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Su Y, Zheng T, Bi Z, Jia X, Li Y, Kuang X, Yang Y, Chen Q, Lin H, Huang Y, Huang S, Qiao Y, Wu T, Zhang J, Xia N. Pattern of multiple human papillomavirus infection and type competition: An analysis in healthy Chinese women aged 18-45 years. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2334474. [PMID: 38619081 PMCID: PMC11020552 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2334474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
To assess the pattern of multiple human papillomavirus infection to predict the type replacement postvaccination. A total of 7372 women aged 18-45y from a phase III trial of an Escherichia coli-produced HPV-16/18 vaccine were analyzed at enrollment visit before vaccination. Hierarchical multilevel logistic regression was used to evaluate HPV vaccine type and nonvaccine-type interactions with age as a covariate. Binary logistic regression was construed to compare multiple infections with single infections to explore the impact of multiple-type infections on the risk of cervical disease. Multiple HPV infections were observed in 25.2% of HPV-positive women and multiple infections were higher than expected by chance. Statistically significant negative associations were observed between HPV16 and 52, HPV18 and HPV51/52/58, HPV31 and HPV39/51/52/53/54/58, HPV33 and HPV52/58, HPV58 and HPV52, HPV6 and HPV 39/51/52/53/54/56/58. Multiple HPV infections increased the risk of CIN2+ and HSIL+, with the ORs of 2.27(95%CI: 1.41, 3.64) and 2.26 (95%CI: 1.29, 3.95) for multiple oncogenic HPV infection separately. However, no significant evidence for the type-type interactions on risk of CIN2+ or HSIL+. There is possibility of type replacement between several pairs of vaccine and nonvaccine HPV type. Multiple HPV infection increased the risk of cervical disease, but coinfection HPV types seem to follow independent disease processes. Continued post-vaccination surveillance for HPV 51/52/58 types and HPV 39/51 types separately was essential after the first and second generation of HPV vaccination implementation in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tingquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhaofeng Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinhua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Cancer Center, National Center for Cancer Clinical Research, The Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Cancer Center, National Center for Cancer Clinical Research, The Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Cancer Center, National Center for Cancer Clinical Research, The Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Cancer Center, National Center for Cancer Clinical Research, The Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongyan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shoujie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Youlin Qiao
- National Cancer Center, National Center for Cancer Clinical Research, The Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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2
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Wu J, Jiang L, Shao Q, Liu J, Wang H, Gao Q, Huan C, Wang X, Gao S. Comparison of the safety and efficacy of the wild-type and lpxL/lpxM mutant inactivated vaccine against the avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O1, O2, and O78 challenge. Vaccine 2024; 42:2707-2715. [PMID: 38503663 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is primarily responsible for causing septicemia, pneumonitis, peritonitis, swollen head syndrome, and salpingitis in poultry, leading to significant losses in the poultry sector, particularly within the broiler industry. The removal of the lpxL and lpxM genes led to an eightfold decrease in the endotoxin levels of wild APEC strains. In this study, mutant strains of lpxL/lpxM and their O1, O2, and O78 wild-type strains were developed for an inactivated vaccine (referred to as the mutant vaccine and the wild-type vaccine, respectively), and the safety and effectiveness of these two prototype vaccines were assessed in white Leghorn chickens. Findings indicated that chickens immunized with the mutant vaccine showed a return of appetite sooner post-immunization and experienced earlier disappearance of nodules at the injection site compared to those immunized with the wild-type vaccine. Pathological examinations revealed that lesions were still present in the liver, lung, and injection site in chickens vaccinated with the wild-type vaccine 14 days post-vaccination (dpv), whereas no lesions were found in chickens vaccinated with the mutant vaccine at 14 dpv. There were no significant differences in antibody levels on the challenge day or in mortality or lesion scores between challenged birds immunized with either the mutant vaccine or the wild-type vaccine at the same dose. In this study, the safety of a single dose or overdose of the mutant vaccine and its efficacy at one dose were evaluated in broilers, and the results showed that the mutant vaccine had no adverse effects on or protected vaccinated broilers from challenge with the APEC O1, O2, or O78 strains. These results demonstrated that the mutant polyvalent inactivated vaccine is a competitive candidate against APEC O1, O2, and O78 infection compared to the wild-type vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luyao Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiwen Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juanhua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingqing Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changchao Huan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Xu C, She Y, Fu F, Xu C. Production of a new tetravalent vaccine targeting fimbriae and enterotoxin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Can J Vet Res 2024; 88:38-44. [PMID: 38595949 PMCID: PMC11000427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important type of pathogenic bacteria that causes diarrhea in pigs. The objective of this study was to prepare a novel tetravalent vaccine to effectively prevent piglet diarrhea caused by E. coli. In order to realize the production of K88ac-K99-ST1-LTB tetravalent inactivated vaccine, the biological characteristics, stability, preservation conditions, and safety of the recombinant strain BL21(DE3) (pXKKSL4) were studied, and the vaccine efficacy and minimum immune dose were measured. The results indicated that the biological characteristics, target protein expression, and immunogenicity of the 1st to 10th generations of the strain were stable. Therefore, the basic seed generation was preliminarily set as the 1st to 10th generations. The results of the efficacy tests showed that the immune protection rate could reach 90% with 1 minimum lethal dose (MLD) virulent strain attack in mice. The immunogenicity was stable, and the minimum immune dose was 0.1 mL per mouse. Our research showed that the genetically engineered vaccine developed in this way could prevent piglet diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli through adhesin and enterotoxin. In order to realize industrial production of the vaccine as soon as possible, we conducted immunological tests and production process research on the constructed K88ac-K99-ST1-LTB tetravalent inactivated vaccine. The results of this study provide scientific experimental data for the commercial production of vaccines and lay a solid foundation for their industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChongLi Xu
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, 82 Daxuecheng Road, Chongqing 401331, PR China (Xu, She, Fu); School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, PR China (Xu)
| | - Yuhan She
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, 82 Daxuecheng Road, Chongqing 401331, PR China (Xu, She, Fu); School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, PR China (Xu)
| | - Fengyang Fu
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, 82 Daxuecheng Road, Chongqing 401331, PR China (Xu, She, Fu); School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, PR China (Xu)
| | - ChongBo Xu
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, 82 Daxuecheng Road, Chongqing 401331, PR China (Xu, She, Fu); School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, PR China (Xu)
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Paudel S, Apostolakos I, Vougat Ngom R, Tilli G, de Carvalho Ferreira HC, Piccirillo A. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of vaccination against colibacillosis in broiler production. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301029. [PMID: 38517875 PMCID: PMC10959377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Colibacillosis, a disease caused by Escherichia coli in broiler chickens has serious implications on food safety, security, and economic sustainability. Antibiotics are required for treating the disease, while vaccination and biosecurity are used for its prevention. This systematic review and meta-analysis, conducted under the COST Action CA18217-European Network for Optimization of Veterinary Antimicrobial Treatment (ENOVAT), aimed to assess the efficacy of E. coli vaccination in broiler production and provide evidence-based recommendations. A comprehensive search of bibliographic databases, including, PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Web of Science and Agricola, yielded 2,722 articles. Following a defined protocol, 39 studies were selected for data extraction. Most of the studies were experimental infection trials, with only three field studies identified, underscoring the need for more field-based research. The selected studies reported various types of vaccines, including killed (n = 5), subunit (n = 8), outer membrane vesicles/protein-based (n = 4), live/live-attenuated (n = 16), and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) (n = 6) vaccines. The risk of bias assessment revealed that a significant proportion of studies reporting mortality (92.3%) or feed conversion ratio (94.8%) as outcomes, had "unclear" regarding bias. The meta-analysis, focused on live-attenuated and CpG ODN vaccines, demonstrated a significant trend favoring both vaccination types in reducing mortality. However, the review also highlighted the challenges in reproducing colibacillosis in experimental setups, due to considerable variation in challenge models involving different routes of infection, predisposing factors, and challenge doses. This highlights the need for standardizing the challenge model to facilitate comparisons between studies and ensure consistent evaluation of vaccine candidates. While progress has been made in the development of E. coli vaccines for broilers, further research is needed to address concerns such as limited heterologous protection, practicability for application, evaluation of efficacy in field conditions and adoption of novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Paudel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilias Apostolakos
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DIMITRA”, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ronald Vougat Ngom
- Department of Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giuditta Tilli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Piccirillo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
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Banerjee S, Barry EM, Baqar S, Louis Bourgeois A, Campo JJ, Choy RKM, Chakraborty S, Clifford A, Deal C, Estrada M, Fleckenstein J, Hasso-Agopsowicz M, Hausdorff W, Khalil I, Maier N, Mubanga C, Platts-Mills JA, Porter C, Qadri F, Simuyandi M, Walker R, White JA. The 2022 Vaccines Against Shigella and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VASE) Conference: Summary of abstract-based presentations. Vaccine 2024; 42:1454-1460. [PMID: 38030421 PMCID: PMC10953701 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The global nonprofit organization PATH hosted the third Vaccines Against Shigella and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VASE) Conference in Washington, DC, on November 29 to December 1, 2022. With a combination of plenary sessions and posters, keynote presentations, and breakout workshops, the 2022 VASE Conference featured key updates on research related to the development of vaccines against neglected diarrheal pathogens including Shigella, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Campylobacter, and Salmonella. The presentations and discussions highlighted the significant impact of these diarrheal pathogens, particularly on the health of infants and young children in low- and middle-income countries, reflecting the urgent need for the development and licensure of new enteric vaccines. Oral and poster presentations at the VASE Conference explored a range of topics, including: the global burden and clinical presentation of disease, epidemiology, and the impact of interventions; the assessment of the value of vaccines against enteric pathogens; preclinical evaluations of vaccine candidates and models of enteric diseases; vaccine candidates in clinical trials and human challenge models; host parameters and genomics that predict responses to infection and disease; the application of new omics technologies for characterization of emerging pathogens and host responses; novel adjuvants, vaccine delivery platforms, and immunization strategies; and strategies for combination/co-administered vaccines. The conference agenda also featured ten breakout workshop sessions on topics of importance to the enteric vaccine field, which are summarized separately. This article reviews key points and highlighted research presented in each of the plenary conference sessions and poster presentations at the 2022 VASE Conference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eileen M Barry
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - William Hausdorff
- PATH, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, United States
| | - Chad Porter
- Naval Medical Research Command, United States
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Baqar S, Bonavia A, Louis Bourgeois A, Campo JJ, Clifford A, Hanevik K, Hasso-Agopsowicz M, Hausdorff W, Kaminski R, MacLennan CA, Mantis N, Martin LB, Omore R, Pasetti M, Pavlinac P, Phalipon A, Poly F, Porter C, Ramasamy MN, Rogawski McQuade ET, Sztein MB, Walker R. The 2022 Vaccines Against Shigella and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VASE) Conference: Summary of breakout workshops. Vaccine 2024; 42:1445-1453. [PMID: 38036392 PMCID: PMC10953702 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The global public health nonprofit organization PATH hosted the third Vaccines Against Shigella and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VASE) Conference in Washington, DC, from November 29 to December 1, 2022. This international gathering focused on cutting-edge research related to the development of vaccines against neglected diarrheal pathogens including Shigella, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Campylobacter, and non-typhoidal Salmonella. In addition to the conference's plenary content, the agenda featured ten breakout workshops on topics of importance to the enteric vaccine field. This unique aspect of VASE Conferences allows focused groups of attendees to engage in in-depth discussions on subjects of interest to the enteric vaccine development community. In 2022, the workshops covered a range of topics. Two focused on the public health value of enteric vaccines, with one examining how to translate evidence into policy and the other on the value proposition of potential combination vaccines against bacterial enteric pathogens. Two more workshops explored new tools for the development and evaluation of vaccines, with the first on integrating antigen/antibody technologies for mucosal vaccine and immunoprophylactic development, and the second on adjuvants specifically for Shigella vaccines for children in low- and middle-income countries. Another pair of workshops covered the status of vaccines against two emerging enteric pathogens, Campylobacter and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella. The remaining four workshops examined the assessment of vaccine impact on acute and long-term morbidity. These included discussions on the nature and severity of intestinal inflammation; cellular immunity and immunological memory in ETEC and Shigella infections; clinical and microbiologic endpoints for Shigella vaccine efficacy studies in children; and intricacies of protective immunity to enteric pathogens. This article provides a brief summary of the presentations and discussions at each workshop in order to share these sessions with the broader enteric vaccine field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurelio Bonavia
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, United States
| | | | | | | | - Kurt Hanevik
- University of Bergen, Norway; Norwegian National Advisory Unit for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Medical Department, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | | | - William Hausdorff
- PATH, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | - Calman A MacLennan
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, United Kingdom; The Jenner Institute, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Mantis
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, United States
| | | | - Richard Omore
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Center for Global Health Research, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | - Chad Porter
- Naval Medical Research Command, United States
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Upadhyay I, Parvej SMD, Shen Y, Li S, Lauder KL, Zhang C, Zhang W. Protein-based vaccine candidate MecVax broadly protects against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli intestinal colonization in a rabbit model. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0027223. [PMID: 37874163 PMCID: PMC10652908 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00272-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no vaccines licensed against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), a leading cause of children's diarrhea and the most common cause of travelers' diarrhea. Multivalent vaccine candidate MecVax unprecedentedly targets two ETEC enterotoxins (heat-stable toxin, STa; heat-labile toxin, LT) and the seven most prevalent ETEC adhesins (colonization factor antigen, CFA/I, coli surface antigens, CS1-CS6) and has been demonstrated preclinically to protect against STa- and LT-mediated ETEC clinical diarrhea and prevent intestinal colonization from ETEC strain H10407 (CFA/I, STa, LT). However, it is unattested whether MecVax broadly protects against intestinal colonization from ETEC strains producing the other six adhesins (CS1-CS6) also targeted by this product. In this study, we immunized rabbits with MecVax and challenged them with heterogeneous ETEC strains that express CS1-CS6 adhesins to evaluate MecVax's efficacy against bacterial intestinal colonization, thus providing broad vaccine protection against ETEC infection. Data revealed that rabbits intramuscularly immunized with MecVax developed robust responses to both ETEC enterotoxins (STa, LT) and seven adhesins (CFA/I, CS1-CS6), and when challenged with ETEC isolates expressing CS1/CS3, CS2/CS3, CS4/CS6, CS5/CS6, or CS6 adhesin, the immunized rabbits prevented over two logs (>99%) of bacteria from colonization in small intestines. Additionally, compared to a CFA-toxoid fusion protein, which is another potential ETEC vaccine antigen to target two ETEC enterotoxins and the seven adhesins, MecVax exhibited better protection against ETEC intestinal colonization. These results, in conjunction with the protection data from early studies, evidenced that MecVax is broadly protective, validating MecVax's candidacy as an effective vaccine against ETEC-associated diarrhea and accelerating ETEC vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipshita Upadhyay
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Shafiullah M. D. Parvej
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Yiyang Shen
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Lauder
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Chongyang Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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8
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Khalil I, Anderson JD, Bagamian KH, Baqar S, Giersing B, Hausdorff WP, Marshall C, Porter CK, Walker RI, Bourgeois AL. Vaccine value profile for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Vaccine 2023; 41 Suppl 2:S95-S113. [PMID: 37951695 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the leading bacterial causes of diarrhoea, especially among children in low-resource settings, and travellers and military personnel from high-income countries. WHO's primary strategic goal for ETEC vaccine development is to develop a safe, effective, and affordable ETEC vaccine that reduces mortality and morbidity due to moderate-to-severe diarrhoeal disease in infants and children under 5 years of age in LMICs, as well as the long-term negative health impact on infant physical and cognitive development resulting from infection with this enteric pathogen. An effective ETEC vaccine will also likely reduce the need for antibiotic treatment and help limit the further emergence of antimicrobial resistance bacterial pathogens. The lead ETEC vaccine candidate, ETVAX, has shown field efficacy in travellers and has moved into field efficacy testing in LMIC infants and children. A Phase 3 efficacy study in LMIC infants is projected to start in 2024 and plans for a Phase 3 trial in travellers are under discussion with the U.S. FDA. Licensing for both travel and LMIC indications is projected to be feasible in the next 5-8 years. Given increasing recognition of its negative impact on child health and development in LMICs and predominance as the leading etiology of travellers' diarrhoea (TD), a standalone vaccine for ETEC is more cost-effective than vaccines targeting other TD pathogens, and a viable commercial market also exists. In contrast, combination of an ETEC vaccine with other vaccines for childhood pathogens in LMICs would maximize protection in a more cost-effective manner than a series of stand-alone vaccines. This 'Vaccine Value Profile' (VVP) for ETEC is intended to provide a high-level, holistic assessment of available data to inform the potential public health, economic and societal value of pipeline vaccines and vaccine-like products. This VVP was developed by a working group of subject matter experts from academia, non-profit organizations, public private partnerships, and multi-lateral organizations. All contributors have extensive expertise on various elements of the ETEC VVP and collectively aimed to identify current research and knowledge gaps. The VVP was developed using only existing and publicly available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Khalil
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - John D Anderson
- Bagamian Scientific Consulting, LLC, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA; Office of Health Affairs, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Karoun H Bagamian
- Bagamian Scientific Consulting, LLC, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA; Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Shahida Baqar
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Birgitte Giersing
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - William P Hausdorff
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, 455 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20001 USA; Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Caroline Marshall
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chad K Porter
- Directorate for DoD Infectious Diseases Research, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20190, USA
| | - Richard I Walker
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, 455 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20001 USA
| | - A Louis Bourgeois
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, 455 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20001 USA
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9
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Svennerholm AM, Lundgren A. Developments in oral enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 84:102372. [PMID: 37523966 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a leading cause of diarrhea in children in developing countries and in travelers. WHO has affirmed ETEC as a priority vaccine target, but there is no licensed ETEC vaccine available yet. We here describe recent, promising developments of different live, inactivated, and subunit ETEC candidate vaccines expressing or containing nontoxic enterotoxin and/or colonization factor antigens with a focus on oral vaccines. Many of the ETEC candidate vaccines have been tested in clinical trials for safety and immunogenicity and some of them also for protective efficacy in field trials or in challenge studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Mari Svennerholm
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Inst. of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anna Lundgren
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Inst. of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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Rim S, Sakkestad ST, Zhou F, Gullaksen SE, Skavland J, Chauhan SK, Steinsland H, Hanevik K. Dynamics of circulating lymphocytes responding to human experimental enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250254. [PMID: 37102399 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important cause of children's and travelers' diarrhea, with no licensed vaccine. This study aimed to explore the role of cellular immunity in protection against human ETEC infection. Nine volunteers were experimentally infected with ETEC, of which six developed diarrhea. Lymphocytes were collected from peripheral blood buffy coats, before and 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, and 28 days after dose ingestion, and 34 phenotypic and functional markers were examined by mass cytometry. Thirty-three cell populations, derived by manually merging 139 cell clusters from the X-shift unsupervised clustering algorithm, were analyzed. Initially, the diarrhea group responded with increased CD56dim CD16+ natural killer cells, dendritic cells tended to rise, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells decreased. On day 5-7, an increase in plasmablasts was paralleled by a consistent rise in CD4+ Th17-like effector memory and regulatory cell subsets. CD4+ Th17-like central memory cells peaked on day 10. All Th17-like cell populations showed increased expression of activation, gut-homing, and proliferation markers. Interestingly, in the nondiarrhea group, these same CD4+ Th17-like cell populations expanded earlier, normalizing around day 7. Earlier development of these CD4+ Th17-like cell populations in the nondiarrhea group may suggest a recall response and a potential role in controlling ETEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Rim
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sunniva T Sakkestad
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stein-Erik Gullaksen
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre of Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Hematology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Helse Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jørn Skavland
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sudhir K Chauhan
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Steinsland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kurt Hanevik
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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11
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Upadhyay I, Parvej SMD, Li S, Lauder KL, Shen Y, Zhang W. Polyvalent Protein Adhesin MEFA-II Induces Functional Antibodies against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Adhesins CS7, CS12, CS14, CS17, and CS21 and Heat-Stable Toxin (STa). Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0068323. [PMID: 37212687 PMCID: PMC10304760 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00683-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no licensed vaccines for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), a common cause of children's diarrhea and travelers' diarrhea. ETEC strains producing enterotoxins (heat-labile toxin, LT; heat-stable toxin, STa) and adhesins CFA/I, CFA/II (CS1-CS3) or CFA/IV (CS4-CS6) attributed to a majority of ETEC-associated diarrheal cases, thus the two toxins (STa, LT) and the seven adhesins (CFA/I, CS1 to CS6) are historically the primary targets in ETEC vaccine development. Recent studies, however, revealed that ETEC strains with adhesins CS14, CS21, CS7, CS17, and CS12 are also prevalent and cause moderate-to-severe diarrhea; these adhesins are now considered antigen targets as well for ETEC vaccines. In this study, we applied the epitope- and structure-based multiepitope-fusion-antigen (MEFA) vaccinology platform and constructed a polyvalent protein to present immuno-dominant continuous B-cell epitopes of these five adhesins (also an STa toxoid); we then characterized this protein antigen's (termed as adhesin MEFA-II) broad immunogenicity and evaluated antibody functions against each targeted adhesin and STa toxin. Data showed that mice intramuscularly immunized with adhesin MEFA-II protein developed robust IgG to the targeted adhesins and toxin STa. Importantly, the antigen-derived antibodies significantly inhibited adherence of ETEC bacteria expressing adhesin CS7, CS12, CS14, CS17, or CS21 and reduced STa enterotoxicity. These results indicated that adhesin MEFA-II protein is broadly immunogenic and induces cross-functional antibodies, suggesting adhesin MEFA-II can be an effective ETEC vaccine antigen; if included in an ETEC vaccine candidate, adhesin MEFA-II can expand vaccine coverage and increase efficacy against ETEC-associated children's diarrhea and travelers' diarrhea. IMPORTANCE An effective vaccine is lacking against ETEC, a primary cause of children's diarrhea and traveler's diarrhea and a threat to global health. The key challenge in ETEC vaccine development is that ETEC bacteria express heterogeneous virulence determinants (>25 adhesins and two toxins). While the current strategy to target the seven most prevalent ETEC adhesins (CFA/I, CS1 to CS6) potentially lead to a vaccine against many clinical cases, the prevalence of ETEC strains shifts chronically and geographically, and ETEC expressing other adhesins, mainly CS7, CS12, CS14, CS17, and CS21, also cause moderate-to-severe diarrhea. However, it is impossible to develop an ETEC vaccine to target as many as 12 adhesins under conventional approaches. This study used a unique vaccinology platform to create a polyvalent antigen and demonstrated the antigen's broad immunogenicity and functions against the targeted ETEC adhesins, enabling the development of a broadly protective vaccine essentially against all of the important ETEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipshita Upadhyay
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Shafiullah M. D. Parvej
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Lauder
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Yiyang Shen
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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12
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Stone AE, Rambaran S, Trinh IV, Estrada M, Jarand CW, Williams BS, Murrell AE, Huerter CM, Bai W, Palani S, Nakanishi Y, Laird RM, Poly FM, Reed WF, White JA, Norton EB. Route and antigen shape immunity to dmLT-adjuvanted vaccines to a greater extent than biochemical stress or formulation excipients. Vaccine 2023; 41:1589-1601. [PMID: 36732163 PMCID: PMC10308557 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect to vaccine efficacy is formulation stability. Biochemical evaluations provide information on optimal compositions or thermal stability but are routinely validated by ex vivo analysis and not efficacy in animal models. Here we assessed formulations identified to improve or reduce stability of the mucosal adjuvant dmLT being investigated in polio and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) clinical vaccines. We observed biochemical changes to dmLT protein with formulation or thermal stress, including aggregation or subunit dissociation or alternatively resistance against these changes with specific buffer compositions. However, upon injection or mucosal vaccination with ETEC fimbriae adhesin proteins or inactivated polio virus, experimental findings indicated immunization route and co-administered antigen impacted vaccine immunogenicity more so than dmLT formulation stability (or instability). These results indicate the importance of both biochemical and vaccine-derived immunity assessment in formulation optimization. In addition, these studies have implications for use of dmLT in clinical settings and for delivery in resource poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addison E Stone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Saraswatie Rambaran
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ivy V Trinh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Curtis W Jarand
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Blake S Williams
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Amelie E Murrell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Chelsea M Huerter
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - William Bai
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Surya Palani
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Renee M Laird
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Frederic M Poly
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Wayne F Reed
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth B Norton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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13
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Wang H, Cao L, Logue CM, Barbieri NL, Nolan LK, Lin J. Evaluation of immunogenicity and efficacy of the enterobactin conjugate vaccine in protecting chickens from colibacillosis. Vaccine 2023; 41:930-937. [PMID: 36585279 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Colibacillosis is one of the most common and economically devastating infectious diseases in poultry production worldwide. Innovative universal vaccines are urgently needed to protect chickens from the infections caused by genetically diverse avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Enterobactin (Ent) is a highly conserved siderophore required for E. coli iron acquisition and pathogenesis. The Ent-specific antibodies induced by a novel Ent conjugate vaccine significantly inhibited the in vitro growth of diverse APEC strains. In this study, White Leghorn chickens were immunized with the Ent conjugate vaccine using a crossed design with two variables, vaccination (with or without) and APEC challenge (O1, O78, or PBS control), resulting in six study groups (9 to 10 birds/group). The chickens were subcutaneously injected with the vaccine (100 μg per bird) at 7 days of age, followed by booster immunization at 21 days of age. The chickens were intratracheally challenged with an APEC strain (108 CFU/bird) or PBS at 28 days of age. At 5 days post infection, all chickens were euthanized to examine lesions and APEC colonization of the major organs. Immunization of chickens with the Ent vaccine elicited a strong immune response with a 64-fold increase in the level of Ent-specific IgY in serum. The hypervirulent strain O78 caused extensive lesions in lung, air sac, heart, liver, and spleen with significantly reduced lesion scores observed in the vaccinated chickens. Interestingly, the vaccination did not significantly reduce APEC levels in the examined organs. The APEC O1 with low virulence only caused sporadic lesions in the organs in both vaccination and control groups. The Ent conjugate vaccine altered the bacterial community of the ileum and cecum. Taken together, the findings from this study showed the Ent conjugate vaccine could trigger a strong specific immune response and was promising to confer protection against APEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Wang
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Liu Cao
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Catherine M Logue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Lisa K Nolan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Oral immunization is an effective strategy for inducing protective immunity against mucosal enteric pathogens. Although live-attenuated as well as subunit approaches have been explored for vaccination against enteric pathogens, inactivated whole bacterial cells may also be effective in introducing protective immunity. Successfully accomplishing this goal with inactivated whole bacterial cells will require that a complex antigenic repertoire be presented in controlled immunogenic amounts, in a safe and relatively simple and self-contained delivery format. The benefit from immunization with whole cell vaccines can be further enhanced through genetic engineering to over-express selected antigens and also by the use of mucosal adjuvants to direct a more robust immunologic response. These steps are being taken for the development of ETVAX, the most clinically advanced vaccine candidate against the major enteric pathogen, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) with significant positive impact.
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15
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Leurs K, Goossens E, Christensen H, Mainil JG, Vancraeynest D, Ducatelle R, Van Immerseel F. Development of a duplex qPCR for the differentiation of a live attenuated Escherichia coli aroA mutant vaccine strain from field isolates in chickens. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278949. [PMID: 36534672 PMCID: PMC9762556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) can cause colibacillosis in poultry, characterised by localised or systemic infections. Colibacillosis is considered one of the leading causes of economic losses in the poultry industry due to reduced performance, increased mortality, treatment costs and carcass condemnations. A live attenuated Escherichia coli O78 aroA gene mutant is widely used to prevent disease. However, no effective strategies to differentiate the vaccine strain from field strains are available, hampering follow-up of vaccination campaigns. In the current study, we report a PCR-based method to simultaneously detect the vaccine strain by targeting the vaccine-specific mutation in the aroA gene, as well as the wild type E. coli strains by targeting the xanQ gene. The specificity of this PCR was evaluated using 123 E. coli isolates, form which 5 WT aroA auxotrophic strains (WT strains with a natural aroA deficiency), as well as 7 non-Escherichia isolates. The PCR showed 100% sensitivity of the xanQ primers for E. coli detection and 100% sensitivity of the ΔaroA primers for the vaccine strain. In order to allow quantification of the vaccine strain in complex samples containing many different E. coli strains and other related organisms, such as chicken faeces, a probe-based duplex qPCR was developed. The limit of detection (LOD) of this duplex qPCR method was 8.4*103 copies/g faeces. The specificity of the duplex qPCR was confirmed by determining both the vaccine strain levels, and the total E. coli load in intestinal digesta from both vaccinated and non-vaccinated birds. E. coli could be detected in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated birds. The duplex qPCR was specific for the vaccine strain as this strain was detected in all vaccinated birds, whereas no signal was detected in non-vaccinated birds. The duplex qPCR is helpful in monitoring colonization and shedding of the vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Leurs
- Department of Pathobiology, Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT) Ghent, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evy Goossens
- Department of Pathobiology, Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT) Ghent, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Henrik Christensen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jacques G. Mainil
- Bacteriology Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathobiology, Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT) Ghent, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathobiology, Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT) Ghent, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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16
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Upadhyay I, Lauder KL, Li S, Ptacek G, Zhang W. Intramuscularly Administered Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Vaccine Candidate MecVax Prevented H10407 Intestinal Colonization in an Adult Rabbit Colonization Model. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0147322. [PMID: 35762781 PMCID: PMC9431210 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01473-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no vaccines licensed for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), a leading cause of children's diarrhea in developing countries and the most common cause of travelers' diarrhea. A vaccine preventing ETEC bacteria from colonization at small intestines and neutralizing enterotoxin toxicity is expected to be effective against ETEC diarrhea. Protein-based multivalent vaccine candidate MecVax was demonstrated recently to induce antibodies neutralizing heat-labile toxin (LT) and heat-stable toxin (STa) enterotoxicity and inhibiting adherence of seven ETEC adhesins (CFA/I, CS1 to CS6) but also to protect against ETEC toxin-mediated clinical diarrhea in a pig challenge model. To further evaluate MecVax preclinical efficacy against ETEC colonization at small intestines, in this study, we intramuscularly immunized adult rabbits with MecVax, challenged rabbits with ETEC strain H10407 (CFA/I, LT, STa), and examined prevention of bacteria intestinal colonization. Data showed that rabbits immunized with MecVax developed antibodies to both ETEC toxins (LT, STa) and seven adhesins (CFA/I, CS1 to CS6) and had over 99.9% reduction of H10407 intestinal colonization, indicating that the broadly immunogenic ETEC vaccine candidate MecVax is protective against ETEC H10407 intestinal colonization. This study also confirmed that parenteral administration of a protein-based vaccine can prevent bacteria intestinal colonization. Protection against ETEC intestinal colonization demonstrated by this rabbit study, in conjugation with protection against ETEC enterotoxin-mediated clinical diarrhea from a previous pig challenge study, suggested that MecVax can potentially be an effective ETEC vaccine and a combined pig and rabbit challenge model can evaluate ETEC vaccine preclinical efficacy. IMPORTANCE An effective ETEC vaccine would prevent hundreds of millions of diarrhea clinical cases and save nearly 100,000 lives annually. MecVax, a protein-based injectable multivalent ETEC vaccine candidate, has been shown for the first time to induce functional antibodies against both ETEC enterotoxins (STa, LT) produced by all ETEC strains and seven ETEC adhesins (CFA/I, CS1 to CS6) expressed by ETEC strains causing a majority of ETEC diarrhea clinical cases and the moderate-to-severe cases. Moreover, MecVax was demonstrated to protect against ETEC STa or LT toxin-mediated diarrhea in a pig model. If it also protects against ETEC intestinal colonization, MecVax can be validated as an effective ETEC vaccine candidate. This adult rabbit colonization model study showed that intramuscular administration of MecVax effectively prevented intestinal colonization by H10407, perhaps the most virulent ETEC strain, affirming MecVax vaccine candidacy and accelerating vaccine development against ETEC children's diarrhea and travelers' diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipshita Upadhyay
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Lauder
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Siqi Li
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Galen Ptacek
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Weiping Zhang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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17
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Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are ubiquitous diarrheal pathogens that thrive in areas lacking basic human needs of clean water and sanitation. These genetically plastic organisms cause tremendous morbidity among disadvantaged young children, in the form of both acute diarrheal illness and sequelae of malnutrition and growth impairment. The recent discovery of additional plasmid-encoded virulence factors and elucidation of their critical role in the molecular pathogenesis of ETEC may inform new approaches to the development of broadly protective vaccines. Although the pathogens have been closely linked epidemiologically with nondiarrheal sequelae, these conditions remain very poorly understood. Similarly, while canonical effects of ETEC toxins on cellular signaling promoting diarrhea are clear, emerging data suggest that these toxins may also drive changes in intestinal architecture and associated sequelae. Elucidation of molecular events underlying these changes could inform optimal approaches to vaccines that prevent acute diarrhea and ETEC-associated sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Fleckenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Infectious Disease Section, Medicine Service, St Louis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alaullah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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Khalil I, Walker R, Porter CK, Muhib F, Chilengi R, Cravioto A, Guerrant R, Svennerholm AM, Qadri F, Baqar S, Kosek M, Kang G, Lanata C, Armah G, Wierzba T, Hasso-Agopsowicz M, Giersing B, Louis Bourgeois A. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) vaccines: Priority activities to enable product development, licensure, and global access. Vaccine 2021; 39:4266-4277. [PMID: 33965254 PMCID: PMC8273896 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhoeal disease attributable to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes substantial morbidity and mortality predominantly in paediatric populations in low- and middle-income countries. In addition to acute illness, there is an increasing appreciation of the long-term consequences of enteric infections, including ETEC, on childhood growth and development. Provision of potable water and sanitation and appropriate clinical care for acute illness are critical to reduce the ETEC burden. However, these interventions are not always practical and may not achieve equitable and sustainable coverage. Vaccination may be the most cost-effective and equitable means of primary prevention; however, additional data are needed to accelerate the investment and guide the decision-making process for ETEC vaccines. First, to understand and quantify the ETEC disease burden, additional data are needed on the association between ETEC infection and physical and cognitive stunting as well as delayed educational attainment. Furthermore, the role of inappropriate or inadequate antibiotic treatment of ETEC-attributable diarrhoea may contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and needs further elucidation. An ETEC vaccine that mitigates acute diarrhoeal illness and minimizes the longer-term disease manifestations could have significant public health impact and be a cost-effective countermeasure. Herein we review the ETEC vaccine pipeline, led by candidates compatible with the general parameters of the Preferred Product Characteristics (PPC) recently developed by the World Health Organization. Additionally, we have developed an ETEC Vaccine Development Strategy to provide a framework to underpin priority activities for researchers, funders and vaccine manufacturers, with the goal of addressing globally unmet data needs in the areas of research, product development, and policy, as well as commercialization and delivery. The strategy also aims to guide prioritization and co-ordination of the priority activities needed to minimize the timeline to licensure and use of ETEC vaccines, especially in in low- and middle-income countries, where they are most urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roma Chilengi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Zambia
| | | | | | | | | | - Shahida Baqar
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | | | | | | | - George Armah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Ghana
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Talaat KR, Porter CK, Jaep KM, Duplessis CA, Gutierrez RL, Maciel M, Adjoodani B, Feijoo B, Chakraborty S, Brubaker J, Trop SA, Riddle MS, Joseph SS, Bourgeois AL, Prouty MG. Refinement of the CS6-expressing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain B7A human challenge model: A randomized trial. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239888. [PMID: 33264302 PMCID: PMC7710093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human challenge models for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) facilitate vaccine down-selection. The B7A (O148:H28 CS6+LT+ST+) strain is important for vaccine development. We sought to refine the B7A model by identifying a dose and fasting regimen consistently inducing moderate-severe diarrhea. Methods An initial cohort of 28 subjects was randomized (1:1:1:1) to receive B7A following an overnight fast at doses of 108 or 109 colony forming units (cfu) or a 90-minute fast at doses of 109 or 1010 cfu. A second cohort included naïve and rechallenged subjects who had moderate-severe diarrhea and were given the target regimen. Immune responses to important ETEC antigens were assessed. Results Among subjects receiving 108 cfu of B7A, overnight fast, or 109 cfu, 90-minute fast, 42.9% (3/7) had moderate-severe diarrhea. Higher attack rates (71.4%; 5/7) occurred in subjects receiving 109 cfu, overnight fast, or 1010 cfu, 90-minute fast. Upon rechallenge with 109 cfu of B7A, overnight fast, 5/11 (45.5%) had moderate-severe diarrhea; the attack rate among concurrently challenge naïve subjects was 57.9% (11/19). Anti-CS6, O148 LPS and LT responses were modest across all groups. Conclusions An overnight fast enabled a reduction in the B7A inoculum dose; however, the attack rate was inconsistent and protection upon rechallenge was minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawsar R. Talaat
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chad K. Porter
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Kayla M. Jaep
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | | | | | - Milton Maciel
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Brittany Adjoodani
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Brittany Feijoo
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jessica Brubaker
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Stefanie A. Trop
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Riddle
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | | | - A. Louis Bourgeois
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- PATH, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Prouty
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
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Seo H, Zhang W. Development of effective vaccines for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Lancet Infect Dis 2019; 20:150-152. [PMID: 31757775 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyesuk Seo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is recognized as one of the major causes of infectious diarrhea in developing countries. Worldwide, the incidence of ETEC infections is estimated to result in 650 million cases of diarrhea and 380,000 deaths in children under 5 years of age. ETEC is also an important cause of travelers' diarrhea in people traveling to endemic regions of the world. Although ETEC is an uncommon cause of infections in the USA, there have been 14 reported outbreaks of ETEC in the USA and seven on cruise ships over the 20-year period between 1975 and 1995. ETEC strains are comprised of a large number of serotypes that produce a variety of colonization factors and enterotoxins. On infection, ETEC first establishes itself by adhering to the epithelium of the small intestine via one or more colonization factor antigens or coli surface proteins. Once established, ETEC expresses one or more enterotoxin(s), which results in the production of secretory diarrhea. While the need for an efficacious, easily administered vaccine is great, there are currently no licensed ETEC vaccines available for use in endemic countries or for US travelers.
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Croxen MA, Law RJ, Scholz R, Keeney KM, Wlodarska M, Finlay BB. Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 26:822-80. [PMID: 24092857 PMCID: PMC3811233 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00022-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 792] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Escherichia coli can be an innocuous resident of the gastrointestinal tract, it also has the pathogenic capacity to cause significant diarrheal and extraintestinal diseases. Pathogenic variants of E. coli (pathovars or pathotypes) cause much morbidity and mortality worldwide. Consequently, pathogenic E. coli is widely studied in humans, animals, food, and the environment. While there are many common features that these pathotypes employ to colonize the intestinal mucosa and cause disease, the course, onset, and complications vary significantly. Outbreaks are common in developed and developing countries, and they sometimes have fatal consequences. Many of these pathotypes are a major public health concern as they have low infectious doses and are transmitted through ubiquitous mediums, including food and water. The seriousness of pathogenic E. coli is exemplified by dedicated national and international surveillance programs that monitor and track outbreaks; unfortunately, this surveillance is often lacking in developing countries. While not all pathotypes carry the same public health profile, they all carry an enormous potential to cause disease and continue to present challenges to human health. This comprehensive review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the intestinal pathotypes of E. coli.
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Abstract
It is estimated that there are approximately 76 million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations, and 5,200 deaths in the US each year attributed to foodborne outbreaks with a total cost of 10-83 billion US dollars a year. While the rates of foodborne disease have remained relatively constant over the last few years, there have been large outbreaks associated with either a component of commercially prepared food or outbreaks that span between states or even countries. With the world population expecting fresh produce year round, organic produce, and exotic foods, these global outbreaks have the potential to increase in number and severity. There needs to be a means to both rapidly identify these outbreaks, screen our food supply, as well as prevent these outbreaks. This article will discuss the global nature of this problem associated with our food and water supply as well as explain potential ways to solve this international problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F Bavaro
- Infectious Diseases Division, Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA 92134, USA.
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Isidean SD, Riddle MS, Savarino SJ, Porter CK. A systematic review of ETEC epidemiology focusing on colonization factor and toxin expression. Vaccine 2011; 29:6167-78. [PMID: 21723899 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S D Isidean
- Enteric Diseases Department, Infectious Disease Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, USA
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25
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Lenzer J. Free holiday is offered to volunteers willing to test diarrhoea vaccine. BMJ 2010; 340:c49. [PMID: 20051470 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection is the most common type of colibacillosis of young animals (primarily pigs and calves), and it is a significant cause of diarrhoea among travellers and children in the developing world. The main virulence attributes of ETEC are adhesins and enterotoxins, which are mostly regulated on large plasmids. Almost all ETEC bacteria are known to adhere to receptors on the small intestinal epithelium by their proteinaceous surface appendages (fimbriae, pili) or by afimbrial proteins without inducing significant morphological changes. Furthermore, they secrete protein toxins (enterotoxins) to reduce absorption and to increase fluid and electrolyte secretion of small intestinal epithelial cells. Regarding details of epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention of ETEC infections and diarrhoea in animals, readers are referred to an earlier more extensive review [Nagy and Fekete, 1999. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in farm animals. Vet. Res. 30, 259-284]. This paper intends to summarise our basic knowledge and to highlight the new developments and most actual research topics in the area of ETEC infections in veterinary medicine. Attention is paid to recently described new virulence factors and to new genetic vectors in ETEC bacteria. Applications of our knowledge in the diagnosis and prevention of ETEC diarrhoea in animals will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Nagy
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary.
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27
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Vandemaele F, Ververken C, Bleyen N, Geys J, D'Hulst C, Addwebi T, van Empel P, Goddeeris BM. Immunization with the binding domain of FimH, the adhesin of type 1 fimbriae, does not protect chickens against avian pathogenicEscherichia coli. Avian Pathol 2005; 34:264-72. [PMID: 16191712 DOI: 10.1080/03079450500112682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether vaccination with the sugar-binding domain of FimH (FimH156) was able to protect chickens against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). FimH156 was expressed and purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Binding of FimH156 to mannosylated bovine serum albumin demonstrated that the protein retained its biological activity. Moreover, anti-FimH156 antisera were able to inhibit in vitro binding of E. coli to mannosylated bovine serum albumin. In a first vaccination experiment, FimH156 was administered intramuscularly as a water-in-oil emulsion to specific pathogen free broiler chicks. A predisposing infection with the Newcastle disease virus strain Lasota was administered 3 weeks later, followed 3 days later by an aerosol challenge with the virulent APEC strain CH2. A good anti-FimH156 immunoglobulin (Ig)G immune response was detected in serum, but no protective effects of FimH156 against APEC were seen. In a second experiment, SPF chicks were vaccinated intramuscularly or intranasally with FimH156. Booster vaccinations were administered 20 days later. While the intramuscular immunization yielded a strong IgG response in the serum and trachea, no significant IgA response could be detected in tracheal washes. Intranasal immunization did not yield a significant IgG or IgA response in serum and trachea. No protective effects of the FimH156 could be detected, confirming the results of the first experiment. Thus, although the FimH156 induced a strong immune response, it was unable to protect chickens against APEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fréderic Vandemaele
- Laboratory of Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Applied Bioscience and Engineering, Catholic University Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
The effects of using a water-soluble adjuvant or an emulsified oil-based adjuvant on the safety, antibody titer, and clinical responses of an Escherichia coli J5 bacterin were tested in an experimental infection trial. Fifty-one cows were assigned to 17 blocks of 3. Two cows within each block of 3 were vaccinated with a commercially prepared E. coli J5 bacterin containing either a water-soluble adjuvant or the same bacterin preparation emulsified in oil. One cow in each block was an unvaccinated control. Cows were immunized at drying off and 42 d later. The right or left front mammary quarter of each experimental cow was challenged by intramammary infusion of E. coli 727 between 14 and 35 DIM. Areas of inflammation at the primary injection site were greater 1, 2, and 3 d following primary vaccination for bacterin containing oil-in-water adjuvant compared with bacterin containing water-soluble adjuvant. Whey anti-E. coli J5 IgG titers were higher at calving for cows vaccinated with bacterin containing oil-in-water adjuvant than for cows either vaccinated with bacterin containing water-soluble adjuvant or unvaccinated controls. Serum x-E. coli J5 IgG titers were higher at calving for vaccinated cows than for unvaccinated controls. Peak bacterial counts in milk from challenged quarters were greater for unvaccinated controls than for cows vaccinated with bacterin containing water-in-oil adjuvant. Bacterial counts in milk from challenged quarters and clinical score both were greater in unvaccinated controls than cows vaccinated with bacterin containing water-in-oil adjuvant between 12 and 24 h postchallenge. Clinical responses were similar between unvaccinated controls and cows vaccinated with bacterin containing water-soluble adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Hogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster 44691, USA.
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29
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McLaren CJ, Lissemore KD, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Kelton DF, Grexton B. The association of herd milk production and management with a return-over-feed index in Ontario dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:419-25. [PMID: 15591408 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Associations of herd milk production and management variables to a return-over-feed (ROF) herd profit index were examined among 95 dairy farms. The ROF index is derived from 2 important determinants of profit on dairy farms: milk income and feed cost. All producers were participants in the Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) ROF program in Ontario, Canada during 2002. Nutrition, housing, health, and other management data were collected through a phone survey of herd managers. Herd milk production, milk component percentages, and somatic cell count data were obtained from the Ontario DHI database. The linear regression model accounting for significant variation in ROF with highest R2 (0.66) included standardized milk production, milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, and use of monensin in lactating cow rations. A 1-kg increase in standardized milk production (kg/d per cow) or a 0.1 percentage unit increase in milk protein was associated with $0.35/d per cow or $0.26/d per cow increase, respectively, in the ROF of the dairy herd. However, a 0.1 percentage unit increase in milk fat was associated with a $0.10/d per cow decrease in ROF, probably because of a negative association of milk fat with milk yield. Use of monensin in lactating cow rations was associated with a $0.39/d per cow increase in ROF. In a separate model (R2 = 0.27) that examined management factors independent of production variables, herds using 3 times daily milking had a $1.25/d per cow higher ROF vs. herds using twice daily, whereas use of an Escherichia coli mastitis vaccine was associated with $0.59/d per cow higher ROF. Production-related variables accounted for more variation in the ROF index than management variables, and the latter, e.g., use of monensin, only marginally increased R2 of production-based regression models.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J McLaren
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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30
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Boedeker EC. Vaccines for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: current status. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2005; 21:15-9. [PMID: 15687879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) remain major causes of infantile diarrhea in the developing world and of travelers' diarrhea in visitors to these areas from industrialized countries, although the relative importance of these pathogens in these settings may be decreasing. The pathogenesis of ETEC infections has been well understood for almost two decades, and there is good evidence for acquired immunity after infection. Nevertheless, currently there is no effective ETEC vaccine. This review evaluates the current status of ETEC vaccine development. RECENT FINDINGS ETEC organisms express fimbrial (or fibrillar) colonization factor antigens that function as adhesins to promote their attachment to the small intestinal epithelium. They secrete either (or both) of two major protein enterotoxins that induce fluid and electrolyte secretion. Vaccine development during the last decade has targeted the components of the three major colonization factor antigens as well as the immunogenic heat-labile enterotoxin. This strategy was expected to cover 90% of infecting strains, leaving unprotected only those strains without major colonization factor antigens and those that express only the poorly immunogenic heat-stable enterotoxin. Recent experiences have questioned the validity of the current vaccine strategy since new reports indicate that (1) the number of recognized colonization factor antigens of ETEC has increased to more than 21, (2) epidemiologic field studies of children in endemic areas suggest that infection with ETEC of a given colonization factor antigen/toxin phenotype may not confer protection on reinfection with other strains of the same colonization factor antigen/toxin phenotype, and (3) a major field trial of a heat-killed ETEC vaccine expressing colonization factor antigens and containing the B subunit of cholera toxin as a surrogate for E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin was ineffective against ETEC infections that should have been "vaccine preventable." New vaccine strategies have been developed to deliver ETEC antigens to the mucosal immune system. SUMMARY Although new vaccines are being developed to improve immunogenicity over that of the heat-killed vaccine, the current strategy for antigen inclusion has been challenged and new, common antigens may have to be defined to achieve the goal of an effective vaccine against ETEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar C Boedeker
- Center for Vaccine Development University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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31
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Chaiyotwittayakun A, Burton JL, Weber PSD, Kizilkaya K, Cardoso FF, Erskine RJ. Hyperimmunization of Steers with J5 Escherichia coli Bacterin: Effects on Isotype-Specific Serum Antibody Responses and Cross Reactivity with Heterogeneous Gram-Negative Bacteria. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87:3375-85. [PMID: 15377616 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Isotype-specific antibody responses and cross reactivity were profiled following hyperimmunization of steers with J5 Escherichia coli bacterin. The vaccine was administered at time 0, 30 d later, and every 2 wk for 10 subsequent immunizations. Blood was collected preimmunization and multiple times following each immunization. Isotype-specific anti-J5 Escherichia coli antibody response profiles in diluted sera harvested from each sample were assayed by ELISA and recorded as optical density. Selected sera were assayed for anti-J5 Escherichia coli antibody titers and used to determine cross reactivity against a variety of gram-negative bacteria. Immunization number and day postimmunization influenced response profiles for anti-J5 E. coli IgM, IgG(1)and IgG(2) antibodies. Two immunizations increased mean serum IgM and the IgG(1)antibody profiles above preimmunization levels, but 5 immunizations were required to detect significant IgG(2) antibody responses that were above preimmunization levels. Isotype-specific cross reactivity of the serum antibodies with a variety of heterologous gram-negative bacteria was also increased by hyperimmunization. However, no cross reactivity was observed for Staphylococcus aureus, purified lipopolysaccharide, or lipid A. Our results indicate that multiple booster doses of J5 E. coli bacterin may be required to elicit high levels of cross-reactive serum IgG(2) antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chaiyotwittayakun
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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Karg G, Bilkei G. The effect of season and vaccination for Glässer's disease and post-weaning Colibacillosis in an outdoor pig unit endemically infected with virulent strain of Haemophilus Parasuis serotype 5 and pathogenic Escherichia coli. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2002; 49:464-8. [PMID: 12485355 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2002.00587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The objective of this field trial was to determine if vaccination against Haemophilus parasuis serovar 5 (HPS 5) and pathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli would improve nursery pig performance in an outdoor unit in different seasons. The unit was concurrently infected with HPS 5 and with different serotypes of E. coli. All piglets were born to HPS 5 vaccinated sows. The trial was carried out in four (two summer and two winter) groups. Group 1 (E. coli and HPS vaccinated, summer season) (n = 362): Piglets were vaccinated pre-weaning with inactivated E. coli-VT2e-toxin and post-weaning against HPS 5. Group 2 (non-vaccinated, summer season) (n = 349): Piglets were not vaccinated. Group 3 (E. coli and HPS vaccinated, winter season) (n = 358): The animals were analogously treated as Group 1. Group 4 (non-vaccinated, winter season) (n = 353): Piglets were not vaccinated. The following parameters were evaluated: A: average daily nursery weight gain (ADG), B: nursery mortality, C: feed efficiency (FE). No significant weight differences were detected within the vaccinated and non-vaccinated summer or winter raised groups of weaners. Summer raised weaners were significantly (P<0.05) heavier from day 35 on than winter raised animals. ADG and FE of summer raised pigs were significantly better (weeks 1-3 P<0.05; fourth week post-weaning P<0.01) during the nursery period than that of the winter raised groups. Winter raised vaccinated weaners showed during the last week of nursing significantly (P<0.05) better daily gain and feed efficiency compared with the non-vaccinated winter raised animals. Non-significant ADG and FE differences were detectable between the summer raised vaccinated or non-vaccinated groups of pig. Winter raised non-vaccinated animals suffered significantly (P<0.05) higher nursery mortality (10.63%) compared to the winter raised vaccinated animals. IMPLICATION In cases of concurrent infections with HPS 5 and with different serotypes of E. coli, especially during winter season, vaccination against both diseases is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Karg
- Address of authors: Bilkei Consulting, Raubbühlstrasse 4, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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34
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Cohen D, Orr N, Haim M, Ashkenazi S, Robin G, Green MS, Ephros M, Sela T, Slepon R, Ashkenazi I, Taylor DN, Svennerholm AM, Eldad A, Shemer J. Safety and immunogenicity of two different lots of the oral, killed enterotoxigenic escherichia coli-cholera toxin B subunit vaccine in Israeli young adults. Infect Immun 2000; 68:4492-7. [PMID: 10899847 PMCID: PMC98356 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.8.4492-4497.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the leading causes of diarrhea among Israeli soldiers serving in field units. Two double-blind placebo-controlled, randomized trials were performed among 155 healthy volunteers to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of different lots of the oral, killed ETEC vaccine consisting of two doses of whole cells plus recombinantly produced cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB). The two doses of vaccine lot E005 and the first dose of vaccine lot E003 were well tolerated by the volunteers. However, 5 (17%) vaccinees reported an episode of vomiting a few hours after the second dose of lot E003; none of the placebo recipients reported similar symptoms. Both lots of vaccine stimulated a rate of significant antibody-secreting cell (ASC) response to CTB and to colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) after one or two doses, ranging from 85 to 100% and from 81 to 100%, respectively. The rate of ASC response to CS2, CS4, and CS5 was slightly lower than the rate of ASC response induced to CTB, CFA/I, and CS1. The second vaccine dose enhanced the response to CTB but did not increase the frequencies or magnitude of ASC responses to the other antigens. The two lots of the ETEC vaccine induced similar rates of serum antibody responses to CTB and CFA/I which were less frequent than the ASC responses to the same antigens. Based on these safety and immunogenicity data, an efficacy study of the ETEC vaccine is under way in the Israel Defense Force.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cohen
- Army Health Branch Research Unit, Medical Corps, Israel Defence Force, Israel.
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35
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Abstract
Type 1 fimbriae have been shown to be specifically required for Escherichia coli colonisation and pathogenesis of the urinary tract. These structural organelles mediate specific adhesion to alpha-D-mannosides by virtue of the FimH adhesin. FimH is a two-domain protein in which the N-terminal domain contains the receptor-binding site and the C-terminal domain is required for organelle integration. To date, FimH has only been isolated as a complex with the system-specific chaperone FimC. Here we report that a functional form of the FimH receptor-binding domain can be readily isolated and characterised by replacing the C-terminal domain with a histidine tag.
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MESH Headings
- Adhesins, Bacterial/chemistry
- Adhesins, Bacterial/genetics
- Adhesins, Bacterial/metabolism
- Adhesins, Escherichia coli
- Artificial Gene Fusion
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Chromatography, Affinity
- DNA Primers
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Vaccines
- Fimbriae Proteins
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mannose Receptor
- Mannose-Binding Lectins
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Schembri
- Department of Microbiology, Bldg 301, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
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36
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Wennerås C, Qadri F, Bardhan PK, Sack RB, Svennerholm AM. Intestinal immune responses in patients infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and in vaccinees. Infect Immun 1999; 67:6234-41. [PMID: 10569732 PMCID: PMC97024 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.12.6234-6241.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) were examined in Bangladeshi adults with naturally acquired disease and compared to responses in age-matched Bangladeshi volunteers who had been orally immunized with a vaccine consisting of inactivated ETEC bacteria expressing different colonization factor antigens (CFs) and the B subunit of cholera toxin. B-cell responses in duodenal biopsy samples, feces, intestinal washings, and blood were determined. Because most of the patients included in the study were infected with ETEC expressing CS5, immune responses to this CF were studied most extensively. Vaccinees and patients had comparable B-cell responses against this antigen in the duodenum: the median numbers of antibody-secreting cells (ASC) were 3,300 immunoglobulin A (IgA) ASC/10(7) mononuclear cells (MNC) in the patient group (n = 8) and 1,200 IgA ASC/10(7) MNC in the vaccinees (n = 13) (not a significant difference). Similarly, no statistically significant differences were seen in the levels of duodenal B cells directed against enterotoxin among vaccinees and patients. A comparison of the capacities of the various methods used to assess mucosal immune responses revealed a correlation between numbers of circulating B cells and antibody levels in saponin extracts of duodenal biopsy samples (r = 0.58; n = 13; P = 0.04) after vaccination. However, no correlation was seen between blood IgA ASC and duodenal IgA ASC after two doses of vaccine. Still, a correlation between numbers of CF-specific B cells in blood sampled from patients early during infection and numbers of duodenal B cells collected 1 week later was apparent (r = 0.70; n = 10; P = 0.03).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wennerås
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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37
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Savarino SJ, Hall ER, Bassily S, Brown FM, Youssef F, Wierzba TF, Peruski L, El-Masry NA, Safwat M, Rao M, El Mohamady H, Abu-Elyazeed R, Naficy A, Svennerholm AM, Jertborn M, Lee YJ, Clemens JD. Oral, inactivated, whole cell enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli plus cholera toxin B subunit vaccine: results of the initial evaluation in children. PRIDE Study Group. J Infect Dis 1999; 179:107-14. [PMID: 9841829 DOI: 10.1086/314543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Two randomized, double-blinded trials assessed the safety and immunogenicity of an oral, killed enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) plus cholera toxin B subunit vaccine in Egyptian children. Two doses of vaccine or E. coli K-12 were given 2 weeks apart to 105 6- to 12-year-olds and 97 2- to 5-year-olds. Safety was monitored for 3 days after each dose. Blood was collected before immunization and 7 days after each dose to measure immune responses. Few children reported postdosing symptoms, with no differences in the frequency of symptoms between treatment groups. Most vaccinees had an IgA antibody-secreting cell response against colonization factor antigen I (100%, 6-12 years; 95%, 2-5 years), coli surface antigen 2 (92%, 6-12 years; 83%, 2-5 years), and coli surface antigen 4 (93%, 6-12 years). Vaccination evoked a >/=4-fold rise in antitoxic IgA and IgG titers in 93% and 81% of children, respectively. In conclusion, the oral ETEC vaccine was safe and immunogenic in 2- to 12-year-old children, justifying further evaluation in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Savarino
- US Naval Medical Research Unit Number 3, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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38
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39
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Guillobel HC, Luna MG, Camacho EF, Almeida DF, Ferreira LC. Immunization against the colonization factor antigen I of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by administration of a bivalent Salmonella typhimurium aroA strain. Braz J Med Biol Res 1998; 31:545-54. [PMID: 9698808 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1998000400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An expression plasmid (pCFA-1) carrying the cfaB gene that codes for the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) fimbrial adhesin colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) subunit was constructed and used to transform a derivative of the attenuated Salmonella typhimurium aroA vaccine strain SL3261 carrying an F'lacIq. Treatment of the transformed strain with isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) resulted in elevated in vitro expression of the CFA/I subunit. Although flagellar function and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis were similar in both the parental and the recombinant strains, spleen colonization was reduced in the recombinant strain. All BALB/c mice parenterally inoculated with the recombinant strain developed significant anti-CFA/I and anti-LPS serum antibody titers (P < 0.05). Moreover, 2 of 5 mice orally inoculated with the engineered Salmonella strain developed anti-CFA/I intestinal IgA (P > 0.05) while 4/5 of the same mice developed anti-LPS IgA (P < 0.05). The results indicate that the vaccine strain elicited an antibody response against the bacterial host both after oral and intravenous immunization while the response against the CFA/I antigen was significant only after inoculation by the intravenous route.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Guillobel
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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40
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Abstract
The safety and immunogenicity of two different lots, 001 and 003, of an oral inactivated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) vaccine consisting of a mixture of formalin-killed whole bacteria expressing the most prevalent colonisation factor antigens, i.e. CFA/I, CFA/II and CFA/IV and recombinantly produced cholera B subunit (rCTB) have been evaluated in Swedish volunteers. Neither of the two vaccine preparations, containing different CFA/II-expressing strains but otherwise identical, gave rise to any significant side-effects. Mucosal immune responses, as reflected in antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses in peripheral blood, were studied after two doses of vaccine and did not differ significantly for the two vaccine lots. Vaccination induced high levels of CTB-specific IgA ASCs in 100% of the volunteers, and significant IgA ASC responses (9- to 36-fold) were noted in 84% of them against CFA/I, in 87% against CFA/II subcomponents CS1-CS3 and in 91% against CFA/IV subfactors CS4 and/or CS5. The frequencies and magnitudes of CFA IgA ASC responses were similar when giving the vaccine with a 1 or 2 week interval. Results from serological analyses showed that the local IgA responses against CFAs are only infrequently associated with serum antibody titre rises.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jertborn
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, Sweden
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41
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Musser JM, Anderson KL. Effect of vaccination with an Escherichia coli bacterin-toxoid on milk production in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 209:1291-3. [PMID: 8837654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether vaccination of lactating cattle with an Escherichia coli J5 bacterin-toxoid would produce a significant short-term change in milk production. DESIGN Randomized, controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS 84 healthy, lactating cows (42 Holsteins and 42 Jerseys). PROCEDURE Control and vaccinated cows were paired on the basis of breed, days in milk, daily milk production 1 week prior to vaccination, and parity. One cow in each pair was inoculated IM with a commercially available bacterin-toxoid according to label directions; the other cow was given saline solution. Cows were milked twice daily for 5 days before and 5 days after inoculation. Milk production was compared by ANCOVA. RESULTS Vaccinated cows produced significantly less milk than did control cows at the second and third milkings after inoculation. At these milkings, milk production in vaccinated cows was approximately 7% less than that of controls. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Vaccination of lactating cattle with an E coli J5 bacterin-toxoid may cause a significant short-term decrease in milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Musser
- Department of Food Animal and Equine Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA
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42
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Vazquez F, González EA, Garabal JI, Valderrama S, Blanco J, Baloda SB. Development and evaluation of an ELISA to detect Escherichia coli K88 (F4) fimbrial antibody levels. J Med Microbiol 1996; 44:453-63. [PMID: 8636963 DOI: 10.1099/00222615-44-6-453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine IgG antibody levels against K88 (F4) fimbrial antigen from porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) has been developed. The ELISA method was checked with serum samples obtained from rabbits and pigs, and the parameters affecting the method were also analysed. ELISA plates were optimally coated with K88 antigen 0.5 microgram/ml for testing rabbit antiserum or with 1.25 microgram/ml for testing pig serum. Optimal concentrations of H202 (0.5%) and orthophenylene-diamine (OPD) (0.125%) were chosen when a 10-min incubation period was used. The expression of antibody levels as enzyme-immunosorbent units (EIU) significantly decreased the variability of results between duplicate plates, when compared with the expression of results as direct OD values. ELISA-K88 applied to a field study with serum samples from 141 vaccinated and 52 unvaccinated sows was shown to be useful in differentiating between samples from vaccinated and unvaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vazquez
- Departmento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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43
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Bhattacharjee AK, Opal SM, Taylor R, Naso R, Semenuk M, Zollinger WD, Moran EE, Young L, Hammack C, Sadoff JC, Cross AS. A noncovalent complex vaccine prepared with detoxified Escherichia coli J5 (Rc chemotype) lipopolysaccharide and Neisseria meningitidis Group B outer membrane protein produces protective antibodies against gram-negative bacteremia. J Infect Dis 1996; 173:1157-63. [PMID: 8627067 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/173.5.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies showed that purified IgG from sera of rabbits immunized with a boiled Escherichia coli J5 (Rc chemotype) whole cell vaccine protected neutropenic rats against gram-negative bacterial sepsis. In the present study, de-O-acylated J5 lipopolysaccharide (J5 DLPS) as a noncovalent complex with Neisseria meningitidis group B outer membrane protein (GBOMP) elicited anti-J5 LPS antibodies in rabbits. IgG prepared from immune rabbit sera protected neutropenic rats against lethal challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12:4:4 (Fisher Devlin immunotype 6). Sixteen of 26 rats treated with the postimmune serum IgG were protected compared with none of 20 rats treated with the control rabbit serum IgG (P < .001). In vitro binding studies showed binding of anti-J5 IgG to several gram-negative bacteria. These results indicate that a subunit vaccine made of J5 DLPS as a noncovalent complex with GBOMP may protect against gram-negative bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Bhattacharjee
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100, USA
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44
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Alexa P, Salajka E, Salajková Z, Máchová A. [Combined parenteral and oral immunization against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea in weaned piglets]. VET MED-CZECH 1995; 40:365-70. [PMID: 8659089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments were focused on diarrhea prevention in weaned piglets caused by enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli (ETEC) with colonizing factor 8813. An immunization procedure consisted of intramuscular application of ETEC strain bacterin a day before weaning and a peroral administration of a live culture of nontoxic E. coli strain with the same colonizing factor on the day of weaning. In an experiment on the litter of 10 piglets (six were immunized, four were controls), their intestines were colonized by the nontoxic E. coli strain for 4-7 days (Fig. 1). The challenge peroral infection by virulent ETEC strain demonstrated the protection of immunized piglets from the disease as well as from intestinal colonization by the administered ETEC strain. The same immunization procedure was tested on three pig farms with enzootic occurrence of diarrheas in weaned piglets. On these farms, besides ETEC strain with colonizing factor 8813 (F18) ETEC strains with other colonizing factors (K88, F not specified) were found out in the weanlings - Tab. I. Immunization effect was evaluated according to the rate of mortality of immunized and nonimmunized piglets within a fortnight after weaning. Out of 222 immunized piglets on S farm (Tab. II), 25 piglets died (11.3%), out of 232 nonimmunized animals it was 39 that died (16.8%). As for T farm (Tab. III), 22 piglets (8.6%) died out of 255 immunized animals while 71 out of control 274 piglets died (25.7%). A total of 3,692 were immunized on V farm (Tab. IV). Ninety-four animals died among them (2.5%). Mortality rate in the control group of 6,301 animals was 523 piglets (8.3%).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Alexa
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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45
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Roberts JA, Kaack MB, Baskin G, Svenson SB. Vaccination with a formalin-killed P-fimbriated E. coli whole-cell vaccine prevents renal scarring from pyelonephritis in the non-human primate. Vaccine 1995; 13:11-6. [PMID: 7762266 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(95)80004-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A formalin-killed P-fimbriated Escherichia coli serotype O4 vaccine was evaluated for protective efficacy in monkeys in an experimental pyelonephritis model following urethral bacterial inoculation. The vaccination did not protect against initial colonization and there were no significant differences in the time of bacteriuria after experimental infection in the two groups of animals. The whole-cell vaccine offers a limited protection against renal dysfunction and scarring (p = 0.002) and less renal involvement (p = 0.04), results that are quite similar to those given by a synthetic O-antigen-specific saccharide-protein conjugate vaccine previously tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Roberts
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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46
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Abstract
Three types of experimental vaccines containing O-side-chain polysaccharide from the enterotoxigenic strain Escherichia coli 018 were evaluated. The immunogenicity of free O-polysaccharide (PS), a polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid conjugate (PS-conj), and detoxified lipopolysaccharide (dLPS) was tested in female ICR mice, either alone or in combination with QS-21, a purified saponin adjuvant derived from the bark of the tree Quillaja saponaria Molina. Both the number of individual mice responding and the titres of O-polysaccharide specific antibodies in pools of sera were increased by the addition of QS-21. The immune response to both O-specific polysaccharide and carrier was primarily IgM and IgG1. The addition of QS-21 not only increased the level of IgG1, but also had a significant adjuvant effect on antigen-specific IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Coughlin
- Cambridge Biotech Corporation, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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47
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Tacket CO, Reid RH, Boedeker EC, Losonsky G, Nataro JP, Bhagat H, Edelman R. Enteral immunization and challenge of volunteers given enterotoxigenic E. coli CFA/II encapsulated in biodegradable microspheres. Vaccine 1994; 12:1270-4. [PMID: 7856290 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(94)80038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of a safe and effective vaccine against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) would be useful for travellers and for young children in endemic areas. A feasibility study of an enteral ETEC vaccine prototype consisting of colonization factor antigen II (CFA/II), containing two component antigens CS1 and CS3, encapsulated in biodegradable polymer microspheres (BPM) was conducted in healthy volunteers. Ten adult volunteers swallowed intestinal tubes on days 0, 7, 14 and 28; after collection of jejunal fluid samples, 1 mg of CFA/II in BPM was administered via the tube. Volunteers kept a diary of symptoms after each dose. Secretory IgA in jejunal fluids, serum responses and circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASC) were measured before and after vaccination. The vaccine was well tolerated. Five of ten volunteers developed IgA anti-CFA/II ASC by 7 days after the last dose of vaccine; these same five vaccinees had IgA anti-CS3 ASC, and three of these five vaccinees had IgA anti-CS1 ASC. Five of ten vaccinees developed rises in jejunal fluid sIgA anti-CFA/II with peak GMT of 1:42. About 8 weeks after the first dose of vaccine, ten vaccinees and ten unvaccinated control volunteers underwent challenge with 10(9) c.f.u. ETEC E24377A (O139:H28 LT+ST+CS1+CS3+). Ten of ten controls and seven of ten vaccinees developed diarrhoea (p = 0.11, 30% vaccine efficacy). Two of the three protected vaccinees had the highest numbers of ASC and highest sIgA titres during the course of immunization, suggesting that these responses were protective and that this vaccine development strategy has merit. Future studies with higher dosages and a different dosing schedule are planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Tacket
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201
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48
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Abstract
The authors conducted a two-period crossover study of the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR among US university students. Subjects ingested 5 x 10(8) colony forming units of either killed Escherichia coli K12 placebo or vaccine, followed by the opposite treatment one week later. Surprisingly, the dynamics of the immunologic response were influenced by prior ingestion of placebo. Subjects who received placebo first showed stronger vibriocidal antibody responses 2 weeks after vaccination compared with subjects who received vaccine first; this same pattern was seen for antitoxin titers. The authors suggest that ingestion of E. coli K12 one week prior to immunization boosts the immunologic response to vaccine by an unknown mechanism. Future crossover studies that examine immunologic outcomes might be designed to explore the ubiquity of such an effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Wasserman
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201
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49
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Abstract
Vitamin E was tested as an adjuvant in an Escherichia coli (O111:B4) J5 vaccine. Twenty cows were assigned to five groups of 4 cows. Cows in four groups were vaccinated with an E. coli J5 bacterin containing 5 ml of 10(9) boiled cells/ml. Vaccinations were at drying off, 30 d after drying off, and within 48 h after calving. Vaccine adjuvants differed among groups. The four treatment adjuvants were 5 ml of Freund's incomplete adjuvant, 5 ml of vitamin E, 2.5 ml of Freund's plus 2.5 ml of vitamin E, and 5 ml of PBS. Cows in the fifth group were unimmunized controls. A front mammary quarter of each cow was challenged by infusion of 10 micrograms of E. coli J5 lipopolysaccharide approximately 4 wk into lactation. Vitamin E alone enhanced serum IgM titers but had no effect on milk IgM or serum and milk IgG titers. The mixture of Freund's plus vitamin E resulted in peak IgG titers in serum and milk comparable with that of Freund's alone. Persistency of IgG titers in cows immunized with the Freund's plus vitamin E mixture was greater than the persistency of titers for cows immunized with the vaccine containing Freund's alone as the adjuvant. The mixture of Freund's plus vitamin E had a synergistic effect in reducing severity of systemic clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Hogan
- Department of Dairy Science, Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
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50
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Grewal HM, Gaastra W, Svennerholm AM, Röli J, Sommerfelt H. Induction of colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) and coli surface antigen 4 (CS4) of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: relevance for vaccine production. Vaccine 1993; 11:221-6. [PMID: 8094932 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(93)90021-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory proteins control the expression of the fimbrial colonization factor antigens CFA/I and CS4 of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). To examine the mechanism behind lack of expression of these antigens in spontaneous CFA-negative mutants, we mobilized a recombinant plasmid harbouring the cfaD gene, which encodes a positive regulator of CFA/I and CS4 expression, into such derivatives. In electron microscopy, the induced surface structures were morphologically identical to the fimbriae of the CFA/I+ and CS4+ wild type strains. Immunogold labelling with monoclonal antibodies showed that the distribution of CFA/I and CS4 specific epitopes along the induced fimbriae was indistinguishable from that of the wild type strains. The percentage of fimbriated cells was consistently higher in the cfaD transformants than in the corresponding wild type strains. The present work reports on the efficiency of the cloned cfaD gene in restoring and enhancing the production of morphologically intact CFA/I and CS4 fimbriae.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- DNA, Recombinant/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Enterotoxins
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Escherichia coli/ultrastructure
- Escherichia coli Proteins
- Escherichia coli Vaccines
- Fimbriae Proteins
- Fimbriae, Bacterial/immunology
- Fimbriae, Bacterial/ultrastructure
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Genes, Bacterial
- Immunohistochemistry
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Grewal
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Haukeland Hospital, Norway
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