1
|
Dong H, Zhu S, Sun F, Feng Q, Guo C, Wu Z, Wu S, Wang A, Yu S. Comparative analysis of antimicrobial resistance phenotype and genotype of Riemerella anatipestifer. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110047. [PMID: 38471429 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer is one of the important bacterial pathogens that threaten the waterfowl farming industry. In this study, 157 suspected R. anatipestifer strains were isolated from diseased ducks and geese from seven regions of China during 2019-2020, and identified using multiple polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests and whole-genome sequence (WGS) analysis were then performed for comparative analysis of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes. The results showed that these strains were susceptible to florfenicol, ceftriaxone, spectinomycin, sulfafurazole and cefepime, but resistant to kanamycin, amikacin, gentamicin, and streptomycin, exhibiting multiple antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. WGS analysis revealed a wide distribution of genotypes among the 157 strains with no apparent regional pattern. Through next-generation sequencing analysis of antimicrobial resistance genes, a total of 88 resistance genes were identified. Of them, 19 tetracycline resistance genes were most commonly found, followed by 15 efflux pump resistance genes, 11 glycopeptide resistance genes and seven macrolide resistance genes. The 157 R. anatipestifer strains contained 42-55 resistance genes each, with the strains carrying 47 different resistance genes being the most abundant. By comparing the antimicrobial resistance phenotype and genotype, it was observed that a high correlation between them for most antimicrobial resistance properties was detected, except for a difference in aminoglycoside resistance phenotype and genotype. In conclusion, 157 R. anatipestifer strains exhibited severe multiple antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes, emphasizing the need for improved antimicrobial usage guidelines. The wide distribution and diverse types of resistance genes among these strains provide a foundation for studying novel mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Dong
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Shanyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China.
| | - Fan Sun
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Qi Feng
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Changming Guo
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Zhi Wu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Anping Wang
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No 518 Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Z, Zhu M, Liu D, Wu M, Niu P, Yu Y, Ding C, Yu S. Occludin and collagen IV degradation mediated by the T9SS effector SspA contributes to blood-brain barrier damage in ducks during Riemerella anatipestifer infection. Vet Res 2024; 55:49. [PMID: 38594770 PMCID: PMC11005161 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer infection is characterized by meningitis with neurological symptoms in ducklings and has adversely affected the poultry industry. R. anatipestifer strains can invade the duck brain to cause meningitis and neurological symptoms, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we showed that obvious clinical symptoms, an increase in blood‒brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and the accumulation of inflammatory cytokines occurred after intravenous infection with the Yb2 strain but not the mutant strain Yb2ΔsspA, indicating that Yb2 infection can lead to cerebrovascular dysfunction and that the type IX secretion system (T9SS) effector SspA plays a critical role in this pathological process. In addition, we showed that Yb2 infection led to rapid degradation of occludin (a tight junction protein) and collagen IV (a basement membrane protein), which contributed to endothelial barrier disruption. The interaction between SspA and occludin was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. Furthermore, we found that SspA was the main enzyme mediating occludin and collagen IV degradation. These data indicate that R. anatipestifer SspA mediates occludin and collagen IV degradation, which functions in BBB disruption in R. anatipestifer-infected ducks. These findings establish the molecular mechanisms by which R. anatipestifer targets duckling endothelial cell junctions and provide new perspectives for the treatment and prevention of R. anatipestifer infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongchao Chen
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Mengsi Wu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Niu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China.
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China.
- Yangzhou You-Jia-Chuang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang C, Wang L, Zhao Q, Hou G, Sun X, An R, Li H, Zhu S, Shi Q, Zhang Z. Research Note: Antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity of geese-derived Riemerella anatipestifer isolated from eastern regions of Hebei Province, China. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103517. [PMID: 38350391 PMCID: PMC10874709 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer (R. anatipestifer) can cause serositis in multiple poultry species, resulting in significant losses. Although R. anatipestifer-caused infections in ducks have been well established, the literature about this disease in geese is rare. Here, we isolated and identified 56 strains of R. anatipestifer from the eastern regions of Hebei Province, China, and further determined their serotypes, antibiotic resistance, and pathogenicity. A total of 75 strains of causative bacteria were isolated from 70 sick geese with serositis. After Gram staining microscopy, PCR, and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, 56 isolates were identified as members of R. anatipestifer and 19 as Escherichia coli (E. coli). The results of serotyping showed that there were 4 serotypes prevalent in the isolate, including serotype 1 (37/56), serotype 2 (9/56), serotype 11 (8/56), and serotype 13 (2/56). The results of antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that all 56 R. anatipestifer isolates showed varying degrees of multidrug resistance (MDR). A total of 10 antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) were determined in these isolates. Four isolates of different serotypes were selected for pathogenicity examination, and all were able to reproduce serositis-like symptoms in 15-day-old goslings, with neurological symptoms and a 100% mortality rate. Hemorrhagic congestion of the brain tissue, steatosis of the hepatocytes, and disorganization of some cardiac myofibers were observed in R. anatipestifer-infected geese. All these findings will contribute to our insights into the prevalence characteristics, antibiotic resistance profile, and pathogenicity of R. anatipestifer infection in geese in eastern Hebei Province and provide scientific guidance for the treatment and control of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, China
| | - Guanxin Hou
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, China
| | - Xinyi Sun
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, China
| | - Rui An
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, China
| | - Hong Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, China
| | - Siping Zhu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, China
| | - Qiumei Shi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen Y, Li X, Liu Z, Hu M, Ma J, Luo Y, Zhang Q, Li L, Zhao X, Zhao M, Liu W, Liu Y. Genomic analysis and experimental pathogenic characterization of Riemerella anatipestifer isolates from chickens in China. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103497. [PMID: 38346372 PMCID: PMC10867588 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Waterfowl have a high likelihood of being infected with Riemerella anatipestifer. Although the pathogen is found in domestic ducks, turkeys, geese, and wild birds, there is little information available about the consequences of infection during egg laying and hatching in chickens. Here, we present the first report of a novel sequence type of R. anatipestifer S63 isolated from chickens in China. On the basis of pan-genome analysis, we showed S63's genome occupies a distinct branch with other R. anatipestifer isolates from other hosts. Galleria mellonella larval tests indicated that S63 is less virulent than R. anatipestifer Ra36 isolated from ducks. Ducks and hens are susceptible to S63 infection. There is no mortality rate for chickens or ducks, but adult chickens experience neurological symptoms that reduce egg production and hatching rates. In chickens, S63 might be passed vertically from parents to offspring, resulting in "jelly-like" lifeless embryos. Using quantitative PCR, S63 was detected in the brain, liver, reproductive organs, and embryos. As far as we know, this is the first report of R. anatipestifer in hens, a disease that can reduce egg productivity, lower hatching rates, and produce jelly-like lifeless embryos, and the first report to raise the possibility that hens can be infected by roosters via semen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibao Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 23788 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhengjie Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 23788 P. R. China
| | - Ming Hu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 23788 P. R. China
| | - Jinxiang Ma
- Haiyang Dingli Breeding Chicken Co., Ltd, Yantai, China
| | - Yanbo Luo
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 23788 P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 23788 P. R. China
| | - Lulu Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 23788 P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 23788 P. R. China
| | - Min Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 23788 P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 23788 P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang Z, Li H, Yang D, Yin L, Wu Y, Liu J, Zhou Q. A novel bivalent inactivated vaccine for ducks against Riemerella anatipestifer based on serotype distribution in southern China. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103427. [PMID: 38262334 PMCID: PMC10835443 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) causes epizootic infectious polyserositis in ducks with high mortality and leads to huge economic losses worldwide. Bacterial resistance poses a challenge for the control of the disease, vaccines failed to provide ideal cross-protection. Thus, the preparation of vaccines based on popular serotypes is important. In this study, we collected 700 brain and liver tissues of dead ducks from 8 provinces in southern China from 2016 to 2022 and obtained 195 RA isolates with serotypes 1, 2, 7, and 10. Serotypes 1 and 2 were the most prevalent (82%). A novel bivalent inactivated vaccine WZX-XT5 containing propolis adjuvant was prepared, we chose XT5 (serotype 1) and WZX (serotype 2) as vaccine strains and evaluated WZX-XT5-induced immune response and protective efficacy in ducks. Results showed that the XT5 (LD50, 3.5 × 103 CFU) exhibited high virulence and provided better protection against RA compared with ZXP, DCR and LCF1 (LD50, 108 CFU). Notably, the dose of 109 CFU provided ideal protection compared with 108 CFU, propolis and oil emulsion adjuvants induced stronger protective efficacy compared with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Importantly, WZX-XT5 immunization induced high levels of RA-specific IgY, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4 in serum and offered over 90% protection against RA with ultra-high lethal dose in ducks. Additionally, no clinical signs of RA infection or obvious pathological damage in tissues were observed in protected ducks. Overall, this study first reports the identification, serotyping and virulence of RA in ducks of southern China and the preparation of a novel bivalent inactivated vaccine, providing useful scientific information to prevent and control RA infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmin Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Han Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Dehong Yang
- Wens Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- Wens Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Yunyan Wu
- Wens Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Junfa Liu
- Wens Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China; Shandong Huachen Pharmaceutical CO., LTD, Weifang, Shandong, 261205, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Wens Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
LaFrentz BR, Khoo LH, Lawrence ML, Petrie-Hanson L, Hanson LA, Baumgartner WA, Hemstreet WG, Kelly AM, García JC, Shelley JP, Johnston AE, Bruce TJ, Griffin MJ. Flavobacterium covae is the predominant species of columnaris-causing bacteria impacting the Channel Catfish industry in the southeastern United States. J Aquat Anim Health 2024; 36:3-15. [PMID: 37859458 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Columnaris disease is a leading cause of disease-related losses in the catfish industry of the southeastern United States. The term "columnaris-causing bacteria" (CCB) has been coined in reference to the four described species that cause columnaris disease: Flavobacterium columnare, F. covae, F. davisii, and F. oreochromis. Historically, F. columnare, F. covae, and F. davisii have been isolated from columnaris disease cases in the catfish industry; however, there is a lack of knowledge of which CCB species are most prevalent in farm-raised catfish. The current research objectives were to (1) sample columnaris disease cases from the U.S. catfish industry and identify the species of CCB involved and (2) determine the virulence of the four CCB species in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus in controlled laboratory challenges. METHODS Bacterial isolates or swabs of external lesions from catfish were collected from 259 columnaris disease cases in Mississippi and Alabama during 2015-2019. The DNA extracted from the samples was analyzed using a CCB-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction to identify the CCB present in each diagnostic case. Channel Catfish were challenged by immersion with isolates belonging to each CCB species to determine virulence at ~28°C and 20°C. RESULT Flavobacterium covae was identified as the predominant CCB species impacting the U.S. catfish industry, as it was present in 94.2% (n = 244) of diagnostic case submissions. Challenge experiments demonstrated that F. covae and F. oreochromis were highly virulent to Channel Catfish, with most isolates resulting in near 100% mortality. In contrast, F. columnare and F. davisii were less virulent, with most isolates resulting in less than 40% mortality. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results demonstrate that F. covae is the predominant CCB in the U.S. catfish industry, and research aimed at developing new control and prevention strategies should target this bacterial species. The methods described herein can be used to continue monitoring the prevalence of CCB in the catfish industry and can be easily applied to other industries to identify which Flavobacterium species have the greatest impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R LaFrentz
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Lester H Khoo
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mark L Lawrence
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Lora Petrie-Hanson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Larry A Hanson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Wes A Baumgartner
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - William G Hemstreet
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Anita M Kelly
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Julio C García
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - John P Shelley
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Amber E Johnston
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Timothy J Bruce
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Knupp C, Soto E, Call DR, Loch TP. Persistence of heterologous Flavobacterium psychrophilum genetic variants in microcosms simulating fish farm and hatchery environments. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16581. [PMID: 38195078 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease, causes substantial economic losses in salmonid farms and hatcheries. Some multilocus sequence types (ST) of F. psychrophilum are more likely to be associated with fish farms and hatcheries, but it is unclear if these patterns of association represent genetic lineages that are more adapted to aquaculture environments. Towards elucidating the disease ecology of F. psychrophilum, the culturability of 10 distinct F. psychrophilum STs was evaluated for 13 weeks in three microcosms including sterilized well water, sterilized well water with commercial trout feed, or sterilized well water with raceway detritus. All STs remained culturable in each of the microcosms for at least 8 weeks, with bacterial concentrations often highest in the presence of raceway detritus. In addition, most (e.g., 90%) STs remained culturable for at least 13-weeks. Significant differences in log10 cfus were observed among STs, both within and between microcosms, suggesting potential variability in environmental persistence capacity among specific variants. Collectively, results highlight the ability of F. psychrophilum to not only persist for weeks under nutrient-limited conditions but also thrive in the presence of organic substrates common in fish farms and hatchery-rearing units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Knupp
- Michigan State University - Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Douglas R Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas P Loch
- Michigan State University - Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li Z, Guo Q, Lin F, Li C, Yan L, Zhou H, Huang Y, Lin B, Xie B, Lin Z, Huang Y. Lactobacillus plantarum supernatant inhibits growth of Riemerella anatipestifer and mediates intestinal antimicrobial defense in Muscovy ducks. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103216. [PMID: 38043406 PMCID: PMC10711468 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) is an important pathogen of waterfowl, with multiple serotypes and a lack of cross-protection between each serotype, which leads to the continued widespread in the world and causing significant economic losses to the duck industry. Thus, prevention and inhibition of RA infection are of great concern. Previous research has established that Lactobacillus plantarum supernatant (LPS) can prevents the pathogenic bacteria infection. However, LPS whether inhibits RA and underlying mechanisms have not yet been clarified. In this study, we investigated the direct and indirect effects of LPS-ZG7 against RA infection in Muscovy ducks. The results demonstrated that LPS-ZG7 prevented RA growth in the presence of pH-neutralized, and the inhibition was relatively stable and unaffected by heat, acid-base and ultraviolet light (UV). Following flow cytometry data found that LPS-ZG7 increased RA membrane permeability and leakage of intracellular molecules. And scanning electron microscopy revealed LPS-ZG7 damaged the RA membrane integrity and leading to RA death. Furthermore, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis represented that LPS-ZG7 upregulated mucosal tight junction proteins occludin, claudin-1, and Zo-1 in Muscovy ducks, and increasing mucosal transport channels SGLT-1, PepT1, AQP2, AQP3, and AQP10 in duodenum, jejunum, and colon, then decreased the intestinal permeability and intestinal barrier disruption which were caused from RA. From the data, it is apparent that LPS-ZG7 enhanced intestinal mucosal integrity by rising villus height, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio and lower crypt depth. LPS-ZG7 significantly decreased intestinal epithelia cells apoptosis caused by RA invasion, and enhanced intestinal permeability and contribute to barrier dysfunction, ultimately improving intestinal health of host, indirectly leading to reduce diarrhea rate and mortality caused by RA. Overall, this study strengthens the idea that LPS-ZG7 directly inhibited the RA growth by increased RA membrane permeability and damaged the RA membrane integrity, and then indirectly enhanced intestinal mucosal integrity, improved intestinal health of host and mediated intestinal antimicrobial defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolong Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China.
| | - Qing Guo
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Fengqiang Lin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Cuiting Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Lu Yan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Haiou Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Yaping Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Minjiang Teachers College, Fuzhou 361000, China
| | - Binbin Lin
- Putian Institute of Agricultural Science, Putian 361013, China
| | - Bilin Xie
- Putian Institute of Agricultural Science, Putian 361013, China
| | - Zhimin Lin
- Putian Institute of Agricultural Science, Putian 361013, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Deng F, Wang D, Yu Y, Lu T, Li S. Systemic immune response of rainbow trout exposed to Flavobacterium psychrophilum infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2024; 144:109305. [PMID: 38128681 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cold-water disease (BCWD) caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum is one of the most serious bacterial diseases leading to significant economic loss for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture. However, little is known about the systemic immune response of rainbow trout against F. psychrophilum infection. This study investigated the immune response of rainbow trout to F. psychrophilum infection using multiple experiments, including bacterial load detection, phagocyte activity assessment, enzyme activity evaluation, and gene expression profiling. Results showed that the spleen index and intestinal pathogen load reached a peak at 3 days post-infection, with strong pro-inflammatory gene expression observed in rainbow trout. Leukocytes RBA and PKA were significantly elevated in the spleen, blood and intestine at 7 days post-infection. Heat map analysis demonstrated that the spleen had a more substantial pro-inflammatory response compared to the intestine post-infection and exhibited higher expression levels of immune-related genes, including IgM, il1β, il6, cd4, cd8a, cd8b, c1q, chathelicidin, inos, and lysozyme. Both Th1 and Th2 polarized responses in the spleen were activated, with Th2 (il4/13a, gata3) (FC > 4) being more intense than Th1 (tnfα, t-bet) (FC > 2). Tight junction proteins exhibited down-regulation followed by up-regulation post-infection. Collectively, the results of this study expand our current understanding of the immune response of rainbow trout post F. psychrophilum infection but also provide new avenues for investigation in salmonid aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Furong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongyan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shaowu Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guan Q, Yang H, Liao C, Zhao J, Wang J, Liu Y, Han Q, Zhang H. In Silico Analysis and Immune Response of YaeT Protein Against Riemerella anatipestifer in Ducks. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:7483-7501. [PMID: 37004647 PMCID: PMC10066975 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) is one of the most harmful bacterial pathogens in waterfowl and causes enormous economic loss worldwide. Due to weak cross-immunity protection against different serotypes of RA, inactivated and attenuated vaccines are only effective for RA of specific serotypes. In this paper, outer membrane protein YaeT in RA was analyzed through bioinformatics, in vivo, and in vitro assays. Homology, physicochemical and structural properties, transmembrane domains, and B-cell binding epitopes were investigated. The recombinant outer membrane protein YaeT was then inoculated into Cherry Valley ducks to analyze its immune protection against RA. Results showed that the protein was conservative in different RA strains and had sufficient B-cell binding epitopes. The immunized duck serum contains high-affinity antibodies that could activate complement and promote the opsonophagocytosis of RA by phagocytes. After RA challenge, the survival rate of the YaeT protein-immunized ducks was 80%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Guan
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Animal Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Chenghong Liao
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Youming Liu
- School of Animal Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Qian Han
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China.
- One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China.
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- School of Animal Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Deka NJ, Kalita DJ, Tamuly S, Sharma RK, Bora DP, Dutta R, Hazorika M, Chabukdhara P, George S. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles conjugated with outer membrane vesicle of Riemerella anatipestifer for vaccine development in ducklings. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106446. [PMID: 37951409 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable calcium phosphate nanoparticles offer a viable substitute for traditional adjuvants such as aluminum in vaccine production. Calcium phosphate nanoparticle adjuvanted with outer membrane vesicle (OMV) of gram negative bacteria may induce efficient immune response in the host. The present study was carried out to evaluate the potential of a mucosal vaccine formulation of calcium phosphate (CAP) nanoparticle using OMV of Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) as antigen against New Duck disease in ducks. The work was initiated with isolation, identification of RA, followed by OMV production and extraction. The CAP-OMV nanoparticle was prepared and characterized. The efficacy of the vaccine formulation and toxicity were studied in ducks. The average OMV yield in terms of protein concentration was found to be 122.33 ± 3.48 mg per liter of BHI broth. In SDS-PAGE, isolated OMVs exhibited presence of 16 distinct protein bands with molecular weight ranging from 142.1 to 12.1 kDa. Seven protein bands of 74.1, 69.3, 55.5, 50.6, 45.6, 25.1 and 13.1 kDa were detected relatively more distinct. The major bands detected in our findings were 42 kDa, 37 kDa and 16 kDa that corresponds to OmpA, OmpH, P6 respectively. The mean zeta size (±SD) and potential of the nanoparticle were 246.20 ± 0.53 nm and -25.60 ± 5.97 respectively. In transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the nanoparticles exhibited an average diameter of 129.80 ± 11.10 nm and displayed spherical morphology. The median protective dose (PD50) of CAP-OMV nanoparticle was 1881.10 μg of protein. Group I ducks received 3762 μg of protein (entrapped protein in CAP-OMV nanoparticle) via intra nasal route and it showed the highest serum IgG and secretory IgA level than other immunized groups. All experimental ducks were challenged with 10 × LD50 on 35 days of post primary immunization. Group I showed 100 % survivability in the challenge study. No gross and biochemical indication of acute or chronic toxicity were recorded. In conclusion, our results suggest that CAP-OMV nanoparticle can be a safe and efficient mucosal vaccine delivery system for RA, eliciting strong immune response in the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naba Jyoti Deka
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India.
| | - Dhruba Jyoti Kalita
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Shantanu Tamuly
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Durlav Prasad Bora
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Rupam Dutta
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Mousumi Hazorika
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Prasanta Chabukdhara
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Biochemistry, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, 787 051, India
| | - Shiney George
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, 787051, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ilardi P, Valdes S, Rivera J, Irgang R, Avendaño-Herrera R. Co-occurrence of heterogeneous Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolates within the same Chilean farm and during the same infectious outbreak. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:1085-1096. [PMID: 37357563 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is a pathogenic bacterium affecting Chilean salmonid farms. High antigenic and genetic diversity exists among Chilean F. psychrophilum isolates, but the distribution thereof among farms is poorly understood. These epidemiological data are key for developing isolate-specific vaccines. The present study isolated F. psychrophilum in diseased Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from five freshwater farms between 2018 and 2019. Each farm only raised one salmonid species and was geographically separated from and did not share culturing water with the other farms. Antigenic and genetic analyses were conducted to shed light on the possibility of isolates coexisting within the same farm during outbreaks. A total of 68 Chilean F. psychrophilum isolates were recovered from skin lesions, gills, fins, kidney and spleen of moribund and live fish. Among the 68 Chilean isolates, mPCR-serotyping indicated three major serotypes (i.e. 23.5% type 0; 47.1% type 2; and 26.5% type 4) and, to a lesser degree, serotype 1 (2.9%). Sixteen antigenic groups were detected by slide agglutination. Genetic characterizations by 16S rRNA alleles identified 71% of the isolates as the virulent genogroup CSF259-93 allele. A predominant serotype was associated with each farm, with types 0 and 4 related to Atlantic salmon and types 1 and 2 to rainbow trout. Notwithstanding, several antigenic groups coexisted within some farms. Likewise, the experimental intramuscular challenges (n = 20) demonstrated that the type-2 isolates from rainbow trout were the most pathogenic among isolates recovered from infectious outbreaks in Atlantic salmon, especially as compared to those from types-0 and -4. These results allow us to suggest that prevention measures, specifically vaccines, should be developed according to dominant isolates and with specificity to each farm, that is the use of autogenous or site-specific vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ilardi
- Farmacología en Aquacultura Veterinaria FAV S.A., Investigación y Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sara Valdes
- Farmacología en Aquacultura Veterinaria FAV S.A., Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo, Puerto Varas, Chile
| | - Javier Rivera
- Centro Experimental Farmacología en Aquacultura Veterinaria FAV S.A. Abbott (CEFA), Puerto Varas, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro FONDAP Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro FONDAP Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lee BH, Quillet E, Rigaudeau D, Dechamp N, Duchaud E, Bernardet JF, Boudinot P, Rochat T. Interplay between a bacterial pathogen and its host in rainbow trout isogenic lines with contrasted susceptibility to cold water disease. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105140. [PMID: 37062327 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major constraint on aquaculture. Genetic lines with different susceptibilities to diseases are useful models to identify resistance mechanisms to pathogens and to improve prophylaxis. Bacterial cold-water disease (BCWD) caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum represents a major threat for freshwater salmonid farming worldwide. A collection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) isogenic lines was previously produced from a French domestic population. Here, we compared BCWD resistance phenotypes using a subset of isogenic lines chosen for their contrasted susceptibilities to F. psychrophilum. We applied individual monitoring to document the infection process, including time-course quantification of bacteremia and innate immune response. Strikingly, BCWD resistance was correlated with a lower bacterial growth rate in blood. Several immune genes were expressed at higher levels in resistant fish regardless of infection: the Type II arginase (arg2), a marker for M2 macrophages involved in anti-inflammatory responses and tissue repair, and two Toll-like receptors (tlr2/tlr7), responsible for pathogen detection and inflammatory responses. This study highlights the importance of innate and intrinsic defense mechanisms in determining the outcome of F. psychrophilum infections, and illustrates that non-lethal time-course blood sampling for individual monitoring of bacteremia is a powerful tool to resolve within-host pathogen behavior in bacterial fish diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hyung Lee
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Quillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Eric Duchaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Pierre Boudinot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Tatiana Rochat
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Weese JS, Sobkowich KE, Poljak Z, Bernardo TM. Isolation of Elizabethkingia spp. from Diagnostic Specimens from Dogs and Cats, United States, 2019-2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1488-1489. [PMID: 37347900 PMCID: PMC10310365 DOI: 10.3201/eid2907.230218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We retrospectively reviewed Elizabethkingia spp. culture and susceptibility results from 86 veterinary diagnostic laboratory results from US dogs and cats. We noted 26 E. menigoseptica, 1 E. miricola, and 59 unspeciated Elizabethkingia isolates from 9 US states (2-22 isolates per state). Elizabethkingia infections in animals might increase risks to humans.
Collapse
|
15
|
Lyu Z, Han S, Li J, Guo Z, Geng N, Lyu C, Qin L, Li N. Epidemiological investigation and drug resistance characteristics of Riemerella anatipestifer strains from large-scale duck farms in Shandong Province, China from March 2020 to March 2022. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102759. [PMID: 37209657 PMCID: PMC10209456 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious serositis is a common disease caused by Riemerella anatipestifer (R. anatipestifer) in ducks, characterized by respiratory distress, septicemia, and neurological symptoms. In this study, 1,020 samples (brain and liver) were collected from ducks with suspected R. anatipestifer infection from March 2020 to March 2022 in Shandong Province, of which 171 R. anatipestifer strains were identified by PCR and isolation culture. The serotype of all strains was analyzed, and 74 strains were subjected to drug sensitivity tests and drug resistance genes detection. The results showed that the overall prevalence rate of R. anatipestifer in Shandong Province was 16.7% (171/1,020), with most strains coming from brain samples of ducklings under 3-mo old collected from September to December each year. Histopathological examination showed that heart vessels of the diseased duck were highly dilated and filled with red blood cells, with obvious fibrin exudates outside the pericardium, and fatty degeneration of liver cells. There were 45 strains of serotype 1, 45 strains of serotype 2, 2 strains of serotype 4, 33 strains of serotype 6, 44 strains of serotype 7, and 2 strains of serotype 10. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10 common antibiotics against 74 representative strains was determined by the agar dilution method. It was found that 74 strains had the most severe resistance to gentamicin (77%) and fully susceptible to ceftriaxone, but the 81.1% isolated strains were multidrug resistant. Resistance genes testing of 74 R. anatipestifers showed that tetracycline resistance gene tet X had the highest detection rate of 95.9%, followed by macrolide resistance gene ermF with 77%, and the rate of β-lactam resistance gene blaTEM is the lowest (10.8%). The animal experiment of 4 R. anatipestifer strains with different serotypes showed that they had strong pathogenicity to 7-day-old ducklings, which could cause nervous symptoms, and the mortality rate was 58% to 70%. The autopsy showed obvious pathological changes. These findings of this study on R. anatipestifer will help us to understand the latest prevalence, drug resistance characteristics, and pathogenicity of R. anatipestifer in Shandong, China, and provide a scientific guide for the treatment and control of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Lyu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shanshan Han
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Livestock & Poultry Pathogen Biotechnology, Qingdao Jiazhi Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhiyun Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ningwei Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chuang Lyu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Livestock & Poultry Pathogen Biotechnology, Qingdao Jiazhi Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Liting Qin
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Livestock & Poultry Pathogen Biotechnology, Qingdao Jiazhi Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lin JN, Lai CH, Lin SY, Lee CC, Lee NY, Liu PY, Yang CH, Huang YH. Effect of Intragenomic Sequence Heterogeneity among Multiple 16S rRNA Genes on Species Identification of Elizabethkingia. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0133822. [PMID: 36036645 PMCID: PMC9604143 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01338-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate identification of Elizabethkingia species mostly requires the use of molecular techniques, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing is generally considered the method of choice. In this study, we evaluated the effect of intraspecific diversity among the multiple copies of the 16S rRNA gene on the accuracy of species identification in the genus Elizabethkingia. Sequences of 16S rRNA genes obtained from the 32 complete whole-genome sequences of Elizabethkingia deposited in GenBank and from 218 clinical isolates collected from 5 hospitals in Taiwan were analyzed. Four or five copies of 16S rRNA were identified in the Elizabethkingia species with complete genome sequences. The dissimilarity among the copies of the16S rRNA gene was <1% in all Elizabethkingia strains. E. meningoseptica demonstrated a significantly higher rate of nucleotide variations in the 16S rRNA than did E. anophelis (P = 0.011). Nucleotide alterations occurred more frequently in regions V2 and V6 than in other hypervariable regions (P < 0.001). E. meningoseptica, E. anophelis, and E. argenteiflava strains were clustered distinctly in the phylogenetic tree inferred from 16S rRNA genes, and the intragenomic variation of gene sequences had no profound effect on the classification of taxa. However, E. miricola, E. bruuniana, E. ursingii, and E. occulta were grouped closely in the phylogenetic analysis, and the variation among the multiple copies of the 16S rRNA in one E. ursingii strain affected species classification. Other marker genes may be required to supplement the species classification of closely related taxa in the genus Elizabethkingia. IMPORTANCE Incorrect identification of bacterial species would influence the epidemiology and clinical analysis of patients infected with Elizabethkingia. The results of the present study suggest that 16S rRNA gene sequencing should not be considered the gold standard for the accurate identification of Elizabethkingia species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Nong Lin
- College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsu Lai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yi Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chi Lee
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Yao Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hui Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Han Huang
- College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Deng F, Wang D, Loch TP, Chen F, Lu T, Cao Y, Fan D, Li S. Time-course transcriptome analyses of spleen in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) post-Flavobacterium psychrophilum infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:965099. [PMID: 36016951 PMCID: PMC9396386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.965099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the etiological agent of bacterial coldwater disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome, causes considerable losses in salmonid aquaculture globally. Systemic F. psychrophilum infections in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) lead to a range of clinical signs, including ulcerative lesions in the skin and muscle and splenitis. Previous studies offered an integrative analysis of the skeletal muscle response to F. psychrophilum infection in rainbow trout. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of immune response in the spleen, which is an important immune organ of rainbow trout. Here, we investigated the time-course splenic transcriptome profiles in uninfected rainbow trout (CK) and F. psychrophilum–infected rainbow trout at day 3 and day 7 (D3, D7) by RNA-seq analyses. Among the 7,170 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the three comparisons (D3 vs. CK, D7 vs. CK, D3 vs. D7), 1,286 DEGs showed consistent upregulation or downregulation at D3 and D7 and were associated with pattern recognition, acute-phase response, complement cascade, chemokine and cytokine signaling, and apoptosis. The Real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis of eight DEGs confirmed the accuracy of the RNA-Sequencing (RNA-seq) data. Our results reflected a general process from pathogen recognition to inflammatory cytokine generation and delineated a putative Toll-like receptor signaling pathway in rainbow trout spleen, following F. psychrophilum infection. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of the immune response to F. psychrophilum infection and are a valuable resource for future research on the prevention and control of bacterial coldwater disease during salmon culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Furong Deng
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Thomas P. Loch
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Fuguang Chen
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Tongyan Lu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Yongsheng Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dan Fan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaowu Li
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Shaowu Li,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Harrison CE, Knupp CK, Brenden TO, Ebener M, Loch TP. First isolation of Flavobacterium psychrophilum from wild adult Great Lakes lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). J Fish Dis 2022; 45:1023-1032. [PMID: 35466417 PMCID: PMC9323434 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis; LWF) is an economically and ecologically valuable native species to the Great Lakes, but recent declines in their recruitment have generated significant concern about their future viability. Although studies have sought to identify factors contributing to declining recruitment, the potential role(s) of infectious diseases has not been thoroughly investigated. In 2018 and 2019, adult LWF were collected from Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron for clinical examination and bacteriological analyses. Herein, we describe the first isolation of Flavobacterium psychrophilum, aetiological agent of bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD) and rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS), from systemically infected adult LWF. Bacterial isolates were yellow-orange, Gram-negative, filamentous bacilli that were oxidase and catalase positive, and produced a flexirubin-type pigment in 3% potassium hydroxide. Isolate identity was confirmed via F. psychrophilum-specific PCR, and multilocus sequence typing revealed three new singleton sequence types (STs) that were distinct from all previously described F. psychrophilum STs. The prevalence of F. psychrophilum infections was 3.3, 1.7, and 0.0% in Lakes Superior, Michigan and Huron respectively. Findings illustrate the potential for F. psychrophilum to cause systemic infections in adult LWF and highlight the need for future studies to investigate the bacterium's potential role in declining LWF recruitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E. Harrison
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeCollege of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Christopher K. Knupp
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeCollege of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Travis O. Brenden
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeQuantitative Fisheries CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Mark P. Ebener
- The Fresh Lake Whitefish CompanySault Sainte MarieMichiganUSA
| | - Thomas P. Loch
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeCollege of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic InvestigationCollege of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Irgang R, Avendaño-Herrera R. Evaluation of the in vitro susceptibility of Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi to tiamulin using minimum inhibitory concentration tests. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:795-799. [PMID: 35262919 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tenacibaculosis caused by Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi is the third most important bacterial fish infection affecting the Chilean salmon industry. Losses to this disease are most frequently controlled by treatments with florfenicol and oxytetracycline. However, recent tenacibaculosis outbreaks were controlled through the extra-label, oral administration of tiamulin, resulting in high treatment efficiency. In this study, we present an analysis of susceptibility patterns of 32 T. dicentrarchi isolates and the type strain CECT 7612T to tiamulin by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) according to the procedures recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute, but fixing incubation temperature to the more appropriate for the growth of T. dicentrarchi (18 ºC). The MICs of the T. dicentrarchi isolates were unimodally distributed (0.06-1.0 µg/ml range), while the CECT 7612T strain presented an MIC of 0.5 μg/ml. Calculations using Normalized Resistance Interpretation provided epidemiological cut-off values of ≤1.0 µg/ml, with the 33 T. dicentrarchi classified as wild type. In Chile, tiamulin is authorized for use in other livestock species, but application in salmonids is extra-label. Our presented in vitro results suggest that tiamulin is a viable alternative to florfenicol, specifically as tiamulin requires comparatively lower concentrations to inhibit T. dicentrarchi. Considering that tiamulin is also exclusively for veterinary use, is classified as "least important" by the World Health Organization and has not resulted in the development of bacterial resistance, pharmaceutical companies should be requested to register tiamulin and provide alternative antimicrobial treatments for the salmonid industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Avila BW, Winkelman DL, Fetherman ER. Dual resistance to Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Myxobolus cerebralis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum). J Fish Dis 2022; 45:801-813. [PMID: 35262925 PMCID: PMC9314901 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic pathogens are a major concern for fish hatchery production, fisheries management, and conservation, and disease control needs to be addressed. Two important salmonid pathogens are Myxobolus cerebralis and Flavobacterium psychrophilum that cause whirling disease and bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD), respectively. Innate disease resistance is a potential option for reducing disease-related mortality in hatchery-reared rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum). Two experiments were conducted to assess pathogen resistance of first-generation (F1) rainbow trout created by crossing M. cerebralis- and F. psychrophilum-resistant strains. In the first experiment, we exposed two rainbow trout strains and one F1 cross to six treatments: control (no exposure), mock injection, F. psychrophilum only, M. cerebralis only, F. psychrophilum then M. cerebralis, and M. cerebralis then F. psychrophilum. Results indicated that the F1 cross was not resistant to either pathogen. In the second experiment, we exposed five rainbow trout strains and four rainbow trout crosses to F. psychrophilum. The second experiment indicated that at least one rainbow trout cross was F. psychrophilum-resistant. Achieving dual resistance may be possible using selective breeding but only some multigenerational strains are suitable candidates for further evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian W. Avila
- Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Dana L. Winkelman
- U.S. Geological SurveyColorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitDepartment of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Spilsberg B, Nilsen HK, Tavornpanich S, Gulla S, Jansen MD, Lagesen K, Colquhoun DJ, Olsen A. Tenacibaculosis in Norwegian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) cage-farmed in cold sea water is primarily associated with Tenacibaculum finnmarkense genomovar finnmarkense. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:523-534. [PMID: 35001372 PMCID: PMC9303539 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Skin conditions associated with Tenacibaculum spp. constitute a significant threat to the health and welfare of sea-farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway. Fifteen presumptive tenacibaculosis outbreaks distributed along the Norwegian coast during the late winter and spring of 2018 were investigated. Bacteriological culture confirmed the presence of Tenacibaculum spp. Seventy-six isolates cultured from individual fish were selected and subjected to whole-genome sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Average nucleotide identity and MALDI-TOF analyses confirmed the presence of T. finnmarkense and T. dicentrarchi, with further division of T. finnmarkense into genomovars (gv.) finnmarkense and ulcerans. Core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses identified the presence of a genetically conserved cluster of gv. finnmarkense isolates against a background of relatively genetically diverse gv. finnmarkense and gv. ulcerans isolates in 13 of the 15 studied cases. This clustering strongly suggests a link between T. finnmarkense gv. finnmarkense and development of clinical tenacibaculosis in sea-farmed Norwegian salmon in the late winter and spring. Analysis of 25 Tenacibaculum isolates collected during the spring of 2019 from similar cases identified a similar distribution of genotypes. Low water temperatures were common to all cases, and most incidences involved relatively small fish shortly after sea transfer, suggesting that these fish are particularly predisposed to Tenacibaculum infection.
Collapse
|
22
|
Hoare R, Shahin K, McLean K, Adams A, K. D. Thompson. Skin mucus proteins of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in response to mucosal vaccination and challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:491-495. [PMID: 34905629 PMCID: PMC9299601 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Hoare
- Institute of AquacultureUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
| | - K. Shahin
- Institute of AquacultureUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
- Aquatic Animal Diseases LaboratoryAquaculture DivisionNational Institute of Oceanography and FisheriesSuezEgypt
| | - K. McLean
- Moredun Research InstitutePenicuikUK
| | - A. Adams
- Institute of AquacultureUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Testerman T, Beka L, McClure EA, Reichley SR, King S, Welch TJ, Graf J. Detecting Flavobacterial Fish Pathogens in the Environment via High-Throughput Community Analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0209221. [PMID: 34788066 PMCID: PMC8788675 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02092-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by the fish pathogens Flavobacterium columnare and Flavobacterium psychrophilum are major contributors of preventable losses in the aquaculture industry. The persistent and difficult-to-control infections caused by these bacteria make timely intervention and prophylactic elimination of pathogen reservoirs important measures to combat these disease-causing agents. In this study, we present two independent assays for detecting these pathogens in a range of environmental samples. Natural water samples were inoculated with F. columnare and F. psychrophilum over 5 orders of magnitude, and pathogen levels were detected using Illumina MiSeq sequencing and droplet digital PCR. Both detection methods accurately identified pathogen-positive samples and showed good agreement in quantifying each pathogen. Additionally, the real-world application of these approaches was demonstrated using environmental samples collected at a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture facility. These results show that both methods can serve as useful tools for surveillance efforts in aquaculture facilities, where the early detection of these flavobacterial pathogens may direct preventative measures to reduce disease occurrence. IMPORTANCE Early detection of a deadly disease outbreak in a population can be the difference between mass mortality or mitigated effects. In the present study, we evaluated and compared two molecular techniques for detecting economically impactful aquaculture pathogens. We demonstrate that one of these techniques, 16S rRNA gene sequencing using Illumina MiSeq technology, provides the ability to accurately detect two freshwater fish pathogens, F. columnare and F. psychrophilum, while simultaneously profiling the native microbial community. The second technique, droplet digital PCR, is commonly used for pathogen detection, and the results obtained using the assays we designed with this method served to validate those obtained using the MiSeq method. These two methods offer distinct advantages. The MiSeq method pairs pathogen detection and microbial community profiling to answer immediate and long-term fish health concerns, while the droplet digital PCR method provides fast and highly sensitive detection that is useful for surveillance and rapid clinical responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd Testerman
- University of Connecticut, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lidia Beka
- University of Connecticut, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Emily Ann McClure
- University of Connecticut, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Timothy J. Welch
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service/U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Joerg Graf
- University of Connecticut, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Saldarriaga-Córdoba M, Irgang R, Avendaño-Herrera R. Comparison between genome sequences of Chilean Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi isolated from red conger eel (Genypterus chilensis) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) focusing on bacterial virulence determinants. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1843-1860. [PMID: 34369594 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi is an emerging pathogen for salmonid cultures and red conger eel (Genypterus chilensis) in Chile, causing high economic losses not only in Chile but also to the global salmon industry. Infected fish show severe gross skin lesions that are sometimes accompanied by bone exposure. Despite pathogenicity demonstrated by Koch's postulates, no knowledge is currently available regarding the virulence machinery of T. dicentrarchi strains. Comparisons between the genome sequences of the eight T. dicentrarchi strains obtained from G. chilensis and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) provide insights on the existence of genomic diversity within this bacterium. The T. dicentrarchi type strain 3509T was used as a reference genome. Depending on the T. dicentrarchi strain, the discovered diversity included genes associated with iron acquisition mechanisms, copper homeostasis encoding, resistance to tetracycline and fluoroquinolones, pathogenic genomic islands and phages. Interestingly, genes encoding the T9SS membrane protein PorP/SprF were retrieved in all of the analysed T. dicentrarchi strains, regardless of the host fish (i.e. red conger eel or Atlantic salmon). However, the T6SS core component protein VgrG was identified in only one Atlantic salmon strain. Three types of peptidase genes and proteins associated with quorum sensing were detected in all of the T. dicentrarchi strains. In turn, all eight strains presented a total of 17 proteins associated with biofilm formation, which was previously confirmed through physiological studies. This comparative analysis will help elucidate and describe the genes and pathways that are likely involved in the virulence process of T. dicentrarchi. All or part of these predicted genes could aid the pathogen during the infective process in fish, making further physiological research necessary for clarification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Saldarriaga-Córdoba
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Harikrishnan R, Devi G, Van Doan H, Balasundaram C, Arockiaraj J, Jagruthi C. Efficacy of ulvan on immune response and immuno-antioxidant gene modulation in Labeo rohita against columnaris disease. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 117:262-273. [PMID: 34384870 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the effect of ulvan enriched diet on the influence of growth, changes in hemato-biochemical indices, improvement of antioxidant system, enhancement of innate-adaptive immunity and modification of immuno-antioxidant genes expression in Labeo rohita against Flavobacterium columnaris. The weight gain (WG) was significantly high (P > 0.05) in unchallenged normal and challenged fish fed with diets enriched with 25 and 50 mg kg-1 ulvan; the FCR was better (P > 0.05) when fed with 50 mg kg-1 enriched diet. In normal fish fed with or without ulvan supplementation was noted 100% survival rate (SR). In both groups, the red blood cell (RBC) and while blood cell (WBC) counts increased significantly (P > 0.05) when fed with 50 mg kg-1 ulvan diet whereas the hemoglobin (Hb) level increased significantly on being fed with 25 and 50 mg kg-1 ulvan diets. The SOD activity was enhanced significantly in both groups fed with any dose of ulvan diets whereas the MDA and GPx activity increased only with 25 and 50 mg kg-1 ulvan diets. The phagocytic (PC) activity significantly increased with any enriched diet and control diet groups while the respiratory burst (RB) activity increased only with 50 mg kg-1 ulvan diet. The alternate complement pathway (ACP), activity of lysozyme (Lyz), and immunoglobuline M (IgM) were better in both groups fed with 50 mg kg-1 ulvan diet. The SOD and GPx antioxidant gene expression were significantly high in both groups fed with any ulvan diet while the Nrf2 gene expression was high with 50 mg kg-1 ulvan diet. The IL-1β, TNFα, hepcidin, Lyz, and IgM cytokines or proteins mRNA expression were significant in both groups fed with all ulvan supplement diet whereas the β-2M expression was significant only with 50 mg kg-1 ulvan diet. The present research indicates that both L. rohita groups fed with 50 mg kg-1 ulvan diet significantly improved growth, antioxidant system, immune defense system, and immuno-antioxidant related gene expression against F. columnaris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College for Men, Kanchipuram 631 501, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gunapathy Devi
- Department of Zoology, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti 621 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Chellam Balasundaram
- Department of Herbal and Environmental Science, Tamil University, Thanjavur, 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandrasekar Jagruthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath College of Science and Management, Thanjavur 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Valdes S, Irgang R, Barros MC, Ilardi P, Saldarriaga-Córdoba M, Rivera-Bohle J, Madrid E, Gajardo-Córdova J, Avendaño-Herrera R. First report and characterization of Tenacibaculum maritimum isolates recovered from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farmed in Chile. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1481-1490. [PMID: 34061372 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports on the first isolation of Tenacibaculum maritimum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farmed in Chile. In March 2020, two cages raising rainbow trout (~250 g) in the Los Lagos Region suffered a disease outbreak. In total, 17,554 fish died (3.5%-4.8% accumulated mortality). Microbiological analysis of the diseased fish obtained two representative isolates (i.e. Tm-035 and Tm-036). These were obtained from the external gross skin lesions-typical of tenacibaculosis-of two fish. Phenotyping, PCR tests and sequencing of the 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes confirmed the isolates as T. maritimum. The pathogenic potential of Tm-035 was further assessed by bath challenging Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), which killed 70 ± 15% of fish within 11 days. Dead fish presented the same external clinical signs as did the farmed rainbow trout specimens. This research further broadens the known host distribution of this pathogen. Furthermore, the virulence experiments demonstrated that T. maritimum does not have a specific host. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the risk of T. maritimum for the O. mykiss farming industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Valdes
- Farmacología en Aquacultura Veterinaria FAV S.A, Puerto Varas, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - María C Barros
- Farmacología en Aquacultura Veterinaria FAV S.A, Puerto Varas, Chile
| | - Pedro Ilardi
- Farmacología en Aquacultura Veterinaria FAV S.A, Puerto Varas, Chile
| | - Mónica Saldarriaga-Córdoba
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Enrique Madrid
- Farmacología en Aquacultura Veterinaria FAV S.A, Puerto Varas, Chile
| | | | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Valparaíso, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xu G, Zhang J, Ma R, Wang C, Cheng H, Gong J, Wang Z, Meng Q. The immune response of pIgR and Ig to Flavobacterium columnare in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 117:320-327. [PMID: 34246784 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) plays an important role in mediating the transcytosis of polymeric immunoglobulins (pIgs) to protect organisms against pathogen invasion. Here, a polyclonal antibody against grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) recombinant pIgR was developed by immunizing New Zealand white rabbit, and the responses of pIgR, IgM and IgZ were analyzed after bath immunization and intraperitoneal administration with Flavobacterium columnare. The results showed that pIgR transcription level was similar to IgM and IgZ, but pIgR rose much faster and peaked earlier than IgM and IgZ; the pIgR mRNA levels were higher in the skin and spleen for both immunized groups, while IgM and IgZ mRNA expression were higher in skin, gills, and intestines in bath immersion group, or spleen and head kidney in intraperitoneal immunization group. ELISA revealed that the IgM, IgZ and pIgR protein levels were up-regulated in skin mucus, gill mucus, gut mucus and bile, reaching a higher peak level earlier in skin mucus and gill mucus in bath immersion group, but a higher peak level in bile in injection group. Moreover, secretory component molecules were detected in grass carp's skin, gill and intestine mucus and bile, but not in serum, which molecular mass was near the theoretical mass obtained from the sequence of grass carp pIgR. These results demonstrated that bath and intraperitoneal immunization up-regulated pIgR and secretory Ig expression in secretions, which provided more insights into the role of pIgR in immunity and offer insight into ways of protecting teleost against pathogen invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guojing Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Ji'nan, 250013, PR China
| | - Jinlu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Ji'nan, 250013, PR China
| | - Rufang Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Ji'nan, 250013, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Ji'nan, 250013, PR China
| | - Huizhong Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Ji'nan, 250013, PR China
| | - Junxia Gong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Ji'nan, 250013, PR China
| | - Zhizhong Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Ji'nan, 250013, PR China
| | - Qinglei Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Ji'nan, 250013, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lange MD, Abernathy J, Farmer BD, Beck BH. Use of an immersion adjuvant with a Flavobacterium columnare recombinant protein vaccine in channel catfish. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 117:136-139. [PMID: 34339820 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Lange
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Jason Abernathy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR, USA
| | - Bradley D Farmer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Knupp C, Faisal M, Wiens GD, Brenden TO, Loch TP. In Vivo Experiments Provide Evidence That Flavobacterium psychrophilum Strains Belonging to Multilocus Sequence Typing Clonal Complex ST191 Are Virulent to Rainbow Trout. J Aquat Anim Health 2021; 33:190-195. [PMID: 34288128 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD), causes significant economic losses worldwide, particularly in farmed Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Over the last decade, multilocus sequence typing has revealed >30 clonal complexes (CCs) globally, comprised of >320 F. psychrophilum sequence types (STs). Despite the large number of CCs worldwide, CC-ST10, which is currently the largest CC affecting Rainbow Trout, has been the primary focus of F. psychrophilum virulence studies, leaving the role of other CCs as primary causes of BCWD epizootics unclear. To this end, fingerling Rainbow Trout were experimentally challenged with F. psychrophilum strains belonging to the CC now recognized as the second largest in the world (CC-ST191) alongside CC-ST10 strains. Cumulative percent mortality was 100% in 7-month-old Rainbow Trout and between 27.8% and 61.1% in 8-month-old Rainbow Trout. All examined F. psychrophilum STs were virulent to Rainbow Trout, and no significant differences in virulence between CC-ST10 and CC-ST191 were detected. Due to their wide distribution and high pathogenic potential, both CC-ST191 and CC-ST10 F. psychrophilum strains are excellent candidates for further research aimed at preventing and controlling BCWD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Knupp
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources and Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Gregory D Wiens
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Kearneysville, West Virginia, 25430, USA
| | - Travis O Brenden
- Quantitative Fisheries Center, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Thomas P Loch
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources and Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hassan Z, Wang J, Qin Y, Wang W, Liu Q, Lei L, Sun Z, Yang Y, Wu K, Zhu X, Wang Z, Feng H, Zou J. Functional characterization of an interleukin 20 like homologue in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 115:43-57. [PMID: 33992768 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
IL-20 is a pleiotropic cytokine that belongs to the IL-10 family and plays an important biological role in tissue homeostasis and regulation of host immune defenses. IL-20 homologues have recently been discovered in fish, but their functions have not been studied. In this study, an IL-20 like (IL-20L) cytokine was cloned in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and its bioactivities were investigated. Expression analysis showed that the CiIL-20L gene was constitutively expressed in tissues with the highest expression detected in the head kidney. It was upregulated in the head kidney after infection with Flavobactrium columnare (F. cloumnare) and grass carp reovirus II (GCRV II). The recombinant CiIL-20L produced in E. coli cells was shown to be effective in inducing the expression of Th cytokine genes (IFN-γ, IL-4/13A, IL-4/13B and IL-10), macrophage marker genes (arginase 2, IRF4, KLF4 and SOCS3) and inflammatory genes (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNFα) in the head kidney leukocytes when stimulated at 12 h. Long term culture (6 days) of head kidney macrophages in the presence of CiIL-20L leads to high expression of IRF4, TGFβ1 and arginase 2. Our data suggest that IL-20 may play regulatory roles in promoting Th responses, macrophage differentiation and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Hassan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Department of Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Egypt
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Qin
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Lei
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaosheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yibin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaizheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kunttu HMT, Runtuvuori-Salmela A, Sundell K, Wiklund T, Middelboe M, Landor L, Ashrafi R, Hoikkala V, Sundberg LR. Bacteriophage Resistance Affects Flavobacterium columnare Virulence Partly via Mutations in Genes Related to Gliding Motility and the Type IX Secretion System. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0081221. [PMID: 34106011 PMCID: PMC8315173 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00812-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing problems with antibiotic resistance have directed interest toward phage therapy in the aquaculture industry. However, phage resistance evolving in target bacteria is considered a challenge. To investigate how phage resistance influences the fish pathogen Flavobacterium columnare, two wild-type bacterial isolates, FCO-F2 and FCO-F9, were exposed to phages (FCO-F2 to FCOV-F2, FCOV-F5, and FCOV-F25, and FCO-F9 to FCL-2, FCOV-F13, and FCOV-F45), and resulting phenotypic and genetic changes in bacteria were analyzed. Bacterial viability first decreased in the exposure cultures but started to increase after 1 to 2 days, along with a change in colony morphology from original rhizoid to rough, leading to 98% prevalence of the rough morphotype. Twenty-four isolates (including four isolates from no-phage treatments) were further characterized for phage resistance, antibiotic susceptibility, motility, adhesion, and biofilm formation, protease activity, whole-genome sequencing, and virulence in rainbow trout fry. The rough isolates arising in phage exposure were phage resistant with low virulence, whereas rhizoid isolates maintained phage susceptibility and high virulence. Gliding motility and protease activity were also related to the phage susceptibility. Observed mutations in phage-resistant isolates were mostly located in genes encoding the type IX secretion system, a component of the Bacteroidetes gliding motility machinery. However, not all phage-resistant isolates had mutations, indicating that phage resistance in F. columnare is a multifactorial process, including both genetic mutations and changes in gene expression. Phage resistance may not, however, be a challenge for development of phage therapy against F. columnare infections since phage resistance is associated with decreases in bacterial virulence. IMPORTANCE Phage resistance of infectious bacteria is a common phenomenon posing challenges for the development of phage therapy. Along with a growing world population and the need for increased food production, constantly intensifying animal farming has to face increasing problems of infectious diseases. Columnaris disease, caused by Flavobacterium columnare, is a worldwide threat for salmonid fry and juvenile farming. Without antibiotic treatments, infections can lead to 100% mortality in a fish stock. Phage therapy of columnaris disease would reduce the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic loads by the aquaculture industry, but phage-resistant bacterial isolates may become a risk. However, phenotypic and genetic characterization of phage-resistant F. columnare isolates in this study revealed that they are less virulent than phage-susceptible isolates and thus not a challenge for phage therapy against columnaris disease. This is valuable information for the fish farming industry globally when considering phage-based prevention and curing methods for F. columnare infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M. T. Kunttu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anniina Runtuvuori-Salmela
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Krister Sundell
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Tom Wiklund
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Mathias Middelboe
- Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Lotta Landor
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Roghaieh Ashrafi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ville Hoikkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lotta-Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Conforto E, Vílchez-Gómez L, Parrinello D, Parisi MG, Esteban MÁ, Cammarata M, Guardiola FA. Role of mucosal immune response and histopathological study in European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) intraperitoneal challenged by Vibrio anguillarum or Tenacibaculum soleae. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 114:330-339. [PMID: 34015481 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The external mucus layer that covers fish skin contains numerous immune substances scarcely studied that act as the first line of defence against a broad spectrum of pathogens. This study aimed to characterize and describe for the first time several humoral immune defence parameters in the skin mucus of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) after intraperitoneal injection with Vibrio anguillarum or Tenacibaculum soleae. This study evaluated several immune-related enzymes and bactericidal activity against fish pathogenic bacteria in the skin mucus of European eels at 24, 48, and 72 h post-challenge. The results demonstrated that European eel skin mucus showed significant increments in peroxidase and lysozyme activity at 48 and 72 h after V. anguillarum challenge, compared to other experimental groups. In the case of antiprotease activity, an increase was observed at 24 h in the skin mucus of fish challenged with V. anguillarum compared to unchallenged fish, while this activity was undetected at 48 and 72 h. In contrast, protease activity had decreased at 48 and 72 h in the skin mucus of fish challenged with V. anguillarum compared to the unchallenged group. Regarding bactericidal activity, a high growth capacity of T. soleae was observed in the skin mucus of all experimental groups. Interestingly, the skin mucus from fish challenged with V. anguillarum exhibited increased bactericidal activity against this bacterium at 48 h, compared to unchallenged fish. Finally, severe histopathological alterations were observed in the gills and liver at the end of the trial (72 h), whereas the skin showed only an overspread presence of goblet cells in the challenged fish compared to unchallenged fish. The present results may give new insights into the mucosal immune system of this primitive species with potential applications in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Conforto
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed.16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luciano Vílchez-Gómez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed.16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed.16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed.16, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sebastião FD, Shahin K, Heckman TI, LaFrentz BR, Griffin MJ, Loch TP, Mukkatira K, Veek T, Richey C, Adkison M, Holt RA, Soto E. Genetic characterization of Flavobacterium columnare isolates from the Pacific Northwest, USA. Dis Aquat Organ 2021; 144:151-158. [PMID: 33955853 DOI: 10.3354/dao03588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium columnare is the causative agent of columnaris disease. Previous work has demonstrated a high degree of genetic variability among F. columnare isolates, identifying 4 genetic groups (GGs) with some host associations. Herein, a total of 49 F. columnare isolates were characterized, the majority of which were collected from 15 different locations throughout the US Pacific Northwest. Most isolates were collected from 2015-2018 and originated from disease outbreaks in salmonid hatcheries and rearing ponds, sturgeon hatcheries and ornamental fish. Other isolates were part of collections recovered from 1980-2018. Initial identification was confirmed by F. columnare species-specific qPCR. Study isolates were further characterized using a multiplex PCR that differentiates between the 4 currently recognized F. columnare GGs. Multiplex PCR results were supported by repetitive sequence-mediated PCR fingerprinting and gyrB sequence analysis. F. columnare GG1 was the most prevalent (83.7%, n = 41/49), represented by isolates from salmonids (n = 32), white sturgeon (n = 2), channel catfish (n = 1), ornamental goldfish (n = 1), koi (n = 3), wild sunfish (n = 1) and 1 unknown host. Six isolates (12.2%, n = 6/49) were identified as GG3, which were cultured from rainbow trout (n = 3) and steelhead trout (n = 3). Two isolates were identified as GG2 (4.1%, n = 2/49) and were from ornamental fish. No GG4 isolates were cultured in this study. The biological significance of this genetic variability remains unclear, but this variation could have significant implications for fish health management. The results from this study provide baseline data for future work developing strategies to ameliorate columnaris-related losses in the US Pacific Northwest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Sebastião
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bruce TJ, Ma J, Jones EM, Vuglar BM, Oliver LP, Knupp C, Loch TP, Cain KD. Assessment of Flavobacterium psychrophilum-associated mortality in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). J Fish Dis 2021; 44:645-653. [PMID: 33565105 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Salmonid diseases caused by infections of Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease, remain difficult to manage as novel, pathogenic strains continue to emerge in aquaculture settings globally. To date, much of the research regarding treatment options and vaccine development has focused on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), but other inland-reared salmonids are also impacted by this Gram-negative bacterium. As such, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were injection-challenged with a variety of previously reported F. psychrophilum strains isolated from disease diagnostic cases in salmonids, as well as a standard and well-studied F. psychrophilum strain (CSF 259-93) known to be virulent in rainbow trout. In three separate virulence assessments (Trials A, B and C), strains US063 (isolated from lake trout; Salvelinus namaycush) and US149 (isolated from Atlantic salmon) caused a significantly higher cumulative per cent mortality (CPM) relative to other strains in Atlantic salmon (p <.001 for all trials), with US149 causing significantly greater mortality than US063 in Trials A (CPM 97% vs. 65%, p =.008) and B (CPM 96% ± 2.3% vs. 81.33% ± 4.8%, p =.014). Trial C used a lower dose (1.86 × 108 CFU/mL) for US149, resulting in a lower mortality (78.67% ± 9.33%) relative to Trials A and B. CSF259-93 did not cause significant mortality in any trials. In brook trout, the strain 03-179 (originally isolated from steelhead trout; Oncorhynchus mykiss) was significantly more virulent than any other (CPM 100% ± 0%, p <.001), followed by US063 (73% ± 3.8%) and US149 (40% ± 6.1%,) respectively. Again, CSF259-93 did not cause significant mortality relative to a mock challenge treatment. Results provide information about the applicability of strain selection in F. psychrophilum virulence testing in Atlantic salmon and brook trout, demonstrating the high virulence of US063 and US149 for these salmonid species. This information is applicable for the development of therapeutics and vaccines against F. psychrophilum infections and demonstrates the reproducibility of the experimental challenge model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Bruce
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Evan M Jones
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Brent M Vuglar
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Luke P Oliver
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Christopher Knupp
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Thomas P Loch
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth D Cain
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Knupp C, Kiupel M, Brenden TO, Loch TP. Host-specific preference of some Flavobacterium psychrophilum multilocus sequence typing genotypes determines their ability to cause bacterial coldwater disease in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). J Fish Dis 2021; 44:521-531. [PMID: 33476403 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum causes bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD) in salmonids, resulting in significant losses worldwide. Several serotyping and genetic studies of F. psychrophilum have suggested some geno-/serotypes may be either host-specific or generalistic in nature; however, this association has not been adequately explored in vivo using more natural exposure routes. Herein, F. psychrophilum isolate US19-COS, originally recovered from coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and belonging to multilocus sequence typing clonal complex (CC) CC-ST9, and isolate US53-RBT, recovered from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and belonging to CC-ST10, were serotyped via PCR, evaluated for proteolytic activity and utilized to determine their median lethal dose in immersion-challenged coho salmon fingerlings. US19-COS belonged to serotype 0, hydrolysed casein and gelatin but not elastin, led to fulminant multiorgan infections and elicited severe gross and microscopic pathology. In contrast, US53-RBT, belonging to serotype 2, hydrolysed all three substrates, but did not lead to detectable infections, disease signs or mortality in any exposed coho salmon despite proving virulent to rainbow trout in previous experiments. This study provides in vivo evidence for potential host specificity of some F. psychrophilum genotypes that can also be serologically distinct, a matter of importance towards better understanding F. psychrophilum disease ecology and epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Knupp
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Travis O Brenden
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Quantitative Fisheries Center, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Thomas P Loch
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kitiyodom S, Trullàs C, Rodkhum C, Thompson KD, Katagiri T, Temisak S, Namdee K, Yata T, Pirarat N. Modulation of the mucosal immune response of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) against columnaris disease using a biomimetic-mucoadhesive nanovaccine. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 112:81-91. [PMID: 33675991 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Columnaris, a highly contagious bacterial disease caused by Flavobacterium columnare, is recognized as one of the most important infectious diseases in farmed tilapia, especially during the fry and fingerling stages of production. The disease is associated with characteristic lesions in the mucosa of affected fish, particularly their skin and gills. Vaccines delivered via the mucosa are therefore of great interest to scientists developing vaccines for this disease. In the present study, we characterized field isolates of F. columnare obtained from clinical columnaris outbreaks in red tilapia to select an isolate to use as a candidate for our vaccine study. This included characterizing its colony morphology, genotype and virulence status. The isolate was incorporated into a mucoadhesive polymer chitosan-complexed nanovaccine (CS-NE), the efficacy of which was determined by experimentally infecting red tilapia that had been vaccinated with the nanoparticles by immersion. The experimental infection was performed 30-days post-vaccination (dpv), which resulted in 89% of the unvaccinated control fish dying, while the relative percentage survival (RPS) of the CS-NE vaccinated group was 78%. Histology of the mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) showed a significantly higher presence of leucocytes and a greater antigen uptake by the mucosal epithelium in CS-NE vaccinated fish compared to control fish and whole cell vaccinated fish, respectively, and there was statistically significant up-regulation of IgT, IgM, TNF α, IL1-β and MHC-1 genes in the gill of the CS-NE vaccinated group. Overall, the results of our study confirmed that the CS-NE particles achieved better adsorption onto the mucosal surfaces of the fish, elicited great vaccine efficacy and modulated the MALT immune response better than the conventional whole cell-killed vaccine, demonstrating the feasibility of the mucoadhesive nano-immersion vaccine as an effective delivery system for the induction of a mucosal immune response against columnaris disease in tilapia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirikorn Kitiyodom
- Wildlife Exotic Aquatic Animal Pathology-Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Clara Trullàs
- Wildlife Exotic Aquatic Animal Pathology-Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, UK
| | - Takayuki Katagiri
- Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Course of Aquatic Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sasithon Temisak
- Bio Analysis Group, Chemical Metrology and Biometry Department, National Institute of Metrology (NIMT), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Katawut Namdee
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Yata
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Nopadon Pirarat
- Wildlife Exotic Aquatic Animal Pathology-Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nowlan JP, Lumsden JS, Russell S. Quantitative PCR for Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi and T. finnmarkense. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:655-659. [PMID: 33645841 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous Tenacibaculum species, including T. dicentrarchi, T. maritimum and T. finnmarkense, are associated with tenacibaculosis in finfish; however, quantitative identification techniques are limited. Quantitative PCR assays were developed to detect T. dicentrarchi and T. finnmarkense. TaqMan assays using 16S rDNA demonstrated low detection limits (0.07-269 bacteria), suitable amplification efficiencies (>86%) and moderate specificity. However, the amplification of isolates with 100% sequence similarity to T. finnmarkense AY7486TD using both the T. finnmarkense and T. dicentrarchi assays indicates that other genes should be investigated. Both assays may help describe the pathogenesis of tenacibaculosis and may aid management practices for the aquaculture industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Nowlan
- Center of Innovation for Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
- Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John S Lumsden
- Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Spencer Russell
- Center of Innovation for Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Evenhuis JP, Lipscomb R, Birkett C. Virulence variations of Flavobacterium columnare in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eyed eggs and alevin. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:533-539. [PMID: 33647180 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium columnare (Fc) is the causative agent for columnaris disease (CD) in several fish species and an emerging problem for rainbow trout aquaculture. We characterize the virulence phenotype of two Fc isolates, CSF-298-10 and MS-FC-4, against trout from two sources, NCCCWA and a production stock (PS), at the eyed egg and alevin life stages. Immersion challenges demonstrated that NCCCWA eyed eggs were susceptible to the Fc isolate MS-FC-4 (>97% mortality) but no mortality was observed against PS eyed eggs. The CSF-298-10 had little effect on any eyed eggs tested and was not highly virulent to any alevin till day six post-hatch, up to 38% for NCCCWA and ~80% PS alevin. The MS-FC-4 strain produced ≥80% mortality any day an immersion challenge occurred post-hatch. Significant difference in CFU counts was recorded between the Fc strains on 2 days post-hatch immersion challenges. Counts for the NCCCWA alevin were 4.4 × 103 CFU/ml-1 and 1.8 × 106 CFU/ml-1 for the CSF-298-10 strain and MS-FC-4 strain, respectively, and for the PS alevin CSF-298-10 measured 9.9 × 101 CFU/ml-1 and 3.8 × 105 CFU/ml-1 for MS-FC-4. These two Fc isolates present stark differences in virulence phenotypes to both eyed eggs and alevin and present an interesting model system for virulence kinetics and potentially alternative pathogenic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Evenhuis
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture USDA/ARS, Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - Ryan Lipscomb
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture USDA/ARS, Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - Clayton Birkett
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture USDA/ARS, Kearneysville, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Harikrishnan R, Devi G, Van Doan H, Balasundaram C, Esteban MÁ, Abdel-Tawwab M. Impact of grape pomace flour (GPF) on immunity and immune-antioxidant-anti-inflammatory genes expression in Labeo rohita against Flavobacterium columnaris. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 111:69-82. [PMID: 33508472 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effects of dietary inclusion of grape pomace flour (GPF) on growth, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, innate-adaptive immunity, and immune genes expression in Labeo rohita against Flavobacterium columnaris. In both normal and challenged fish the growth rate, hematology and biochemical parameters significantly increased when fed with 200 and 300 mg GPF enriched diets; similarly the activities of antioxidants and innate-adaptive immune parameters, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), phagocytic (PC), respiratory burst (RB), alternative pathway complement (ACP), lysozyme (Lyz), and total immunoglobulin M (IgM) significantly increased in both groups. Similarly, the immune, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory-related gene mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in head kidney (HK) tissues. The challenged fish fed without GPF always exhibited lower values of all the studied parameters. The results indicate that both normal and challenged fish treated with 200 mg GPF inclusion diet had significantly enhanced growth rate, antioxidant status, and immune defense mechanisms than with 300 mg GPF diet in L. rohita against F. columnaris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College for Men, Kanchipuram, 631 501, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Gunapathy Devi
- Department of Zoology, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, 621 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Keaw Rd., Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chellam Balasundaram
- Department of Herbal and Environmental Science, Tamil University, Thanjavur, 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab
- Department of Fish Biology and Ecology, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, Sharqia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Farmer BD, Fuller SA, Beck BH, Abernathy JW, Lange MD, Webster CD. Differential susceptibility of white bass (Morone chrysops), striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and hybrid striped bass (M. chrysops × M. saxatilis) to Flavobacterium columnare and effects of mucus on bacterial growth and biofilm development. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:161-169. [PMID: 33006773 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Columnaris disease generates substantial losses of many freshwater fish species; one is the hybrid striped bass. The ubiquitous aquatic bacterium Flavobacterium columnare can be highly effective in biofilm formation on fish skin and gills. Previous research showed a difference between columnaris disease susceptibility of hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis × M. chrysops) and white bass (M. chrysops). To understand these differential susceptibilities and possible mucosal relationship, we assessed total bacterial growth and biofilm formation with mucus derived from each moronid parental species: white bass and striped bass (M. saxatilis). Differential susceptibility was confirmed of the other parent species, the striped bass (M. saxatilis). In addition to intraspecies investigations, individual hybrid striped bass mucosal affects were also studied for deferential responses to bacterial growth and biofilm formation. Species- and concentration-dependent differences were detected in the total growth of the bacteria to host mucus. Our data suggest that bass mucus can significantly affect biofilm formation with the F. columnare isolate tested. There appears to be a correlation between the bacteria's response of growth and biofilms and bass species susceptibility. This study provides insight into our understanding of the host-pathogen interaction between F. columnare and moronids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D Farmer
- Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart, AR, USA
| | - Sidney Adam Fuller
- Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart, AR, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jason W Abernathy
- Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart, AR, USA
| | - Miles D Lange
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Carl D Webster
- Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart, AR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Irgang R, Avendaño-Herrera R. Experimental tenacibaculosis infection in adult conger eel (Genypterus chilensis, Guichenot 1948) by immersion challenge with Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:211-216. [PMID: 33064874 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Valparaíso, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liang ZG, Li L, Chen SN, Mao MG, Nie P. Expression and antibacterial analysis of galectin-8 and -9 genes in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 107:463-468. [PMID: 33152404 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-8 and galectin-9 belong to tandem repeat-type galectins, and in the present study, these two genes were cloned in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi. The open reading frame (ORF) of the mandarin fish galectin-8 and galectin-9 contains 942, and 1008 bp, encoding 313 and 335 amino acids, respectively. As a conserved feature, an N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), and a C-terminal CRD were observed in each of the two galectins in mandarin fish. In healthy fish, galectin-8 and -9 were constitutively expressed in all organs/tissues examined, and their expression can be induced following the stimulation of LPS and poly(I:C). It is obvious that galectin-8 had a higher increase at mRNA level following the stimulation of poly(I:C). It is further demonstrated that mandarin fish galectin-8 inhibited the growth of Flavobacterium columnare and Streptococcus agalactiae, and in addition to the two species of bacteria, galectin-9 inhibited also the growth of Edwardsiella piscicida, which provides the basis for further understanding their antibacterial role in immune response of mandarin fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Gang Liang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116023, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Ming Guang Mao
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116023, China.
| | - P Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266237, China; School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zheng X, Feng L, Jiang WD, Wu P, Liu Y, Kuang SY, Tang L, Zhou XQ. The regulatory effects of pyridoxine deficiency on the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) gill barriers immunity, apoptosis, antioxidant, and tight junction challenged with Flavobacterium columnar. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 105:209-223. [PMID: 32707298 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of dietary pyridoxine (PN) on the gill immunity, apoptosis, antioxidant and tight junction of grass cap (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were investigated in this study. Fish were fed semi-purified diets containing graded levels of PN for 10 weeks, and then challenged with Flavobacterium columnare by bath immersion exposure for 3 days. The results indicated that compared with the optimal PN level, PN deficiency resulted in a decline in the antimicrobial compound production of gill. In addition, PN deficiency up-regulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines and down-regulated the anti-inflammatory cytokines gene expression, which might be associated with the enhanced nuclear factor κB p65 and the inhibited target of rapamycin signalling pathways, respectively, suggesting that PN deficiency could impair gill immune barrier function. Furthermore, PN deficiency (1) induced cell apoptosis, which may be partly associated with the (apoptotic protease activating factor-1, Bcl-2 associated X protein)/caspase-9 and c-Rel/tumor necrosis factor α (rather than FasL)/caspase-8 mediated apoptosis pathway. (2) Inhibited Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1a/NF-E2-related factor 2 mRNA expression, decreased the mRNA expression and activities of antioxidant enzymes, increased the levels of reactive oxygen species, protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde. (3) Increased the mRNA expression level of myosin light chain kinase, which may be result in the down-regulation of tight junction complexes such as zonula occludens 1, occludin and claudins (expect claudin-12 and claudin-15). These results suggest that PN deficiency could impair gill physical barrier function. In summary, dietary PN deficiency could cause the impairment of gill barrier function associated with immunity, apoptosis, antioxidant and tight junction, which may result in the increased the susceptibility of fish to pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, based on the gill rot morbidity, LZ activity and MDA content, the dietary PN requirements for grass cap were estimated to be 4.85, 4.78 and 4.77 mg kg-1 diet, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Einarsdottir T, Guttormsdottir G, Connaghan D, Hjartardottir S. Longitudinal survey of Flavobacterium species in Icelandic salmonid fish farms. Dis Aquat Organ 2020; 141:15-24. [PMID: 32940247 DOI: 10.3354/dao03508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium species cause significant disease in salmonid farming worldwide, typically seen as mortality in sac fry and later as necrosis and ulceration in fingerlings and fry. In this study, we sampled Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus from 5 Icelandic fish farms in 2014 and 2017, where flavobacteria were suspected to cause disease. The objective of the study was to identify and characterise the bacteria by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene and multilocus sequence type housekeeping genes. We found 5 distinct groups of flavobacteria: 3 that were homogeneous and appeared to persist in the fish farms between 2014 and 2017 and 2 that were heterogeneous and transient. Flavobacterium psychrophilum could be isolated from diseased Arctic char from all 5 fish farms in both 2014 and 2017. However, while the other 4 Flavobacterium sp. groups were isolated from Atlantic salmon, water and roe, F. psychrophilum could not be isolated from these samples. This indicates that flavobacteria other than F. psychrophilum may be the primary cause of fin and tail rot in Icelandic Atlantic salmon fry.
Collapse
|
45
|
Avendaño-Herrera R, Collarte C, Saldarriaga-Córdoba M, Irgang R. New salmonid hosts for Tenacibaculum species: Expansion of tenacibaculosis in Chilean aquaculture. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:1077-1085. [PMID: 32662133 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The success and sustainability of Chilean aquaculture largely depends on the control of endemic and emerging pathogens, including several species of the genus Tenacibaculum. Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi and "Tenacibaculum finnmarkense" have been detected and confirmed in Chilean Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). However, no outbreaks of tenacibaculosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) or coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) have been reported, either in Chile or globally. The aims of this study were to determine whether the mortalities recorded for rainbow trout and coho salmon from five marine fish farms located in the Los Lagos, Aysén, and Magallanes Regions could be caused by Tenacibaculum spp. The diseased fish exhibited cutaneous haemorrhages, tail and peduncle rots, and damage on the mouth and tongue. Microbiological analysis of infected external tissues yielded 13 bacterial isolates. The isolates were identified as members of the genus Tenacibaculum through biochemical analysis (e.g. Gram-stain negative, straight rods, filamentous cells and motile by gliding), but differences existed in biochemical results, making species-level identification through biomolecular tools essential. The 16S rRNA analysis found that the majority of isolates were more closely related to "T. finnmarkense" than T. dicentrarchi, while the phylogenetic trees resulting from multilocus sequence data recovered the four main clades (clades I to IV) identified by Olsen et al. (2017, Veterinary Microbiology, 205, 39). This is the first documented occurrence of clinical tenacibaculosis in farmed rainbow trout and coho salmon globally, and it extends the known host distribution of this pathogen in Chile. Moreover, we confirm the presence of Tenacibaculum species in the Chilean Patagonia. These findings highlight the importance of establishing preventative measures to minimize the spread of this disease within the Chilean marine aquaculture industry, as well as the need for monitoring initiatives worldwide in these farmed fish species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Constanza Collarte
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Mónica Saldarriaga-Córdoba
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Escribano MP, Ramos-Pinto L, Fernández-Boo S, Afonso A, Costas B, Guardiola FA. Mucosal immune responses in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles after Tenacibaculum maritimum challenge: A comparative study between ocular and blind sides. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 104:92-100. [PMID: 32492465 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most pathogens start the process of infection at the mucosal surfaces and therefore the mucosal immune response plays an essential role in the course of the infection. Due to the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup) condition of flatfish, the present comparative study aimed to analyse several immune-related enzymes as well as the bactericidal activity in the skin mucus from ocular and blind sides. For this purpose, Senegalese sole juveniles were bath challenged with a sub-lethal dose of Tenacibaculum maritimum for 24 h and sampled at 1, 2 and 3 weeks. The haematological profile and immune-related parameters were also measured in plasma in order to evaluate the systemic immune response after T. maritimum challenge. Results from this study showed that most parameters tested increased in skin mucus of bath challenged fish compared to unchallenged ones. In contrast, the sub-lethal dose tested did not influence the haematological profile including peripheral numbers the different leucocyte types. No variations were observed in plasma lysozyme, peroxidase, protease and haemolytic complement activities between unchallenged and bath challenged fish. This study suggests that the studied innate immune-related molecules are constitutively present in both skin mucus sides but at different levels. Interestingly, the levels of most parameters measured were higher on the ocular side than on the blind side, possibly due to the higher exposure to invasion by waterborne microorganisms on this side. Therefore, the present study brings some insights regarding local immune responses after bacterial challenge in skin mucus from the ocular and blind sides in one of the most valuable flatfish species in southern Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Escribano
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Ramos-Pinto
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Fernández-Boo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Afonso
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - B Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - F A Guardiola
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal; Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Avendaño-Herrera R, Tapia-Cammas D, Duchaud E, Irgang R. Serological diversity in Flavobacterium psychrophilum: A critical update using isolates retrieved from Chilean salmon farms. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:877-888. [PMID: 32567047 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chile is currently the second largest producer of farmed salmon worldwide, but Flavobacterium psychrophilum, as one of the most detrimental pathogens, is responsible for major losses during the freshwater culturing step in salmonid fish farms. An antigenic study conducted 10 years ago reported four serological groups using 20 F. psychrophilum Chilean strains. To reduce disease outbreaks and to develop vaccine candidates, antigenic knowledge needs to be regularly updated using a significant number of additional recent F. psychrophilum isolates. The present study aimed at investigating the serological diversity of 118 F. psychrophilum isolates collected between 2006 and 2018 from farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). The current study supports an expansion of the known antigenic groups in Chile from 4 to 14. However, the use of the slide-agglutination technique for serotyping is costly, is labour-intensive and requires significant technical expertise. Addressing these points, the mPCR-based procedure was a very useful tool for serotyping the collected Chilean F. psychrophilum isolates. This technique revealed the presence of diverse mPCR serotypes (i.e. types 0, 1, 2 and 4). Therefore, mPCR should be employed to select the bacterial strain(s) for vaccine development and to conduct follow-up, selective breeding or epidemiological surveillance in Chilean fish farms. Given the presented findings, changes to Chilean fish-farming practices are vital for ensuring the continued productivity and well-being of farmed salmonids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticosy Biotecnología Acuícolas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Diana Tapia-Cammas
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Eric Duchaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Rute Irgang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bruce TJ, Ma J, Oliver LP, Jones EM, LaFrentz BR, Cain KD. Isolation and experimental challenge of cultured burbot (Lota lota maculosa) with Flavobacterium columnare and Aeromonas sp. isolates. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:839-851. [PMID: 32618015 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Burbot (Lota lota maculosa) are a potential new species for commercial aquaculture. As burbot culture expands, there is a need to further define pathogen susceptibility and characterize aspects of the burbot immune response in an effort to assess fish health. A recent clinical diagnostic case from juvenile burbot reared at a commercial production facility resulted in the isolation and identification of Flavobacterium columnare along with several Aeromonas spp. The F. columnare isolate was assigned to genetic group 1 via multiplex PCR, a genetic group commonly associated with columnaris disease cases in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Virulence of the F. columnare isolate was assessed in vivo in both juvenile burbot and rainbow trout. Additionally, several of the Aeromonas sp. case isolates were identified via sequencing (16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoD) and a putative A. sobria isolate (BI-3) was used to challenge burbot, along with a known virulent Aeromonas sp. (A141), but BI-3 was not found to be virulent. Burbot were refractory to F. columnare when challenged by immersion, and it is likely that this is a secondary pathogen for burbot. Although refractory in burbot, the identified F. columnare isolate (BI-1) was found to be virulent in rainbow trout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Bruce
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Luke P Oliver
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Evan M Jones
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | | | - Kenneth D Cain
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bruce TJ, Ma J, Knupp C, Loch TP, Faisal M, Cain KD. Cross-protection of a live-attenuated Flavobacterium psychrophilum immersion vaccine against novel Flavobacterium spp. and Chryseobacterium spp. strains. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:915-928. [PMID: 32557714 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For salmonid producers, a common threat is Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Recent advancements in bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD) management include the development of a live-attenuated immersion vaccine that cross-protects against an array of F. psychrophilum strains. Emerging family Flavobacteriaceae cases associated with clinical disease have been increasing, including pathogenic isolates of Flavobacterium spp. and Chryseobacterium spp. The cross-protective ability of a live-attenuated F. psychrophilum vaccine was determined against three virulent Flavobacteriaceae isolates. Juvenile rainbow trout were vaccinated, developed high F. psychrophilum-specific antibody titres and were challenged with Chryseobacterium spp. isolates (S25 and T28), a Flavobacterium sp. (S21) isolate, a mixed combination of S21:S25:T28, and a standard virulent F. psychrophilum CSF259-93 strain. Results demonstrated strong protection in the CSF259-93 vaccinated group (relative per cent survival (RPS)=94.44%) when compared to the relevant CSF259-93 controls (p < .001). Protection was also observed for vaccinated fish challenged with the S21:S25:T28 mix (RPS = 85.18%; p < .001). However, protection was not observed with the S21, S25 or T28 isolates alone. Analysis of whole-cell lysates revealed differences in protein banding by SDS-PAGE, but conserved antigenic regions by Western blot in S25 and T28. Results demonstrate that this live-attenuated vaccine provided protection against mixed flavobacterial infection and suggest further benefits against flavobacteriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Bruce
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Christopher Knupp
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Thomas P Loch
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth D Cain
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ma TY, Chiu HM, Wang HC, Chen KS. What Is Your Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:1271-1273. [PMID: 31067174 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.11.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|