analysis of the BIRC5 gene and its protein survivin levels in buccal tissue related to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in South Indian tobacco chewers has not been studied. Hence, the study was designed to quantify survivin in buccal tissue and its association with pretreatment hematological parameters and to analyze the BIRC5 gene sequence. METHOD In a single centric case control study, buccal tissue survivin levels were measured by ELISA. A total of 189 study subjects were categorized into Group 1 (n = 63) habitual tobacco chewers with OSCC, Group 2 (n = 63) habitual tobacco chewers without OSCC, and Group 3 (n = 63) healthy subjects as control. Retrospective hematological data were collected from Group 1 subjects and statistically analyzed. The BIRC5 gene was sequenced and data were analyzed using a bioinformatics tool. RESULTS Survivin protein mean ± SD in Group 1 was (1670.9 ± 796.21 pg/mL), in Group 2 it was (1096.02 ± 346.17 pg/mL), and in Group 3 it was (397.5 ± 96.1 pg/mL) with significance (p < 0.001). Survivin levels showed significance with cut-off levels of absolute monocyte count (AMC), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR) at (p = 0.001). The unique variants found only in OSCC patients were T → G in the promoter region, G → C in exon 3, C → A, A → G, G → T, T → G, A → C, G → A in exon 4, C → A, G → T, G → C in the exon 5 region. CONCLUSIONS The tissue survivin level increased in OSCC patients compared to controls; pretreatment AMC, LMR, and NLR may serve as add-on markers along with survivin to measure the progression of OSCC. Unique mutations in the promoter and exons 3-5 were observed in sequence analysis and were associated with survivin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Theophilus Yesupatham
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar 563103, Karnataka, India;
| | - C. D. Dayanand
- Allied Health and Basic Sciences, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar 563103, Karnataka, India
| | - S. M. Azeem Mohiyuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar 563103, Karnataka, India
| | - M. L. Harendra Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Shridevi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Hospital, Sira Road, Tumakuru 572106, Karnataka, India
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Sami A, Elimairi I, Anthony Ryan C, Paul Ross R, Stanton C. Sudanese Toombak smokeless tobacco users harbour significantly altered long-term cortisol body production. Steroids 2023; 193:109189. [PMID: 36738817 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Sudanese, in particular its male population, are known to utilise a smokeless tobacco product (Toombak) which is placed in the oral cavity and can be replaced several times a day. Toombak has been shown to harm human health and is highly addictive. The effect on body cortisol response over a retrospective period in users of this product has not been previously explored. In addition, psycho-dependency scores of Toombak users have not been analysed. In this study, 37 male subjects, age 18-45 years were recruited, of which 18 were non-users of Toombak and 19 were Toombak users. One hair sample was collected from each user and non-user of Toombak. Each hair sample (n=37) was placed in a pre-prepared long piece of foil with two labels on either side marked: 'scalp-side' and 'distant-side'. Cortisol was extracted by mincing 10 mg of 'scalp-side' hair, not exceeding 3 cm, with methanol addition, incubation, and sonication. Cortisol was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Enzo Life Sciences, UK). The amount of hair cortisol in the samples was determined using spectrophotometry at wavelength 405 nm measured in pg/ml and visualised with a four parametric logistic curve. Toombak users were further asked to complete the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco questionnaire (FTND-ST) comprising of six questions. Scores of > 5 indicated a significant dependence, while a score of < 4 marked low to moderate dependence. The mean concentration of hair cortisol in Toombak users (9.7 pg/ml) was significantly lower (p=0.023) compared to non-users (19.4 pg/ml), with total concentrations ranging from 2.1 to 55.6 pg/ml. FTND-ST scores ranged from 4 to 9, with high levels of psycho-dependency (score > 5) and nicotine tolerance found in 85 % of Toombak users. Cortisol body release in Sudanese smokeless tobacco users was found to be significantly altered. While low cortisol levels do lead to anxiolytic effects, in the long-term, this can allow for increased susceptibility to low cortisol-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Sami
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Europe; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, National Ribat University, Nile Street, Khartoum 1111, Sudan
| | - Imad Elimairi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, National Ribat University, Nile Street, Khartoum 1111, Sudan.
| | - C Anthony Ryan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork T12 DFK4, Europe
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Europe
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Europe; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
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Jose C, Akash Medappa BK, Fareed N, Afshana TA, Battur H, Praveena J. Prevalence and determinants of oral potentially malignant disorders in rural areas of South India. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:773-777. [PMID: 37470609 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1151_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Oral potentially malignant disorders are associated with a risk of undergoing malignant transformation and a concomitant increase in morbidity and mortality. Moreover, epidemiological studies, especially from rural areas, are important in assessing their prevalence and the identification of determinants of these disorders so that preventive strategies can be employed in tackling them. Methods Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted based on guidelines of the World Health Organization's Guide Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Oral Mucosal Disease and Conditions 1995 in rural areas of south India. Results Prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) in the studied population was 13.28%, with oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) accounting to 6.21% and erythroplakia at 1.3%. Regression analysis revealed, age 40-54 years (odds ratio [OR] = 3.8, confidence interval [CI] at 95%-1.5-4.0, P < 0.05), lower socioeconomic groups (OR = 2.1, CI at 95%-1.4-3.1, P < 0.05), habits (OR = 3.2, CI at 95%-1.9-3.8, P < 0.05), smoke form of tobacco-beedi (OR = 2.5, CI at 95%-1.6-2.8, P < 0.05), smokeless form of tobacco-areca nut lime and leaf and tobacco (OR = 3.1, CI at 95%-1.9-3.4, P < 0.05) to be the possible determinants for OPMDs. Conclusions The overall prevalence of OPMDs in the studied population was 13.28%. The most common OPMDs were OSMF. Identified determinants were age, socioeconomic group, ethnicity, diet, body mass index, and associated harmful habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Jose
- Departments of Public Health Dentistry, KVG Dental College and Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India
| | - B K Akash Medappa
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, KVG Dental College and Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India
| | - Nusrath Fareed
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, KVG Dental College and Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India
| | - T A Afshana
- KVG Dental College and Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India
| | - Hemanth Battur
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, KVG Dental College and Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India
| | - Jaseela Praveena
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, KVG Dental College and Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India
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Galanti MR, Andersson F, Caspersen IH, Peña S, Karvonen S, Magnus P, Raffetti E, Orsini N, Magnusson C, Shaaban AN, Hergens MP, Skott P. Current tobacco use and COVID-19 diagnoses in a cohort of adult clients of public dental clinics in Sweden. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1204. [PMID: 36681700 PMCID: PMC9862224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking has been linked with both increased and decreased risk of COVID-19, prompting the hypothesis of a protective role of nicotine in the pathogenesis of the disease. Studies of the association between use of smokeless tobacco and COVID-19 would help refining this hypothesis. We analysed data from 424,386 residents in the Stockholm Region, Sweden, with information on smoking and smokeless tobacco (snus) use prior to the pandemic obtained from dental records. Diagnoses of COVID-19 between February and October 2020 were obtained from health-care registers. We estimated the risk of receiving a diagnosis of COVID-19 for current smokers and for current snus users relative to non-users of tobacco, adjusting for potential confounders (aRR). The aRR of COVID -19 was elevated for current snus users (1.09 ;95%CI = 0.99-1.21 among men and 1.15; 95%CI = 1.00-1.33 among women). The risk for women consuming more than 1 can/day was twice as high as among non-users of tobacco. Current smoking was negatively associated with risk of COVID-19 (aRR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.61-0.75); including hospital admission (aRR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.47-0.76) and intensive care (aRR = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.21-0.89). The hypothesis of a protective effect of tobacco nicotine on COVID-19 was not supported by the findings. The negative association between smoking and COVID-19 remains unexplained.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Galanti
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm Region, (CES), Solnavägen 1E (Torsplan), 113 65, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - F Andersson
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm Region, (CES), Solnavägen 1E (Torsplan), 113 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I H Caspersen
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Skøyen, Postbox 222, 0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Peña
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Postbox 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Karvonen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Postbox 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Skøyen, Postbox 222, 0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Raffetti
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Orsini
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm Region, (CES), Solnavägen 1E (Torsplan), 113 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Magnusson
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm Region, (CES), Solnavägen 1E (Torsplan), 113 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A N Shaaban
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M P Hergens
- Unit for Communicable Disease Control, Postbox 6909, 102 39, Stockholm Region, Sweden
| | - P Skott
- Department of Orofacial Medicine, Folktandvården Stockholm, Postbox 6420, 113 82, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Edstorp J, Wei Y, Ahlqvist E, Alfredsson L, Grill V, Groop L, Rasouli B, Sørgjerd EP, Thorsby PM, Tuomi T, Åsvold BO, Carlsson S. Smoking, use of smokeless tobacco, HLA genotypes and incidence of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Diabetologia 2023; 66:70-81. [PMID: 35900371 PMCID: PMC9729119 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05763-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESES Smoking and use of smokeless tobacco (snus) are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. We investigated whether smoking and snus use increase the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and elucidated potential interaction with HLA high-risk genotypes. METHODS Analyses were based on Swedish case-control data (collected 2010-2019) with incident cases of LADA (n=593) and type 2 diabetes (n=2038), and 3036 controls, and Norwegian prospective data (collected 1984-2019) with incident cases of LADA (n=245) and type 2 diabetes (n=3726) during 1,696,503 person-years of follow-up. Pooled RRs with 95% CIs were estimated for smoking, and ORs for snus use (case-control data only). The interaction was assessed by attributable proportion (AP) due to interaction. A two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) study on smoking and LADA/type 2 diabetes was conducted based on summary statistics from genome-wide association studies. RESULTS Smoking (RRpooled 1.30 [95% CI 1.06, 1.59] for current vs never) and snus use (OR 1.97 [95% CI 1.20, 3.24] for ≥15 box-years vs never use) were associated with an increased risk of LADA. Corresponding estimates for type 2 diabetes were 1.38 (95% CI 1.28, 1.49) and 1.92 (95% CI 1.27, 2.90), respectively. There was interaction between smoking and HLA high-risk genotypes (AP 0.27 [95% CI 0.01, 0.53]) in relation to LADA. The positive association between smoking and LADA/type 2 diabetes was confirmed by the MR study. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that tobacco use increases the risk of LADA and that smoking acts synergistically with genetic susceptibility in the promotion of LADA. DATA AVAILABILITY Analysis codes are shared through GitHub ( https://github.com/jeseds/Smoking-use-of-smokeless-tobacco-HLA-genotypes-and-incidence-of-LADA ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Edstorp
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yuxia Wei
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valdemar Grill
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bahareh Rasouli
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elin P Sørgjerd
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per M Thorsby
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Oslo, Norway
- Biochemical Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Group, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bjørn O Åsvold
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sofia Carlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Morean ME, Bold KW, Davis DR, Kong G, Krishnan-Sarin S, Camenga DR. Awareness, susceptibility, and use of oral nicotine pouches and comparative risk perceptions with smokeless tobacco among young adults in the United States. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281235. [PMID: 36716297 PMCID: PMC9886243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral nicotine pouches (NPs) that contain nicotine but no tobacco leaves are rapidly gaining popularity. However, there is limited research on NPs, including within priority populations. In the current study, we examined awareness of, susceptibility to, and use of NPs in young adults as well as comparative risk perceptions with smokeless tobacco. METHODS In 2021, 609 young adults (18-25 years) completed an online survey. Participants reported on NP awareness, susceptibility, and use as well as on comparative product perceptions for NPs versus smokeless tobacco. We ran unadjusted between-groups comparisons and an adjusted multinomial logistic regression to identify relationships between product perceptions and NP susceptibility and use. RESULTS 41.5% of participants had heard of NPs before. Participants were non-susceptible (66.2%), susceptible (23.5%), or had used NPs (10.3%). Comparative product perceptions between NPs and smokeless tobacco suggested that young adults, as a whole, expressed uncertainty about the relative risk/benefit of using NPs versus smokeless tobacco. However, as expected, unadjusted and adjusted findings indicated that favorable perceptions of NPs versus smokeless tobacco were disproportionately observed among susceptible participants and NP users compared to non-susceptible individuals. Demographic differences were also observed (e.g., NP users were more likely than non-susceptible and susceptible individuals to have used smokeless tobacco). CONCLUSIONS Young adults reported awareness of, susceptibility to, and use of NPs, with findings indicating that favorable perceptions of NPs versus smokeless tobacco may contribute to NP susceptibility and use beyond known correlates like smokeless tobacco use. However, further research is needed to understand the full range of factors that are associated with NP susceptibility and use. It will be important to disentangle factors that are associated with potential positive public health impacts (e.g., switching from smokeless tobacco to exclusive NP use) from those associated with negative public health impacts (e.g., initiation among nicotine naïve individuals).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Morean
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Krysten W. Bold
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Danielle R. Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Grace Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | | | - Deepa R. Camenga
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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Kara İ, Cınar OF, Doğaner A, Yıldız MG, Sağıroğlu S, Bilal N, Orhan I. Does Maras powder affect the nasal mucociliary clearence? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:5701-5706. [PMID: 35748933 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many studies have been conducted about the effect of cigarettes and other tobacco products on mucociliary clearance. However, there has been no study of the relationship between mucociliary clearance and Maras powder, which is a smokeless tobacco product. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Maras powder use on mucociliary clearance through comparisons with cigarette smokers and those who used no tobacco products. METHODS The study included 75 male volunteers, aged 23-54 years. Group 1 (n: 25) comprised subjects who do not use any tobacco products, Group 2 (n: 25) those who smoked cigarettes, and Group 3 (n: 25) those who used Maraş powder. The saccharin test was used to evaluate mucociliary clearance and the time was recorded in seconds. The groups were statistically compared in respect of mean age and mucociliary clearance time (MCCT). RESULTS The mean MCCT was determined to be 645.8 ± 200 secs for the whole study sample, 497 ± 108 secs for Group 1, 796 ± 200 secs for Group 2, and 644 ± 161 secs for Group 3. The difference between the groups in respect of MCCT was statistically significant (p < 0.001). No statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of mean age (p = 0.730). CONCLUSION The study results demonstrated that the nasal mucociliary clearance time was prolonged both by cigarettes and by the use of Maras powder, and that this time was prolonged more by cigarette smoking than the use of Maras powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- İrfan Kara
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
| | - Omer Faruk Cınar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Adem Doğaner
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Bioistatistics, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Gazi Yıldız
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Saime Sağıroğlu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Nagihan Bilal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Israfil Orhan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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Bongongo T, Jeewa Y, Nzaumvila DK, Govender I. Awareness of health risks associated with smokeless tobacco use among users in Pretoria. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2022; 64:e1-e6. [PMID: 36453800 PMCID: PMC9724137 DOI: 10.4102/safp.v64i1.5560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokeless tobacco (ST) refers to all tobacco-containing products that are not smoked but rather consumed through other means. Contrary to the popular belief that ST products are safe, the use of such products exposes users to health risks. To assess the awareness of health risks associated with ST use among users in a Pretoria community, the study was conducted in Ramotse community, located in Tshwane region 2, Gauteng, South Africa. METHODS This was a cross-sectional design, using a piloted, structured and self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS Of 479 participants with a mean age of 43 years (ranging from 18 to 89 years), most were in the age group 30-39 years (148; 31.6%), followed by ≥ 50 years (138; 29.4%). There were more females (371; 77.5%), more unemployed (263; 54.9%), married (236; 49.7%), had reached the secondary level of education (270; 56.4%), did not have any chronic illness (274; 57.2%), used snuff by nose (338; 70.6%), and were unaware of health risks associated with ST use (452; 94.4%). CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated a poor awareness of health risks associated with ST use among the users in a Pretoria community. As a result, health education at various levels of the community (clinic, schools, ward-based outreach team or WBOT, etc.) could be one strategy for resolving the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tombo Bongongo
- Department of Family Medicine & Primary Health Care, School of Health, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria.
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Gómez Cerezo JF, López Paz JE, Fernández Pardo J. Update on new forms of tobacco use. Clin Investig Arterioscler 2022; 34:330-338. [PMID: 35606216 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Smoking remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Because of its clear influence on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, it is an important factor in internal medicine consultations. Although the rate of smoking cessation has been increasing in recent years, there is a percentage of patients who continue to smoke because they are unable or unwilling to quit, despite having tried existing pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies. For this group of patients there are strategies based on interventions aimed at reducing the negative effects of smoking without the need for complete cessation. In this review it is shown that due to the absence of combustion of organic matter in conventional cigarettes, snus, e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products generate significantly lower levels of toxic substances.
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Wackowski OA, O'Connor RJ, Diaz D, Rashid M, Lewis MJ, Greene K. '95% less harmful'? Exploring reactions to quantitative modified risk claims for snus and e-cigarettes. Tob Control 2022; 31:730-736. [PMID: 33753549 PMCID: PMC8455704 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies examining perceptions of 'modified risk tobacco product' (MRTP) messages for e-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco have indicated consumers want statistics and quantification of harm reduction. However, limited research exists on reactions to quantitative MRTP messages. DESIGN We conducted 12 focus groups in the USA in 2019-6 focused on e-cigarette messages and 6 on snus messages. Eight groups were with current smokers (ages 21-66) and four with young adult (ages 18-25) non-smokers (n=57). Participants discussed messages stating that use of snus and vaping products have been estimated by scientists to be about 90% and 95% less harmful than smoking cigarettes, respectively. RESULTS Several participants agreed the messages strongly communicated that the products are less harmful than cigarettes, were attention getting and could be 'convincing'. However, participants expressed scepticism about the source and accuracy of the stated figures, and some noted the claims could be misleading and attractive to young people. Comments also reflected some claim misunderstandings (eg, that e-cigarettes only pose a 5% chance of harm). Participants also agreed that stating e-cigarette risks 'are unlikely to exceed 5% of cigarette smoking harms' was confusing and less impactful than the '95% less harmful' wording. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative claims suggesting high levels of reduced risk when comparing e-cigarettes or smokeless tobacco/snus relative to cigarettes may be successful in gaining attention and being persuasive for some audiences, particularly, if from more credible sources. However, message developers, users and evaluators should be mindful of message limitations and aim to mitigate unintended consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A Wackowski
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Destiny Diaz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Mariam Rashid
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - M Jane Lewis
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kathryn Greene
- Department of Communication, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Rahim A, Syed K, Ahad B, Farooq A, Ayub Z, Batool SM. Comparison of severity of periodontal clinical parameters among naswar/snuff users: Cross sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273288. [PMID: 36112584 PMCID: PMC9481047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Naswar is a moist, non-chewable, and smokeless tobacco product ensconced in the buccal vestibule or floor of the mouth. Consumption of naswar is very popular in South Asia, especially Pakistan. This cross-sectional study compared the periodontal clinical parameters amongst mild, moderate, and severe naswar users.
Methods
318 naswar users, categorized into three equal groups (n = 106) severe naswar users, moderate naswar users, and mild naswar users were drawn for this study. Bleeding on probing, pocking depth, gingival recession, and attachment loss were assessed using the UNC-15 probe and compared among the three groups of naswar users. Data analysis was done with the help of SPSS. Statistical significance was deliberated at p value ≤0.05.
Results
28.9 ± 7.6 years was the mean age presentation. The mean % of bleeding on probing score was 61.95% in severe naswar users, 56.62% in moderate naswar users, and 51.23% in mild naswar users with a p-value of 0.001*. In severe, moderate, and mild naswar users the probing pocket depth (4-6mm) were 35.14%, 30.95%, and 23.21% respectively. 26.78% severe naswar users were having mean percentage for probing pocket depth (>6m) followed by moderate naswar users (17.26%) and mild naswar users (17.26%) with a significant p-value (0.001*). Clinical attachment loss (CAL) was 2.50 percent in light naswar users, 3.0 percent in moderate naswar users, and 4.25 percent in severe naswar users. Clinical attachment loss (CAL) was 2.50 percent in light naswar users, 3.0 percent in moderate naswar users, and 4.25 percent in severe naswar users. Severe naswar users had a high mean percentage of gingival recession (23.21%), whereas light 13.67 percent and moderate 14.88 percent naswar users had a smaller difference.
Conclusions
Clinical periodontal parameters were more worsen in heavy naswar users compared to moderate and light naswar users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Rahim
- Department of Periodontology, Sardar Begum Dental College and Hospital (Gandhara University), Peshawar, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kawish Syed
- Department of Periodontology, Sardar Begum Dental College and Hospital (Gandhara University), Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Babar Ahad
- Department of Community Dentistry, Sardar Begum Dental College and Hospital (Gandhara University), Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Afaq Farooq
- Department of Periodontology, Sardar Begum Dental College and Hospital (Gandhara University), Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Zain Ayub
- Department of Periodontology, Sardar Begum Dental College and Hospital (Gandhara University), Peshawar, Pakistan
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Edwards SH, Hassink MD, Taylor KM, Vu AT. Quantitative measurement of harmful and potentially harmful constituents, pH, and moisture content in 16 commercial smokeless tobacco products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 133:105199. [PMID: 35662636 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco products expose adult and youth tobacco users to various addictive and carcinogenic constituents that can cause long-term nicotine dependence and oral cancers. In this study, nicotine, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, moisture, and pH levels in 16 smokeless tobacco products were measured on a wet-weight basis (wwb). In addition, change in analytical variability with increasing replicate measurements was assessed. Total nicotine in the products varied from 6.2 to 35.5 mg/g. The percentage of total nicotine in the unprotonated form ranged from 0.1 to 62%; whereas, product moisture varied from 7.4 to 57%. The quantities of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) range from 0.46 to 179.9 ng/g for B [a]P, 270-12206 and 81-20716 ng/g for NNN and NNK, respectively, and 0.33-6.85 and 0.13-5.67 μg/g for acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, respectively. This study shows wide variation in smokeless tobacco product HPHC quantities. The results also show that analytical variability stabilizes after seven replicate measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvin H Edwards
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Document Control CenterBuilding 71, Room G335, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-002, USA.
| | - Matthew D Hassink
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Document Control CenterBuilding 71, Room G335, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-002, USA
| | - Kenneth M Taylor
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Document Control CenterBuilding 71, Room G335, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-002, USA
| | - An T Vu
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Document Control CenterBuilding 71, Room G335, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-002, USA
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Marbaniang I, Joshi S, Sangle S, Khaire S, Thakur R, Chavan A, Gupte N, Kulkarni V, Deshpande P, Nimkar S, Mave V. Smokeless tobacco use and oral potentially malignant disorders among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Pune, India: Implications for oral cancer screening in PLHIV. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270876. [PMID: 35788753 PMCID: PMC9255739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In India, smokeless tobacco (SLT) is a predominant form of tobacco used among people living with HIV (PLHIV). Despite SLT being a risk factor for oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), no prior studies have quantified the association of OPMDs with SLT use among PLHIV. This limits the planning of preventive and control strategies for oral cancer among PLHIV, who are at higher risk for the disease. METHODS We enrolled 601 PLHIV and 633 HIV-uninfected individuals in an oral cancer screening study at BJ Government Medical College, Pune, India. Oral cavity images were collected using an m-Health application and reviewed by three clinicians. Participants with two clinician positive diagnoses were deemed to have suspected OPMDs. Prevalence ratios (PRs) were used to quantify the association between suspected OPMDs and SLT use among PLHIV. PRs for current SLT users, across HIV status and use duration were also estimated. Corrected PRs were obtained by modifying the maximum likelihood estimation. Models were adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol use and CD4 counts. RESULTS Of those enrolled, 61% were men, median age was 36 years (IQR: 28-44), and 33% currently use SLT. Proportion of current SLT users was similar across PLHIV and HIV-uninfected groups but use duration for current SLT use was higher among PLHIV(p<0.05). Among PLHIV, current SLT users had a 5-times (95% CI:3.1-7.0) higher prevalence of suspected OPMDs, compared to non-users. Relative to HIV uninfected individuals with the same SLT use duration, significant associations with suspected OPMDs were seen for PLHIV with<10 use years (PR: 3.5, 95% CI: 1.5-8.1) but not for PLHIV with≥10 use years (PR: 1.3, 95% CI: 0.9-1.8). CONCLUSION PLHIV that are current SLT users are at high risk of OPMDs and potentially oral cancer. The development of strategies for screening, early detection, and management of OPMDs must be considered for this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Marbaniang
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College – Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India
- Department of Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Samir Joshi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Shashikala Sangle
- Department of Medicine, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Samir Khaire
- Department of Dentistry, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Rahul Thakur
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Amol Chavan
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College – Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India
| | - Nikhil Gupte
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College – Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India
- Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vandana Kulkarni
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College – Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India
| | - Prasad Deshpande
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College – Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India
| | - Smita Nimkar
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College – Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India
| | - Vidya Mave
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College – Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India
- Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Rezk-Hanna M, Warda US, Stokes AC, Fetterman J, Li J, Macey PM, Darawad M, Song Y, Ben Taleb Z, Brecht ML, Benowitz NL. Associations of Smokeless Tobacco Use With Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Insights From the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1063-1070. [PMID: 34999825 PMCID: PMC9199939 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking is strongly associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, evidence is limited as to whether smokeless tobacco (ST) use is associated with CVD. AIMS AND METHODS Using data from 4347 adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (2013-2014), we compared geometric mean concentrations of CVD-related harm biomarkers and biomarkers of exposure among exclusive ST users and exclusive cigarette smokers-in relation to recent nicotine exposure-and never tobacco users, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, body mass index, and CVD. Biomarker levels among exclusive ST users who were former established cigarette smokers were compared with exclusive cigarette smokers. RESULTS Compared with cigarette smokers, ST users had significantly higher concentrations of total nicotine equivalents (TNE) but lower concentrations of inflammatory (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, intercellular adhesion molecule, fibrinogen) and oxidative stress (8-isoprostane) biomarkers (all p < .05). Biomarker levels among ST users were similar to never smokers. ST users who were former cigarette smokers had lower levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and biomarkers of exposure (cadmium, lead, 1-hydroxypyrene, acrylonitrile, and acrolein), compared with cigarettes smokers (p < .05), despite having higher TNE levels (p < .05). Among cigarette smokers, but not among ST users, inflammatory biomarkers and TNE were highly correlated. CONCLUSIONS ST use is not associated with increases in biomarkers of CVD-related harm and exposure, compared with never smokers, despite exposure to nicotine at levels higher than those observed among cigarette smokers. These findings support the concept that increases in CVD risk among cigarette smokers is caused primarily by constituents of tobacco smoke other than nicotine. IMPLICATIONS Despite having higher levels of nicotine and compared with exclusive cigarette smokers, exclusive ST users (including those who were former cigarette smokers) had significantly lower concentrations of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, comparable to levels observed among never tobacco users. These findings suggest that increases in CVD risk among cigarette smokers is caused primarily by tobacco constituents other than nicotine and that switching to ST is likely associated with lower CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Rezk-Hanna
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Umme Shefa Warda
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew C Stokes
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Fetterman
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian Li
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Macey
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Yeonsu Song
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ziyad Ben Taleb
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Mary-Lynn Brecht
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Tyx RE, Rivera AJ, Satten GA, Keong LM, Kuklenyik P, Lee GE, Lawler TS, Kimbrell JB, Stanfill SB, Valentin-Blasini L, Watson CH. Associations between microbial communities and key chemical constituents in U.S. domestic moist snuff. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267104. [PMID: 35507593 PMCID: PMC9067656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokeless tobacco (ST) products are widely used throughout the world and contribute to morbidity and mortality in users through an increased risk of cancers and oral diseases. Bacterial populations in ST contribute to taste, but their presence can also create carcinogenic, Tobacco-Specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs). Previous studies of microbial communities in tobacco products lacked chemistry data (e.g. nicotine, TSNAs) to characterize the products and identify associations between carcinogen levels and taxonomic groups. This study uses statistical analysis to identify potential associations between microbial and chemical constituents in moist snuff products. METHODS We quantitatively analyzed 38 smokeless tobacco products for TSNAs using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and nicotine using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Moisture content determinations (by weight loss on drying), and pH measurements were also performed. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize the microbial composition, and additionally measured total 16S bacterial counts using a quantitative PCR assay. RESULTS Our findings link chemical constituents to their associated bacterial populations. We found core taxonomic groups often varied between manufacturers. When manufacturer and flavor were controlled for as confounding variables, the genus Lactobacillus was found to be positively associated with TSNAs. while the genera Enteractinococcus and Brevibacterium were negatively associated. Three genera (Corynebacterium, Brachybacterium, and Xanthomonas) were found to be negatively associated with nicotine concentrations. Associations were also investigated separately for products from each manufacturer. Products from one manufacturer had a positive association between TSNAs and bacteria in the genus Marinilactibacillus. Additionally, we found that TSNA levels in many products were lower compared with previously published chemical surveys. Finally, we observed consistent results when either relative or absolute abundance data were analyzed, while results from analyses of log-ratio-transformed abundances were divergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Tyx
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Angel J. Rivera
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Glen A. Satten
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Reproductive Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Keong
- Battelle Analytical Services, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Peter Kuklenyik
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Grace E. Lee
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tameka S. Lawler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacob B. Kimbrell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Stanfill
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Clifford H. Watson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Gabhane MH, Hemagiriyappa MS, Sharma VJ, Pardeshi KV, Rai BA, Nahar P. Clinicopathological Evaluation of Tobacco-related Oral Mucosal Lesions. J Contemp Dent Pract 2022; 23:399-404. [PMID: 35945832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM To clinically evaluate the nature of precancerous and cancerous lesions associated with tobacco consumption habit and to correlate clinical profile with the histopathological findings of clinically suspected precancerous and cancerous lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS These included the examination of patients who visited the outpatient department (OPD) of the institute that includes 1,500 patients who had tobacco chewing habits were classified into the following two groups according to their characteristics. The study group comprised 270 patients, of which 170 gave consent for biopsy and 100 patients who not gave consent were counseled for tobacco cessation. RESULTS Among 270 patients, the highest number of patients, 146 (54.07%) patients, were found to be smokeless tobacco consumers followed by 65 (24.07%) patients who were smoked tobacco consumers while 59 (21.85%) patients were found to have both the habits. Wide variation was noted in duration and frequency of habit. Most prevalent site was the buccal mucosa affected in 138 (51.11%) patients who consumed both smoked as well as smokeless tobacco. And on clinical examination, 138 (51%) patients had leukoplakia followed by 54 (20%) patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and 40 (15%) patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Other patients were tobacco pouch keratosis 17 (6%), smoker's melanosis 8 (3%), smoker's palate 7 (3%), and erythroplakia 6 (2%). The patients who gave consent (170 patients) were evaluated histopathologically to correlate with clinical findings. CONCLUSION Tobacco-related oral lesions are also high, which brings an alarming signal toward the development of cancer. Our contribution as healthcare providers can be made by conducting more oral health education programs and educating the general population about the adverse effects of tobacco. The appropriate clinical assessment and categorization of all these lesions aided us in motivating patients to undergo necessary treatments and also to discontinue their habits in order to prevent deterioration of their conditions. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Set up de-addiction centers in dental colleges and help tobacco users in discontinuing their habits. Interestingly, this study also served as a mirror for those patients who were unaware of the lesions they were giving abode to in their oral cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh H Gabhane
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SMBT Institute of Dental Sciences, Nashik, Maharashtra, India, e-mail:
| | | | - Vinay J Sharma
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SMBT Institute of Dental Sciences, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kshitij V Pardeshi
- Department of Periodontology, SMBT Institute of Dental Sciences, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhagvandas A Rai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pacific Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prashant Nahar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Pacific Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Abstract
Tobacco products present a deadly combination of nicotine addiction and carcinogen exposure resulting in millions of cancer deaths per year worldwide. A plethora of smokeless tobacco products lead to unacceptable exposure to multiple carcinogens, including the tobacco-specific nitrosamine N'-nitrosonornicotine, a likely cause of the commonly occurring oral cavity cancers observed particularly in South-East Asian countries. Cigarettes continue to deliver a large number of carcinogens, including tobacco-specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds. The multiple carcinogens in cigarette smoke are responsible for the complex mutations observed in critical cancer genes. The exposure of smokeless tobacco users and smokers to carcinogens and toxicants can now be monitored by urinary and DNA adduct biomarkers that may be able to identify those individuals at highest risk of cancer so that effective cancer prevention interventions can be initiated. Regulation of the levels of carcinogens, toxicants and nicotine in tobacco products and evidence-based tobacco control efforts are now recognized as established pathways to preventing tobacco related cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Abstract
Tobacco and its various forms cause major oral health problems. Tobacco either in smoked or smokeless forms is prevalent in Nepal and counts as a risk factor for the causation of various red and white lesions, premalignant lesions, oral cancers, gingival and periodontal diseases. Tobacco in conjunction with other risk factors adds a potential threat to oral diseases and its timely control is a cure to those threats. This article focuses on tobacco and its forms affecting oral health and also focuses on its prevention and control from the ground to the National level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anima Bhandari
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Nisha Bhatta
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
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Bhattarai R, Adhikari S. Tobacco Users among the Patients who Visited Dental Outpatient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2021; 59:1008-1011. [PMID: 35199696 PMCID: PMC9107821 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.6596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Smoked and smokeless forms of tobacco is a preventable cause of morbidity and mortality with inevitable effects on the oral cavity as well. The aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of tobacco users among the patients who visited dental outpatient departments of a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 255 patients visiting the dental outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital over the duration of six months. Data collection was done through personal interviews and clinical examinations. History of tobacco use was taken and patients were divided into current users, never users and ever users. Clinical examination was done using Decayed Missing Filled Teeth index, community periodontal index modified and loss of attachment. Point estimate at 95% confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Among 255 patients, 91 (35.69%) (95% Confidence Interval = 29.81-41.57) patients used tobacco. Among them, 72 (28.2%) were current users, who had taken tobacco at least once during the past 30 days and 19 (7.5%) were ever users who had taken tobacco but not during the past 30 days. Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco use among our study participants is similar in comparison to that of the general population. Our study shows greater prevalence of the use of a smokeless form of tobacco than the smoked form of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina Bhattarai
- Department of Community Dentistry, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Santosh Adhikari
- Department of Community Dentistry, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Nepal
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Mu G, Wang J, Liu Z, Zhang H, Zhou S, Xiang Q, Cui Y. Association between smokeless tobacco use and oral cavity cancer risk in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:960. [PMID: 34452595 PMCID: PMC8394164 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use on the risk of oral cavity cancer (OCC) has been confirmed; however, the sex-based difference in this association remains inconclusive. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the association between SLT use and OCC risk in women and compared it to that in men. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for eligible studies from their inception up to August 2020. Studies reporting the effect estimates of SLT use on OCC risk in men and women, were eligible for inclusion. The relative risk ratio (RRR) was applied to calculate the sex-based difference in the relationship between SLT use and OCC risk, and pooled analysis was conducted using a random-effects model with inverse variance weighting. RESULTS Nineteen studies reporting a total of 6593 OCC cases were included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled relative risk (RR) suggested that SLT use was associated with an increased risk of OCC in both men (RR, 2.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.05-4.20; P < 0.001) and women (RR, 6.39; 95%CI, 3.16-12.93; P < 0.001). Moreover, the SLT-use-related risk of OCC was higher in women than that in men (RRR,1.79; 95%C, 1.21-2.64; P = 0.003). The risk of OCC related to SLT use in women was still significantly higher than that in men (RRR, 1.75; 95%CI, 1.15-2.66; P = 0.008) after excluding indirect comparison results. Finally, a subgroup analysis suggested significant sex-based differences only in individuals who received chewed smokeless products, regardless of the control definition. Pooled analysis of studies with high design quality confirmed the notably higher risk of OCC in women than in men. CONCLUSIONS This study found that SLT use was associated with a higher risk of OCC in women than in men. Further large-scale prospective cohort studies should be conducted to verify sex-based differences in the association between use of specific smokeless products and OCC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Dahongluochang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Dahongluochang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Zhiyan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Dahongluochang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Hanxu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Dahongluochang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Dahongluochang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Dahongluochang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Dahongluochang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Aziz Ali S, Khan U, Abrejo F, Vollmer B, Saleem S, Hambidge KM, Krebs NF, Westcott JE, Goldenberg RL, McClure EM, Pasha O. Use of Smokeless Tobacco Before Conception and Its Relationship With Maternal and Fetal Outcomes of Pregnancy in Thatta, Pakistan: Findings From Women First Study. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:1291-1299. [PMID: 33084903 PMCID: PMC8360631 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smokeless tobacco (SLT) consumption during pregnancy has adverse consequences for the mother and fetus. We aimed to investigate the effects of maternal pre-pregnancy SLT consumption on maternal and fetal outcomes in the district of Thatta, Pakistan. AIMS AND METHODS We conducted a secondary data analysis of an individual randomized controlled trial of preconception maternal nutrition. Study participants were women of reproductive age (WRA) residing in the district of Thatta, Pakistan. Participants were asked questions regarding the usage of commonly consumed SLT known as gutka (exposure variable). Study outcomes included maternal anemia, miscarriage, preterm births, stillbirths, and low birth weight. We performed a cox-regression analysis by controlling for confounders such as maternal age, education, parity, working status, body mass index, and geographic clusters. RESULTS The study revealed that 71.5% of the women reported using gutka, with a higher proportion residing in rural areas as compared with urban areas in the district of Thatta, Pakistan. In the multivariable analysis, we did not find a statistically significant association between gutka usage and anemia [(relative risk, RR: 1.04, 95% confidence interval, CI (0.92 to 1.16)], miscarriage [(RR: 1.08, 95% CI (0.75 to 1.54)], preterm birth [(RR: 1.37, 95% CI (0.64 to 2.93)], stillbirth [(RR: 1.02, 95% CI (0.39 to 2.61)], and low birth weight [(RR: 0.96, 95% CI (0.72 to 1.28)]. CONCLUSIONS The study did not find an association between gutka usage before pregnancy and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. In the future, robust epidemiological studies are required to detect true differences with a dose-response relationship between gutka usage both before and during pregnancy and adverse fetomaternal outcomes. IMPLICATIONS While most epidemiological studies conducted in Pakistan have focused on smoking and its adverse outcomes among males, none of the studies have measured the burden of SLT among WRA and its associated adverse outcomes. In addition, previously conducted studies have primarily assessed the effect of SLT usage during pregnancy rather than before pregnancy on adverse fetal and maternal outcomes. The current study is unique because it provides an insight into the usage of SLT among WRA before pregnancy and investigates the association between pre-pregnancy SLT usage and its adverse fetomaternal outcomes in rural Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Aziz Ali
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Umber Khan
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Farina Abrejo
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Brandi Vollmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Saleem
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - K Michael Hambidge
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nancy F Krebs
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jamie E Westcott
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert L Goldenberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Omrana Pasha
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kendrick PJ, Reitsma MB, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abdoli A, Abdollahi M, Abedi A, Abhilash ES, Aboyans V, Adebayo OM, Advani SM, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmad S, Ahmadi K, Ahmed H, Aji B, Akalu Y, Akunna CJ, Alahdab F, Al-Aly Z, Alanezi FM, Alanzi TM, Alhabib KF, Ali T, Alif SM, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Alomari MA, Amin TT, Amini S, Amu H, Ancuceanu R, Anderson JA, Andrei CL, Andrei T, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Antony B, Anvari D, Arabloo J, Arian ND, Arora M, Artanti KD, Asmare WN, Atnafu DD, Ausloos M, Awan AT, Ayano G, Aynalem GL, Azari S, B DB, Badiye AD, Baig AA, Banach M, Banerjee SK, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Barqawi HJ, Basu S, Bayati M, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bekuma TT, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Benzian H, Benziger CP, Berman AE, Bhagavathula AS, Bhala N, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhattacharyya K, Bibi S, Bijani A, Biondi A, Braithwaite D, Brenner H, Brunoni AR, Burkart K, Burugina Nagaraja S, Butt ZA, Caetano dos Santos FL, Car J, Carreras G, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Cattaruzza MSS, Chang JC, Chaturvedi P, Chen S, Chido-Amajuoyi OG, Chu DT, Chung SC, Ciobanu LG, Costa VM, Couto RAS, Dagnew B, Dai X, Damasceno AAM, Damiani G, Dandona L, Dandona R, Daneshpajouhnejad P, Darega Gela J, Derbew Molla M, Desta AA, Dharmaratne SD, Dhimal M, Eagan AW, Ebrahimi Kalan M, Edvardsson K, Effiong A, El Tantawi M, Elbarazi I, Esmaeilnejad S, Fadhil I, Faraon EJA, Farwati M, Farzadfar F, Fazlzadeh M, Feigin VL, Feldman R, Filip I, Filippidis F, Fischer F, Flor LS, Foigt NA, Folayan MO, Foroutan M, Gad MM, Gallus S, Geberemariyam BS, Gebregiorgis BG, Getacher L, Getachew Obsa A, Ghafourifard M, Ghanei Gheshlagh R, Ghashghaee A, Ghith N, Gil GF, Gill PS, Ginawi IA, Goharinezhad S, Golechha M, Gopalani SV, Gorini G, Grivna M, Guha A, Guimarães RA, Guo Y, Gupta RD, Gupta R, Gupta T, Gupta V, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haider MR, Hamadeh RR, Hankey GJ, Hargono A, Hay SI, Heidari G, Herteliu C, Hezam K, Hird TR, Holla R, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Househ M, Hsiao T, Huang J, Ibeneme CU, Ibitoye SE, Ilic IM, Ilic MD, Inbaraj LR, Irvani SSN, Islam JY, Islam RM, Islam SMS, Islami F, Iso H, Itumalla R, Jaafari J, Jain V, Jakovljevic M, Jang SI, Jayaram S, Jeemon P, Jha RP, Jonas JB, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kalankesh LR, Kanchan T, Kandel H, Kapoor N, Karch A, Karimi SE, Kebede KM, Kelkay B, Kennedy RD, Khader YS, Khan EA, Khayamzadeh M, Kim GR, Kimokoti RW, Kivimäki M, Kosen S, Koulmane Laxminarayana SL, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Kugbey N, Kumar GA, Kumar N, Kurmi OP, Kusuma D, Lacey B, Landires I, Lasrado S, Lauriola P, Lee DW, Lee YH, Leung J, Li S, Lin H, Liu W, Lugo A, Madhava Kunjathur S, Majeed A, Maleki A, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Mamun AA, Manjunatha N, Mansouri B, Mansournia MA, Martini S, Mathur MR, Mathur P, Mazidi M, McKee M, Medina-Solís CE, Mehata S, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Miazgowski B, Michalek IM, Miller TR, Mini GK, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov EM, Mirzaei H, Misra S, Mohammad Y, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammed S, Mokdad AH, Molokhia M, Monasta L, Moni MA, Moradzadeh R, Morrison SD, Mossie TB, Mubarik S, Mullany EC, Murray CJL, Nagaraju SP, Naghavi M, Naik N, Nalini M, Nangia V, Naqvi AA, Narasimha Swamy S, Naveed M, Nazari J, Nduaguba SO, Negoi RI, Neupane Kandel S, Nguyen HLT, Nigatu YT, Nixon MR, Nnaji CA, Noubiap JJ, Nowak C, Nuñez-Samudio V, Ogbo FA, Oguntade AS, Oh IH, Olagunju AT, Owolabi MO, P A M, Pakshir K, Pana A, Panagiotakos D, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Parekh U, Park EC, Park EK, Pashazadeh Kan F, Pathak M, Pawar S, Pestell RG, Pham HQ, Pinheiro M, Pokhrel KN, Pourshams A, Prashant A, Radfar A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman MHU, Rahman MA, Rahmani AM, Ram P, Rana J, Ranabhat CL, Rathi P, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Rawassizadeh R, Renzaho AMN, Rezapour A, Riaz MA, Roever L, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Roy A, Roy B, Saddik B, Sahebkar A, Salehi S, Salimzadeh H, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Santric-Milicevic MM, Sao Jose BP, Sathian B, Sawhney M, Saya GK, Schwendicke F, Seidu AA, Senthil Kumar N, Sepanlou SG, Shafaat O, Shah SM, Shaikh MA, Shannawaz M, Sharafi K, Sheikh A, Sheikhbahaei S, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shishani K, Shivakumar KM, Shivalli S, Shrestha R, Siabani S, Sidemo NB, Sigfusdottir ID, Sigurvinsdottir R, Silva JP, Singh A, Singh JA, Singh V, Sinha DN, Skryabin VY, Skryabina AA, Soroush A, Soyiri IN, Sreeramareddy CT, Stein DJ, Steiropoulos P, Stortecky S, Straif K, Suliankatchi Abdulkader R, Sulo G, Sundström J, Tabuchi T, Tadesse EG, Tamiru AT, Tareke M, Tareque MI, Tarigan IU, Thakur B, Thankappan KR, Thapar R, Tolani MA, Tovani-Palone MR, Tran BX, Tripathy JP, Tsegaye GW, Tymeson HD, Ullah S, Unim B, Updike RL, Uthman OA, Vacante M, Vardavas C, Venketasubramanian N, Verma M, Vidale S, Vo B, Vu GT, Waheed Y, Wang Y, Welding K, Werdecker A, Whisnant JL, Wickramasinghe ND, Wubishet BL, Yamagishi K, Yano Y, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Yeshaw Y, Yimmer MZ, Yonemoto N, Yousefi Z, Yu C, Yunusa I, Yusefzadeh H, Zaman MS, Zamani M, Zamanian M, Zastrozhin MS, Zastrozhina A, Zhang J, Zhang ZJ, Zhong C, Zuniga YMH, Gakidou E. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of chewing tobacco use in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Public Health 2021; 6:e482-e499. [PMID: 34051920 PMCID: PMC8251505 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chewing tobacco and other types of smokeless tobacco use have had less attention from the global health community than smoked tobacco use. However, the practice is popular in many parts of the world and has been linked to several adverse health outcomes. Understanding trends in prevalence with age, over time, and by location and sex is important for policy setting and in relation to monitoring and assessing commitment to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. METHODS We estimated prevalence of chewing tobacco use as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 using a modelling strategy that used information on multiple types of smokeless tobacco products. We generated a time series of prevalence of chewing tobacco use among individuals aged 15 years and older from 1990 to 2019 in 204 countries and territories, including age-sex specific estimates. We also compared these trends to those of smoked tobacco over the same time period. FINDINGS In 2019, 273·9 million (95% uncertainty interval 258·5 to 290·9) people aged 15 years and older used chewing tobacco, and the global age-standardised prevalence of chewing tobacco use was 4·72% (4·46 to 5·01). 228·2 million (213·6 to 244·7; 83·29% [82·15 to 84·42]) chewing tobacco users lived in the south Asia region. Prevalence among young people aged 15-19 years was over 10% in seven locations in 2019. Although global age-standardised prevalence of smoking tobacco use decreased significantly between 1990 and 2019 (annualised rate of change: -1·21% [-1·26 to -1·16]), similar progress was not observed for chewing tobacco (0·46% [0·13 to 0·79]). Among the 12 highest prevalence countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Sri Lanka, and Yemen), only Yemen had a significant decrease in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use, which was among males between 1990 and 2019 (-0·94% [-1·72 to -0·14]), compared with nine of 12 countries that had significant decreases in the prevalence of smoking tobacco. Among females, none of these 12 countries had significant decreases in prevalence of chewing tobacco use, whereas seven of 12 countries had a significant decrease in the prevalence of tobacco smoking use for the period. INTERPRETATION Chewing tobacco remains a substantial public health problem in several regions of the world, and predominantly in south Asia. We found little change in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use between 1990 and 2019, and that control efforts have had much larger effects on the prevalence of smoking tobacco use than on chewing tobacco use in some countries. Mitigating the health effects of chewing tobacco requires stronger regulations and policies that specifically target use of chewing tobacco, especially in countries with high prevalence. FUNDING Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Sajid M, Srivastava S, Joshi L, Bharadwaj M. Impact of smokeless tobacco-associated bacteriome in oral carcinogenesis. Anaerobe 2021; 70:102400. [PMID: 34090995 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco products possess a complex community of microorganisms. The microbial community ferment compounds present in the smokeless tobacco products and convert them into carcinogens like tobacco-associated nitrosamines. However, the potential of smokeless tobacco products associated bacteriome to manipulate systemic inflammation and other signaling pathways involved in the etiology of oral cancer will be a risk factor for oral cancer. Further, damage to oral epithelial cells causes a leaky oral layer that leads to increased infiltration of bacterial components like lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, and toxins, etc. The consumption of smokeless tobacco products can cause damage to the oral layer and dysbiosis of oral microbiota. Hence, the enrichment of harmful microbes due to dysbiosis in the oral cavity can produce high levels of bacterial metabolites and provoke inflammation as well as carcinogenesis. Understanding the complex and dynamic interrelation between the smokeless tobacco-linked bacteriome and host oral microbiome may help to unravel the mechanism of oral carcinogenesis stimulated by smokeless tobacco products. This review provides an insight into smokeless tobacco product-associated bacteriome and their potential in the progression of oral cancer. In the future, this will guide in the evolution of prevention and treatment strategies against smokeless tobacco products-induced oral cancer. Besides, it will assist the government organizations for better management and cessation policy building for the worldwide problem of smokeless tobacco addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sajid
- Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Sector-39, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Sector-39, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Lata Joshi
- Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Sector-39, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Mausumi Bharadwaj
- Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Sector-39, Noida, 201301, India.
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Ratsch A, Bogossian F, Steadman K. Central Australian Aboriginal women's pregnancy, labour and birth outcomes following maternal smokeless tobacco (pituri) use, cigarette use or no-tobacco use: a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:814. [PMID: 33910555 PMCID: PMC8082654 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10872-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcomes related to maternal smoked tobacco (cigarette) use have been substantially examined over the past 50 years with resultant public health education targeted towards the reduction of use during pregnancy. However, worldwide the effects of maternal smokeless tobacco use have been less well explored and in Australia, there has been no examination of maternal outcomes in relation to the use of Australian Nicotiana spp. (tobacco plant) as a smokeless tobacco, colloquially known as pituri. The aim of this study is to describe the maternal outcomes of a group of central Australian Aboriginal women in relation to their self-reported tobacco use. METHODS Eligible participants were > 18 years of age, with a singleton pregnancy, > 28 weeks gestation, and who planned to birth at the Alice Springs Hospital (the major regional hospital for central Australia, in the Northern Territory, Australia). The sample consisted of 73 conveniently recruited women categorized by tobacco-use status as no-tobacco users (n = 31), pituri chewers (n = 19), and smokers (n = 23). RESULTS There were differences in the groups in relation to teenage pregnancies; 35% of no-tobacco users, compared with 5% of pituri users, and 13% of smokers were < 20 years of age. The chewers had a higher rate (48%) of combined pre-existing and pregnancy-related elevated glucose concentrations compared with smokers (22%) and no-tobacco users (16%).The pituri chewers had the lowest rate (14%) of clinically significant post-partum hemorrhage (> 1000 ml) compared with 22% of smokers and 36% of the no-tobacco users. CONCLUSIONS This is the first research to examine pituri use in pregnancy and the findings indicate possible associations with a range of adverse maternal outcomes. The use of smokeless tobacco needs to be considered in maternal healthcare assessment to inform antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum care planning. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH Female smokeless tobacco use is a global phenomenon and is particularly prevalent in low and middle income countries and in Indigenous populations. The findings contribute to the developing knowledge around maternal smokeless tobacco use and maternal outcomes. Maternal screening for a broader range of tobacco and nicotine products is required. NOTE TO READERS In this research, the central Australian Aboriginal women chose the term 'Aboriginal' to refer to themselves, and 'Indigenous' to refer to the broader First Peoples. That choice has been maintained in the reporting of the research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ratsch
- Wide Bay Hospital and Health Services, Hervey Bay, Queensland 4655 Australia
| | - Fiona Bogossian
- Professor of Practice Education in Health at the University of the Sunshine Coast (USC) and USC Academic Lead at the Sunshine Coast Health Institute (SCHI), Birtinya, Queensland 4575 Australia
| | - Kathryn Steadman
- Associate Professor School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102 Australia
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Shrestha A, Marla V, Lamsal M, Sarraf DP, Rao N. Evaluation of Nicotine Dependence in Adult Population of Eastern Nepal. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2021; 19:210-215. [PMID: 34819438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Tobacco consumption is a leading cause of premature death in the world. Tobaccorelated deaths are associated with cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases, oral potentially malignant disorders, cancer, others. Moreover there is also associated nicotine dependence which might result to numerous tobacco-associated diseases. Objective This study was conducted to analyze the degree of nicotine dependence considering its potential health risk, in the Eastern region of Nepal. Method A descriptive questionnaire based study was conducted among current tobacco users of six districts of Eastern Nepal. Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependency for Smokeless Tobacco (FTNDST) questionnaire were used for tobacco smokers and chewers, respectively. Result Of the total participants, 836 were males and 359 females, among whom 736 were active tobacco smokers and 432 chewers, 34.8% had tried to stop consuming tobacco and 306 (25.6%) had oral lesions in white or red forms. Very low nicotine dependence was found among 244 (31.47%) tobacco smokers and 37 (8.56%) chewers whereas 36 (4.71%) smokers and 103 (23.84%) chewers had very high nicotine dependence. The mean score for FTND was 3.73±2.37 and 5.74±2.12 for FTND-ST. A significant difference in duration and age group with FTND score was observed, however not with FTND-ST. Conclusion The information regarding degree of nicotine dependence can be used as baseline information for planning of preventive strategies and implementation of tobacco cessation and control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shrestha
- Department of Oral Pathology, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - V Marla
- Department of Oral Pathology, Panang International Dental College, Malaysia
| | - M Lamsal
- Department of Biochemistry, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - D P Sarraf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - N Rao
- Boston University, Hendry M Goldman School of Dental Medicine, USA
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