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Edwards SH, Hassink M, Taylor KM, Vu AT. Variation of Benzo[ a]pyrene, NNN, and NNK Levels in 16 Commercial Smokeless Tobacco Products. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:202-212. [PMID: 36638203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the variation of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) levels in 16 smokeless tobacco products from several different product subcategories obtained at two different locations and at two different procurement times. B[a]P quantities range from 0.6 to 160 ng/g on a wet-weight basis, whereas NNN and NNK quantities range from 276 to 10473 ng/g and 79 to 28882 ng/g, respectively. The B[a]P, NNN, and NNK quantities vary widely among various smokeless tobacco product categories and among various brands within each product subcategory. Dry snuff products contain the highest B[a]P, NNN, and NNK quantities, whereas loose and portioned snus products contain the lowest B[a]P, NNN, and NNK levels. In general, variation of B[a]P, NNN, and NNK levels across four sets of each product brand purchased six months apart and at two different locations show statistically significant differences (p < 0.05), although with a much narrower product set-to-set variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvin H Edwards
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Document Control Center, Building 71, Room G335, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Matthew Hassink
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Document Control Center, Building 71, Room G335, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Kenneth M Taylor
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708, United States
| | - An T Vu
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Document Control Center, Building 71, Room G335, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
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Edwards SH, Hassink MD, Taylor KM, Vu AT. Quantitative measurement of harmful and potentially harmful constituents, pH, and moisture content in 16 commercial smokeless tobacco products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 133:105199. [PMID: 35662636 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco products expose adult and youth tobacco users to various addictive and carcinogenic constituents that can cause long-term nicotine dependence and oral cancers. In this study, nicotine, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, moisture, and pH levels in 16 smokeless tobacco products were measured on a wet-weight basis (wwb). In addition, change in analytical variability with increasing replicate measurements was assessed. Total nicotine in the products varied from 6.2 to 35.5 mg/g. The percentage of total nicotine in the unprotonated form ranged from 0.1 to 62%; whereas, product moisture varied from 7.4 to 57%. The quantities of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) range from 0.46 to 179.9 ng/g for B [a]P, 270-12206 and 81-20716 ng/g for NNN and NNK, respectively, and 0.33-6.85 and 0.13-5.67 μg/g for acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, respectively. This study shows wide variation in smokeless tobacco product HPHC quantities. The results also show that analytical variability stabilizes after seven replicate measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvin H Edwards
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Document Control CenterBuilding 71, Room G335, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-002, USA.
| | - Matthew D Hassink
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Document Control CenterBuilding 71, Room G335, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-002, USA
| | - Kenneth M Taylor
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Document Control CenterBuilding 71, Room G335, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-002, USA
| | - An T Vu
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Document Control CenterBuilding 71, Room G335, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-002, USA
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Edwards SH, Hassink MD, Taylor KM, Watson CH, Kuklenyik P, Wang L, Chen P, Valentin-Blasini L, Kimbrell B. Response to 'Comments on "Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in the Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke of Commercial Little Cigars"' Letter to Editor. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1131-1134. [PMID: 35738012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selvin H Edwards
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Matthew D Hassink
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Kenneth M Taylor
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Peter Kuklenyik
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Liqun Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Patrick Chen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Brett Kimbrell
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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Robertson SM, Edwards SH, Doran GS, Friend MA. Maternal caffeine administration to ewes does not affect perinatal lamb survival. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 231:106799. [PMID: 34225237 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal mortality of lambs is the major source of reproductive loss in extensive sheep production systems. Treatment with caffeine has reduced intra-partum mortality and/or improved metabolic indicators in other species following hypoxia. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of caffeine for improving perinatal lamb survival. Experiment 1 comprised group-fed Merino ewes grazing pasture and offered 1.8 g/day (estimated 20 mg/kg live weight) caffeine throughout a 4-week lambing period, and a control without caffeine. The survival of lambs to marking (vaccinated, tail docked, males castrated) age in the caffeine treatment group (0.81) did not differ (P = 0.199) from that of control lambs (0.73; total born n = 877). Experiment 2 comprised Merino ewes lambing from three successive weekly joining groups. Treated ewes were drenched with an aqueous caffeine solution at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg live weight from the day before anticipated lambing, until the individual lambed. Control ewes were drenched with water. The proportion of lambs born dead (0.07) and the survival of lambs to marking age (caffeine 0.61; control 0.62) were similar between treatment groups (total born n = 1158). In both experiments, ewe mortality and the weight of lambs at marking were not altered by caffeine treatments. The results from this large-scale field study indicate caffeine is not an effective therapeutic agent to increase either intra-partum or perinatal survival, or lamb growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Robertson
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Albert Pugsley Place, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia; Fred Morley Centre, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia.
| | - S H Edwards
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - G S Doran
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Albert Pugsley Place, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia; School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - M A Friend
- Office of the Pro Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation) Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
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Edwards SH, Hassink MD, Taylor KM, Watson CH, Kuklenyik P, Kimbrell B, Wang L, Chen P, Valentín-Blasini L. Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in the Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke of Commercial Little Cigars. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1034-1045. [PMID: 33667338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cigars are among the broad variety of tobacco products that have not been as extensively studied and characterized as cigarettes. Small cigars wrapped in a tobacco-containing sheet, commonly referred to as little cigars, are a subcategory that are similar to conventional cigarettes with respect to dimensions, filters, and overall appearance. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are carcinogens in the tobacco used in both little cigars and cigarettes. This study uses a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to measure the TSNAs 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) in the tobacco filler and the nonintense International Organization for Standardization smoking regimen, ISO 3308, and the newer ISO 20778 Cigarette Intensive (CI) smoking regimen mainstream smoke of 60 commercial little cigars. Tobacco filler NNK and NNN quantities ranged from 26 to 2950 and 1440 to 12 100 ng/g tobacco, respectively. NNK and NNN by the ISO nonintense smoking regimen ranged from 89 to 879 and 200 to 1540 ng/cigar, respectively; by the CI regimen, NNK and NNN ranged from 138 to 1570 and 445 to 2780 ng/cigar, respectively. The average transfer (%) for NNK and NNN from tobacco filler to mainstream smoke was 24% and 36% by the ISO nonintense and CI smoking regimens, respectively. By the ISO nonintense and CI smoking regimens, mainstream smoke NNK and NNN yields showed a moderate to strong correlation (ISO nonintense, R2 = 0.60-0.68, p < 0.0001; CI, R2 = 0.78-0.81, p < 0.0001) with tobacco filler NNK and NNN quantities. In addition, the mainstream smoke NNK and NNN yields of little cigars were determined to be 3- to 5-fold higher compared to previously tested commercial cigarettes. The mainstream smoke NNK and NNN yields have wide variation among commercial little cigars and suggest that, despite design similarities to cigarettes, machine-smoke yields of carcinogenic TSNAs are higher in little cigars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvin H Edwards
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Matthew D Hassink
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Kenneth M Taylor
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Peter Kuklenyik
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Brett Kimbrell
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Liqun Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Patrick Chen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Liza Valentín-Blasini
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
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Combs MD, Edwards SH, Scherpenhuizen JM, Narayan EJ, Kessell AE, Ramsay J, Piltz J, Raidal SR, Quinn JC. Treatment with potassium bromide mitigates ataxia and reduces tremor in lambs with perennial ryegrass toxicosis. N Z Vet J 2019; 67:287-294. [PMID: 31248334 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1637300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Aims: To assess the use of potassium bromide (KBr) as a therapeutic intervention for perennial ryegrass toxicosis (PRGT) in lambs fed ryegrass seed containing lolitrem B. Methods: Male lambs aged 10-12 months (n = 43) were assigned to receive ryegrass seed containing lolitrem B, at a dose of 0.16 mg/kg/day (Groups 2, 3 and 4), or lucerne chaff and molasses (Groups 1 and 5). Lambs in Groups 2 and 3 were observed for clinical signs and gait changes until defined signs of PGRT were observed, when they were transferred, with lambs in Group 1, to the Testing phase of the trial. Lambs in Group 3 were then treated with a single oral dose of 300 mg/kg bromide. Lambs in Groups 4 and 5 received KBr daily from the start of the trial (540 mg/kg bromide over 3 days then 20 mg/kg daily) and were transferred to the Testing phase after 18 days. Clinical examination and gait assessment, and surface electromyography of the triceps muscle, measuring root-mean-square (RMS) voltages, were carried out on Days 0, 1 and 2 of the Testing phase followed by necropsy, histopathology, measurement of concentrations of bromide in serum and CSF and faecal cortisol metabolites (FCM). Results: In Group 3 lambs, mean composite gait scores decreased between Testing phase Day 0 and Days 1 and 2 (p < 0.001), but increased in lambs in Group 2 between Day 0 and Day 2 (p = 0.015). Scores for lambs in Group 3 on Day 2 were lower than for lambs in Group 2 (p < 0.001). Mean RMS voltages on Day 2 were higher in lambs in Group 2 than Group 3 (p = 0.045). Mean concentrations of bromide in serum were >800 µg/mL in lambs in Groups 3 and 4 on Day 2. Concentrations of FCM were higher in lambs from Group 2 than in Groups 1 or 5, but were similar in Groups 2, 3 and 4. Histopathological findings in the cerebellum of lambs from Groups 2, 3 and 4 were similar, showing pyknosis of neurons within the granular layer of the cerebellum and Purkinje neuron proximal axonal spheroid formation. Conclusions and clinical relevance: A single oral dose of 300 mg/kg bromide in lambs with neurological signs of PRGT resulted in reduced composite gait scores and reduced RMS voltages, indicating a significant improvement in clinical signs of ataxia, movement disorder and muscle tremor associated with the neurotoxic effects of lolitrem B.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Combs
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , Australia
| | - S H Edwards
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , Australia
| | - J M Scherpenhuizen
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , Australia
| | - E J Narayan
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University , Penrith , Australia
| | - A E Kessell
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - J Ramsay
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , Australia
| | - J Piltz
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries , Wagga Wagga , Australia
| | - S R Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , Australia
| | - J C Quinn
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , Australia
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Combs MD, Edwards SH, Scherpenhuizen JM, Narayan EJ, Kessell AE, Piltz J, Raidal SR, Ramsay J, Quinn JC. Development of a model for investigation of perennial ryegrass toxicosis in sheep. N Z Vet J 2018; 66:281-289. [PMID: 29949720 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2018.1492986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a clinical model of perennial ryegrass toxicosis (PRGT) based on feeding a known dose of lolitrem B and ergotamine, and to produce a consistent clinical presentation for assessment of disease pathophysiology, neurological changes and neurohistopathology. METHODS Male lambs, aged between 10-12 months, were randomly assigned to either Treatment (n=9) or Control (n=9) groups. Lambs in the Treatment group received feed containing a novel endophyte-infested perennial ryegrass seed, commencing on Day 0 of the Feeding phase with a low induction dose, then increasing after 3 days to provide 0.16 mg/kg live bodywight (LBW)/day of lolitrem B and 0.054 mg/kg LBW/day ergotamine. Lambs were examined daily and when defined signs of PRGT were observed they were transferred to the Testing phase. Neurological examinations, assessment of gait, surface electromyography (EMG) and mechanosensory nociceptive threshold testing were carried out and blood samples collected during both phases of the trial, with a full necropsy, histopathological examination and measurement of faecal cortisol metabolites (FCM) performed on Day 2 of the Testing phase. RESULTS Typical clinical signs of PRGT, including ataxia of vestibulocerebellar origin leading to stumbling, were observed in all Treatment lambs. The median interval from the start of the Feeding phase to entry into the Testing phase was 21 (min 18, max 34) days. Histopathological characterisation of neurological lesions included the presence of Purkinje cell vacuolation, pyknotic granular layer neurons and proximal axonal Purkinje cell spheroids. Lesions were most apparent within the vestibulocerebellum. Mean root-mean-square voltages from triceps EMG increased in Treatment lambs between Feeding phase Day 0 and Testing phase Day 2 (p<0.001). Daily water intake during the Testing phase for the Treatment group was less than in Control group lambs (p=0.002), and concentrations of FCM at necropsy were higher in Treatment compared to Control lambs (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lolitrem B and ergotamine dosing in feed on a live weight basis combined with neurological/gait assessment provides an effective model for investigation of PRGT and potential therapeutics. Assessment of gait changes using defined criteria and RMS voltages from EMG appear to be useful tools for the assessment of the severity of neurological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Combs
- a School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , NSW , 2560 , Australia
| | - S H Edwards
- a School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , NSW , 2560 , Australia
| | - J M Scherpenhuizen
- a School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , NSW , 2560 , Australia
| | - E J Narayan
- b Gribbles Pathology , Adelaide , SA , 5065 , Australia
| | - A E Kessell
- c School of Science and Health , Western Sydney University , Penrith , NSW , 2751 , Australia
| | - J Piltz
- d New South Wales Department of Primary Industries , Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga , NSW , 2560 , Australia
| | - S R Raidal
- a School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , NSW , 2560 , Australia
| | - J Ramsay
- a School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , NSW , 2560 , Australia
| | - J C Quinn
- a School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , NSW , 2560 , Australia
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Edwards SH, Rossiter LM, Taylor KM, Holman MR, Zhang L, Ding YS, Watson CH. Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in the Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke of U.S. Commercial Cigarettes. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:540-551. [PMID: 28001416 PMCID: PMC5318265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are N-nitroso-derivatives of pyridine-alkaloids (e.g., nicotine) present in tobacco and cigarette smoke. Two TSNAs, N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), are included on the Food and Drug Administration's list of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in tobacco products and tobacco. The amounts of four TSNAs (NNK, NNN, N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), and N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT)) in the tobacco and mainstream smoke from 50 U.S. commercial cigarette brands were measured from November 15, 2011 to January 4, 2012 using a validated HPLC/MS/MS method. Smoke samples were generated using the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and Canadian Intense (CI) machine-smoking regimens. NNN and NAT were the most abundant TSNAs in tobacco filler and smoke across all cigarette brands, whereas NNK and NAB were present in lesser amounts. The average ratios for each TSNA in mainstream smoke to filler content is 29% by the CI smoking regimen and 13% for the ISO machine-smoking regimen. The reliability of individual TSNAs to predict total TSNA amounts in the filler and smoke was examined. NNN, NAT, and NAB have a moderate to high correlation (R2 = 0.61-0.98, p < 0.0001), and all three TSNAs individually predict total TSNAs with minimal difference between measured and predicted total TSNA amounts (error < 7.4%). NNK has weaker correlation (R2 = 0.56-0.82; p < 0.0001) and is a less reliable predictor of total TSNA quantities. Tobacco weight and levels of TSNAs in filler influence TSNA levels in smoke from the CI machine-smoking regimen. In contrast, filter ventilation is a major determinant of levels of TSNAs in smoke by the ISO machine-smoking regimen. Comparative analysis demonstrates substantial variability in TSNA amounts in tobacco filler and mainstream smoke yields under ISO and CI machine-smoking regimens among U.S. commercial cigarette brands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvin H. Edwards
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA, 20850
| | - Lana M. Rossiter
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA, 20850
| | - Kenneth M. Taylor
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA, 20850
| | - Matthew R. Holman
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA, 20850
| | - Liqin Zhang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, 30341
| | - Yan S. Ding
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, 30341
| | - Clifford H. Watson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, 30341
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Chang CM, Edwards SH, Arab A, Del Valle-Pinero AY, Yang L, Hatsukami DK. Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure: Summary of an FDA-Sponsored Public Workshop. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 26:291-302. [PMID: 28151705 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2009, the FDA Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) has had the authority to regulate the manufacturing, distribution, and marketing of tobacco products in order to reduce the death and disease caused by tobacco use. Biomarkers of exposure pertain to actual human exposure to chemicals arising from tobacco use and could play an important role across a number of FDA regulatory activities, including assessing new and modified-risk tobacco products and identifying and evaluating potential product standards. On August 3-4, 2015, FDA/CTP hosted a public workshop focused on biomarkers of exposure with participants from government, industry, academia, and other organizations. The workshop was divided into four sessions focused on: (i) approaches to evaluating and selecting biomarkers; (ii) biomarkers of exposure and relationship to disease risk; (iii) currently used biomarkers of exposure and biomarkers in development; and (iv) biomarkers of exposure and the assessment of smokeless tobacco and electronic nicotine delivery systems. This article synthesizes the main findings from the workshop and highlights research areas that could further strengthen the science around biomarkers of exposure and help determine their application in tobacco product regulation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(3); 291-302. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Chang
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
| | - Selvin H Edwards
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Aarthi Arab
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Ling Yang
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry, Tobacco Research Programs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Quast TA, Combs MD, Edwards SH. Pharmacokinetics of bromide in adult sheep following oral and intravenous administration. Aust Vet J 2015; 93:20-5. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- TA Quast
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
| | - MD Combs
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
| | - SH Edwards
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
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Stepman HCM, Tiikkainen U, Stöckl D, Vesper HW, Edwards SH, Laitinen H, Pelanti J, Thienpont LM. Measurements for 8 common analytes in native sera identify inadequate standardization among 6 routine laboratory assays. Clin Chem 2014; 60:855-63. [PMID: 24687951 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.220376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND External quality assessment (EQA) with commutable samples is essential for assessing the quality of assays performed by laboratories, particularly when the emphasis is on their standardization status and interchangeability of results. METHODS We used a panel of 20 fresh-frozen single-donation serum samples to assess assays for the measurement of creatinine, glucose, phosphate, uric acid, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. The commercial random access platforms included: Abbott Architect, Beckman Coulter AU, Ortho Vitros, Roche Cobas, Siemens Advia, and Thermo Scientific Konelab. The assessment was done at the peer group level and by comparison against the all-method trimmed mean or reference method values, where available. The considered quality indicators were intraassay imprecision, combined imprecision (including sample-matrix interference), bias, and total error. Fail/pass decisions were based on limits reflecting state-of-the-art performance, but also limits related to biological variation. RESULTS Most assays showed excellent peer performance attributes, except for HDL- and LDL cholesterol. Cases in which individual assays had biases exceeding the used limits were the Siemens Advia creatinine (-4.2%), Ortho Vitros phosphate (8.9%), Beckman Coulter AU triglycerides (5.4%), and Thermo Scientific Konelab uric acid (6.4%), which lead to considerable interassay discrepancies. Additionally, large laboratory effects were observed that caused interlaboratory differences of >30%. CONCLUSIONS The design of the EQA study was well suited for monitoring different quality attributes of assays performed in daily laboratory practice. There is a need for improvement, even for simple clinical chemistry analytes. In particular, the interchangeability of results remains jeopardized both by assay standardization issues and individual laboratory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig C M Stepman
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Hubert W Vesper
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, GA
| | - Selvin H Edwards
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | - Linda M Thienpont
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;
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12
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Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
The CDC's Lipid Standardization Program established the chromotropic acid (CA) reference measurement procedure (RMP) as the accuracy base for standardization and metrological traceability for triglyceride testing. The CA RMP has several disadvantages, including lack of ruggedness. It uses obsolete instrumentation and hazardous reagents. To overcome these problems the CDC developed an isotope dilution GC-MS (ID-GC-MS) RMP for total glycerides in serum.
METHODS
We diluted serum samples with Tris-HCl buffer solution and spiked 200-μL aliquots with [13C3]-glycerol. These samples were incubated and hydrolyzed under basic conditions. The samples were dried, derivatized with acetic anhydride and pyridine, extracted with ethyl acetate, and analyzed by ID-GC-MS. Linearity, imprecision, and accuracy were evaluated by analyzing calibrator solutions, 10 serum pools, and a standard reference material (SRM 1951b).
RESULTS
The calibration response was linear for the range of calibrator concentrations examined (0–1.24 mmol/L) with a slope and intercept of 0.717 (95% CI, 0.7123–0.7225) and 0.3122 (95% CI, 0.3096–0.3140), respectively. The limit of detection was 14.8 μmol/L. The mean %CV for the sample set (serum pools and SRM) was 1.2%. The mean %bias from NIST isotope dilution MS values for SRM 1951b was 0.7%.
CONCLUSIONS
This ID-GC-MS RMP has the specificity and ruggedness to accurately quantify total glycerides in the serum pools used in the CDC's Lipid Standardization Program and demonstrates sufficiently acceptable agreement with the NIST primary RMP for total glyceride measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvin H Edwards
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Susan D Pyatt
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mary M Kimberly
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Atlanta, GA
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Edwards SH, Kimberly MM, Pyatt SD, Stribling SL, Dobbin KD, Myers GL. Proposed serum cholesterol reference measurement procedure by gas chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Clin Chem 2011; 57:614-22. [PMID: 21317273 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.158766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our purpose was to establish a mass spectrometry reference measurement procedure (RMP) for cholesterol to use in the CDC's standardization programs. We explored a gas chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry (GC-IDMS) procedure using a multilevel standard calibration curve to quantify samples with varying cholesterol concentrations. METHODS We calibrated the mass spectrometry instrument by isotope dilution with a pure primary standard reference material and an isotopically enriched cholesterol analog as the internal standard (IS). We diluted the serum samples with Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4, 0.05 mol/L, 0.25% Triton X-100) before analysis. We used 17 serum pools, 10 native samples, and 2 standard reference materials (SRMs). We compared the GC-IDMS measurements with the CDC's modified Abell-Levy-Brodie-Kendall (AK) RMP measurements and assessed method accuracy by analyzing 2 SRMs. We evaluated the procedure for lack of interference by analyzing serum spiked with a mixture of 7 sterols. RESULTS The mean percent bias between the AK and the GC-IDMS RMP was 1.6% for all samples examined. The mean percent bias from NIST's RMP was 0.5% for the SRMs. The total %CVs for SRM 1951b levels I and II were 0.61 and 0.73%, respectively. We found that none of the sterols investigated interfered with the cholesterol measurement. CONCLUSIONS The low imprecision, linear response, lack of interferences, and acceptable bias vs the NIST primary RMP qualifies this procedure as an RMP for determining serum cholesterol. The CDC will adopt and implement this GC-IDMS procedure for cholesterol standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvin H Edwards
- Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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14
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Howell RC, Edwards SH, Gajadhar-Plummer AS, Kahwa IA, McPherson GL, Mague JT, White AJP, Williams DJ. Phthalimides: Supramolecular Interactions in Crystals, Hypersensitive Solution 1H-NMR Dynamics and Energy Transfer to Europium(III) and Terbium(III) States. Molecules 2003. [PMCID: PMC6146889 DOI: 10.3390/molecules8070565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed crystal structures and 1H-NMR characteristics of some alkylamine-phthalimides, including dendritic polyphthalimides, are reported. These investigations were undertaken in order to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between solid-state supramolecular interactions, their persistence in solution and associated dynamics of magnetically hypersensitive phthalimide aromatic AA’BB’-AA’XX’ proton NMR resonances. Some alkylamine phthalimides feature folded molecular geometries, which we attribute to n-π interactions among proximal amine-phthalimide sites; those alkylamine-phthalimides that have no possibility for such interactions feature fully extended phthalimide functionalities. Accordingly, alkylamine phthalimide compounds with folded solid-state geometries feature solvent and temperature dependent hypersensitive AA’BB’-AA’XX’ 1H-NMR line profiles, which we attribute to the n-π interactions. Luminescence of Eu3+(5D0) and Tb3+(5D4) states show well defined metal ion environments in their complexes with dendritic phthalimides, as well as relatively weak phthalimide-lanthanide(III) interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertha C. Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - Selvin H. Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica, West Indies
| | | | - Ishenkumba A. Kahwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica, West Indies
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Tel +1-(876) 927 1910; Fax +1-(876) 977 1835; E-mail:
| | - Gary L. McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
| | - Joel T. Mague
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Chemical Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Williams
- Chemical Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Chiral separation of moderately to highly hydrophobic polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using a conventional chiral micelle or a polymeric chiral surfactant, as the single chiral selector is very difficult since the hydrophobic interactions between the chiral PCB and the monomeric or polymeric surfactant is very strong. Combined use of a polymeric chiral surfactant, polysodium N-undecanoyl-D-valinate (poly-D-SUV) with hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin (HP-gamma-CD) was successful in cyclodextrin modified electrokinetic chromatography (CD-EKC) enantioseparation of PCB congeners. Addition of HP-gamma-CD to the background electrolyte containing poly-D-SUV functioned to improved chiral resolution for the PCBs and reduce the analysis time for these congeners. In addition, concentration of methanol, concentration of 2-(N-cyclohexylamino) ethanesulfonic acid (CHES) buffer and separation voltage was also varied to optimize multicomponent separation of five chiral PCBs. Simultaneous separation and enantioseparation of all five PCBs was possible in less than 50 min under optimized conditions that requires a 5 mM CHES solution buffered at about pH 10 with 1.5% w/v (ca. 60 mM) poly-D-SUV and 16 mM HP-gamma-CD. In addition, 1 M urea and 20% v/v methanol should be added as organic modifier and the capillary temperature maintained at 45 degrees C. As expected the polymeric surfactant showed improved chiral resolution of PCBs over conventional micelles of SUV. Under optimized conditions, when CD-EKC of chiral PCBs using poly-D-SUV was compared to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), better resolution, higher efficiency and shorter analysis time was achieved with poly-D-SUV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvin H Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, Center of BioTechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Edwards SH, Shamsi SA. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners using a polymeric surfactant as the pseudostationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2000; 903:227-36. [PMID: 11153946 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) of highly hydrophobic compounds is generally difficult using sodium dodecyl sulfate micellar solutions. The polymeric surfactant, polysodium undecyl sulfate (poly-SUS) has been used to separate moderately to highly hydrophobic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners by MEKC in the absence of cyclodextrins. Parameters such as concentration of acetonitrile (ACN), polymeric surfactant concentration, and the effect of pH were examined. Optimum MEKC conditions to get baseline resolution of nine PCBs was 7.5 mM borate in 40% (v/v) ACN fraction buffered at pH 9.2 using 0.5% (w/v) poly-SUS. The applied voltage was 30 kV and the temperature was maintained at 25 degrees C. Elution order for each PCB congener was found to be dependent on the degree of chlorination and hydrophobic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30303, USA
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17
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Edwards SH, Baker SF, Wilton DC. Purification and properties of an active site mutant, H48Q, of human non-pancreatic secreted phospholipase A2. Biochem Soc Trans 1998; 26:S239. [PMID: 9765958 DOI: 10.1042/bst026s239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S H Edwards
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
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