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Luu H, Ris Lambers JH, Lutz JA, Metz M, Snell RS. The importance of regeneration processes on forest biodiversity in old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230016. [PMID: 38583471 PMCID: PMC10999264 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Forest diversity is the outcome of multiple species-specific processes and tolerances, from regeneration, growth, competition and mortality of trees. Predicting diversity thus requires a comprehensive understanding of those processes. Regeneration processes have traditionally been overlooked, due to high stochasticity and assumptions that recruitment is not limiting for forests. Thus, we investigated the importance of seed production and seedling survival on forest diversity in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) using a forest gap model (ForClim). Equations for regeneration processes were fit to empirical data and added into the model, followed by simulations where regeneration processes and parameter values varied. Adding regeneration processes into ForClim improved the simulation of species composition, compared to Forest Inventory Analysis data. We also found that seed production was not as important as seedling survival, and the time it took for seedlings to grow into saplings was a critical recruitment parameter for accurately capturing tree species diversity in PNW forest stands. However, our simulations considered historical climate only. Due to the sensitivity of seed production and seedling survival to weather, future climate change may alter seed production or seedling survival and future climate change simulations should include these regeneration processes to predict future forest dynamics in the PNW. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ecological novelty and planetary stewardship: biodiversity dynamics in a transforming biosphere'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Luu
- Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2978, USA
| | | | - James A. Lutz
- Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | | | - Rebecca S. Snell
- Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2978, USA
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2
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Rajagopalan K, DeGrandi-Hoffman G, Pruett M, Jones VP, Corby-Harris V, Pireaud J, Curry R, Hopkins B, Northfield TD. Warmer autumns and winters could reduce honey bee overwintering survival with potential risks for pollination services. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5410. [PMID: 38528007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Honey bees and other pollinators are critical for food production and nutritional security but face multiple survival challenges. The effect of climate change on honey bee colony losses is only recently being explored. While correlations between higher winter temperatures and greater colony losses have been noted, the impacts of warmer autumn and winter temperatures on colony population dynamics and age structure as an underlying cause of reduced colony survival have not been examined. Focusing on the Pacific Northwest US, our objectives were to (a) quantify the effect of warmer autumns and winters on honey bee foraging activity, the age structure of the overwintering cluster, and spring colony losses, and (b) evaluate indoor cold storage as a management strategy to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change. We perform simulations using the VARROAPOP population dynamics model driven by future climate projections to address these objectives. Results indicate that expanding geographic areas will have warmer autumns and winters extending honey bee flight times. Our simulations support the hypothesis that late-season flight alters the overwintering colony age structure, skews the population towards older bees, and leads to greater risks of colony failure in the spring. Management intervention by moving colonies to cold storage facilities for overwintering has the potential to reduce honey bee colony losses. However, critical gaps remain in how to optimize winter management strategies to improve the survival of overwintering colonies in different locations and conditions. It is imperative that we bridge the gaps to sustain honey bees and the beekeeping industry and ensure food and nutritional security.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman
- United States Department of Agriculture ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | | | - Vincent P Jones
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | - Vanessa Corby-Harris
- United States Department of Agriculture ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tobin D Northfield
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA, USA
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3
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Denver D, Howe DK, Colton AJ, Richart CH, Mc Donnell RJ. The biocontrol nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita infects and increases mortality of Monadenia fidelis, a non-target terrestrial gastropod species endemic to the Pacific Northwest of North America, in laboratory conditions. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298165. [PMID: 38512937 PMCID: PMC10956865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Inundative biological control (biocontrol) efforts in pest management lead to the mass distribution of commercialized biocontrol agents. Many 'biocontrol gone awry' incidents have resulted in disastrous biodiversity impacts, leading to increased scrutiny of biocontrol efforts. The nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita is sold as a biocontrol agent on three continents and targets pest gastropods such as Deroceras reticulatum, the Grey Field Slug; P. hermaphrodita is not presently approved for use in the United States. Investigations into the potential for P. hermaphrodita to infect non-target gastropod species of conservation relevance, however, are limited. We examined the effects of three strains of P. hermaphrodita on mortality in Monadenia fidelis, the Pacific Sideband, a snail species endemic to the Pacific Northwest of North America, in laboratory conditions. Across a 71-day laboratory infectivity assay, snails exposed to each of the three nematode strains, each analyzed at two doses, experienced a mean 50% mortality by days 20-42. All nematode-treated snails were dead by the end of the study. By contrast, 30/30 water-control snails experienced no mortality. Nematodes killed smaller, juvenile-stage snails significantly faster than those in larger and more developmentally advanced hosts. Our results provide direct evidence that the biocontrol nematode P. hermaphrodita infects and kills M. fidelis, a non-target gastropod species endemic to the Pacific Northwest, in laboratory conditions. This study suggests that introduction of P. hermaphrodita to new ecosystems might negatively impact endemic gastropod biodiversity and advocates for further investigation of non-target effects, including in conditions closer to the natural environments of non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dee Denver
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Dana K. Howe
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Colton
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Casey H. Richart
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Rory J. Mc Donnell
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
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4
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Waters SM, Mitchell RM, Brown ER, Taber EM. Prescribed fire increases plant-pollinator network robustness to losses of rare native forbs. Ecol Appl 2024; 34:e2928. [PMID: 37876286 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Restoration efforts often focus on changing the composition and structure of invaded plant communities, with two implicit assumptions: (1) functional interactions with species of other trophic levels, such as pollinators, will reassemble automatically when native plant diversity is restored and (2) restored communities will be more resilient to future stressors. However, the impact of restoration activities on pollinator richness, plant-pollinator interaction network structure, and network robustness is incompletely understood. Leveraging a restoration chronosequence in Pacific Northwest prairies, we examined the effects of restoration-focused prescribed fire and native forb replanting on floral resources, pollinator visitation, and plant-pollinator network structure. We then simulated the effects of plant species loss/removal scenarios on secondary extinction cascades in the networks. Specifically, we explored three management-relevant plant loss scenarios (removal of an abundant exotic forb, removal of an abundant forb designated a noxious weed, and loss of the rarest native forb) and compared them to control scenarios. Pyrodiversity and proportion of area recently burned increased the abundance and diversity of floral resources, with concomitant increases in pollinator visitation and diversity. Pyrodiversity also decreased network connectance and nestedness, increased modularity, and buffered networks against secondary extinction cascades. Rare forbs contributed disproportionately to network robustness in less restored prairies, while removal of typical "problem" plants like exotic and noxious species had relatively small impacts on network robustness, particularly in prairies with a long history of restoration activities. Restoration actions aimed mainly at improving the diversity and abundance of pollinator-provisioning plants may also produce plant-pollinator networks with increased resilience to plant species losses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel M Mitchell
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Ethan M Taber
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Montero ML, Colonna AE, Gallardo RK, Ross CF. Sensory profiling of pears from the Pacific Northwest: Consumers' perspective and descriptive analysis. J Food Sci 2024; 89:1225-1242. [PMID: 38204401 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This study used data from consumer testing, descriptive analysis (DA), and preference mapping to determine the sensory characteristics of pear cultivars from two harvest seasons in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). A trained sensory panel (n = 10) used generic DA to evaluate multiple sensory modalities of 22 pear cultivars. Six pears from summer and six from winter season were evaluated by consumers (n = 219) to assess their liking of different attributes. Results of the DA showed the trained panel significantly discriminated the summer and winter pears on most of the sensory modalities. To identify the attributes driving consumer acceptability, external preference mapping was applied. Attributes such as pear aroma, pear flavor, sweet, sour, and juicy were the most contributory attributes to the liking of the summer pears. Conversely, fermented aroma, stemmy-woody aroma, fermented flavor, stemmy-woody flavor, and grainy-gritty attributes were associated with a reduction in consumer liking. Summer cultivars, "Bartlett," coded pear 573, and "Seckel" had the broadest preference, satisfying 60% to 80% of the consumers. Seventy-five percent of the consumers identified winter cultivars "Comice" and "Paragon" as the most appealing. Overall, cluster analysis showed that different pears appeal to different types of consumers; however, summer cultivars like "Bartlett" and "Seckel" and winter cultivars like "Comice" and "Paragon" would appeal to the greatest number of consumers in the PNW market. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Sensory attributes like pear flavor, sweet, and juicy, were important drivers of liking for pear consumers in the Pacific Northwest. These results should prove useful to pear growers and marketers to increase pear consumption in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Montero
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- National Center for Food Science and Technology (CITA), University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Ann E Colonna
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - R Karina Gallardo
- School of Economic Sciences, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, Washington, USA
| | - Carolyn F Ross
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Li R, Jobson BT, Wen M, Li AL, Huangfu Y, Zhang W, Hardy R, O'Keeffe P, Simpson J, Fauci M, Paden N. Anthropogenic, biogenic, and photochemical influences on surface formaldehyde and its significant decadal (2006-2017) decrease in the Lewiston-Clarkston valley of the northwestern United States. Chemosphere 2024; 349:140962. [PMID: 38104739 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a key carcinogen and plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry. Both field measurements and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modeling have been employed to investigate the concentrations and sources of HCHO in the Lewiston-Clarkston (LC) valley of the mountainous northwestern U.S. Different instruments were deployed to measure surface formaldehyde and other related compounds in July of 2016 and 2017. The measurements reveal that the average HCHO concentrations have significantly decreased to 2-5 ppb in the LC valley in comparison to its levels (10-20 ppb) observed in July 2006. This discovery with surface measurements deserves attention given that satellite retrievals showed an increasing long-term trend from 2005 to 2014 in total vertical column density of HCHO in the region, suggesting that satellite instruments may not adequately resolve small valleys in the mountainous region. Our PMF modeling identified four major sources of HCHO in the valley: (1) emissions from a local paper mill, (2) secondary formation and background, (3) biogenic sources, and (4) traffic. This study reveals that the emissions from the paper mill cause high HCHO spikes (6-19 ppb) in the early morning. It is found that biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the area are influenced by national forests surrounding the region (e.g., Nez Perce-Clearwater, Umatilla, Wallowa-Whitman, and Idaho Panhandle National Forests). The results provide useful information for developing strategies to control HCHO levels and have implications for future HCHO studies in atmospheric chemistry, which affects secondary aerosols and ozone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Li
- Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, Boise, ID, USA.
| | - B T Jobson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - M Wen
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - A L Li
- Boise High School, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Y Huangfu
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - W Zhang
- Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, Boise, ID, USA
| | - R Hardy
- Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, Boise, ID, USA
| | - P O'Keeffe
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - J Simpson
- Air Quality Program, Nez Perce Tribe, Lapwai, ID, USA
| | - M Fauci
- Air Quality Program, Nez Perce Tribe, Lapwai, ID, USA
| | - N Paden
- Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, Boise, ID, USA
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Martin K, Srikanth P, Kanwar A, Falardeau J, Pettersson D, Yadav V. Clinical and radiographic features of a cohort of adult and pediatric subjects in the Pacific Northwest with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 81:105130. [PMID: 37979410 PMCID: PMC10842716 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.105130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a newly described clinical entity comprised of isolated or recurrent attacks of optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), encephalitis, or seronegative NMOSD. Prior studies report that 30-80 % of children and adults with MOGAD go on to have relapses though there are no reliable predictors. The objectives of this study were to (1) describe the demographic, clinical, and radiographic patterns of MOGAD at our center and (2) identify possible predictors of relapsing disease. METHODS Single-center retrospective cohort study of pediatric and adult subjects with MOGAD evaluated at least once at our center between January 1, 2017 and September 30, 2022. Eligible subjects had a history of positive MOG-IgG and consistent clinical syndrome comprised of an initial attack of optic neuritis (ON), transverse myelitis (TM), ADEM, cerebral cortical encephalitis, seronegative neuromyelitis optica (simultaneous ON and TM), isolated brainstem or cerebellar syndrome, or other (not fitting into another group). Relapsing subjects or those remaining monophasic at 12 months were included in the analyses of predictors of relapsing disease. Covariates included age, sex, race/ethnicity, and index event phenotype. Unadjusted and adjusted risk ratios were calculated for pediatric and adult subjects. RESULTS We describe the demographic, clinical, and radiographic characteristics of 58 subjects with MOGAD. Covariates from 48 subjects were analyzed for predictors of relapsing disease. In adults, Hispanics and non-White non-Hispanics were at increased risk of relapsing disease compared to non-Hispanic Whites [Adjusted RR 1.52 (95 % CI: 1.01, 2.30)]. There were no significant associations in the pediatric group. CONCLUSION This study is the first to describe a cohort of MOGAD in the Pacific Northwest. Our findings highlight racial and ethnic differences in risk of relapsing MOGAD in adults. Further studies on racial and ethnic differences in MOGAD are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Martin
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs MS Center of Excellence-West, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Priya Srikanth
- Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Anand Kanwar
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Julie Falardeau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David Pettersson
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Vijayshree Yadav
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs MS Center of Excellence-West, Portland, OR, USA.
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Preston CE, Dietschler NJ, Whitmore MC, Salom SM. Phenology of Leucotaraxis argenticollis, a specialist predator of the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid, in the eastern United States. Environ Entomol 2023; 52:1008-1019. [PMID: 37756492 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In hemlock stands within eastern US forests, classical biological control has been one of the main strategies used to manage the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand. Specialist predator species may offer a management solution to help regulate A. tsugae populations. In the Pacific Northwest, a suite of specialist predators has been a focus of research and includes 2 species of silver fly, Leucotaraxis argenticollis (Zetterstedt) and Leucotaraxis piniperda (Malloch) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). Leucotaraxis spp. phenology has been documented in the Pacific Northwest, but the phenology of either western Leucotaraxis species is unknown in the eastern United States. This study sought to document the phenology of Le. argenticollis in NY in 2021 and in VA in 2021 and 2022. Nylon mesh cages were applied over eastern hemlock branches infested with A. tsugae to contain Le. argenticollis adults. Biweekly and monthly branch samples were taken in 2021 and 2022, documenting all life stages of A. tsugae and of Le. argenticollis that were observed. In 2021 and 2022, Le. argenticollis adults and eggs were present during the oviposition stage of the 2 generations of A. tsugae. In addition, Le. argenticollis larvae were present when A. tsugae ovisacs had eggs and while A. tsugae nymphs of both generations were present. These observations indicate that Le. argenticollis phenology is well synchronized with A. tsugae in the eastern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Preston
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Nicholas J Dietschler
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, 106 Fernow Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, E145 Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mark C Whitmore
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, 106 Fernow Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Scott M Salom
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Lin AT, Hammond-Kaarremaa L, Liu HL, Stantis C, McKechnie I, Pavel M, Pavel SSM, Wyss SSÁ, Sparrow DQ, Carr K, Aninta SG, Perri A, Hartt J, Bergström A, Carmagnini A, Charlton S, Dalén L, Feuerborn TR, France CAM, Gopalakrishnan S, Grimes V, Harris A, Kavich G, Sacks BN, Sinding MHS, Skoglund P, Stanton DWG, Ostrander EA, Larson G, Armstrong CG, Frantz LAF, Hawkins MTR, Kistler L. The history of Coast Salish "woolly dogs" revealed by ancient genomics and Indigenous Knowledge. Science 2023; 382:1303-1308. [PMID: 38096292 PMCID: PMC7615573 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi6549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Ancestral Coast Salish societies in the Pacific Northwest kept long-haired "woolly dogs" that were bred and cared for over millennia. However, the dog wool-weaving tradition declined during the 19th century, and the population was lost. In this study, we analyzed genomic and isotopic data from a preserved woolly dog pelt from "Mutton," collected in 1859. Mutton is the only known example of an Indigenous North American dog with dominant precolonial ancestry postdating the onset of settler colonialism. We identified candidate genetic variants potentially linked with their distinct woolly phenotype. We integrated these data with interviews from Coast Salish Elders, Knowledge Keepers, and weavers about shared traditional knowledge and memories surrounding woolly dogs, their importance within Coast Salish societies, and how colonial policies led directly to their disappearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey T Lin
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liz Hammond-Kaarremaa
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Hsiao-Lei Liu
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chris Stantis
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Iain McKechnie
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Pavel
- Twana/Skokomish Indian Tribe, Skokomish Nation, WA, USA
| | - Susan sa'hLa mitSa Pavel
- Twana/Skokomish Indian Tribe, Skokomish Nation, WA, USA
- Coast Salish Wool Weaving Center, Skokomish Nation, WA, USA
- The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sabhrina Gita Aninta
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Angela Perri
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Chronicle Heritage, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan Hartt
- Department of Indigenous Studies, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Anders Bergström
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Alberto Carmagnini
- Palaeogenomics Group, Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication Research and the History of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophy Charlton
- PalaeoBARN, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Love Dalén
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatiana R Feuerborn
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Shyam Gopalakrishnan
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vaughan Grimes
- Department of Archaeology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
| | - Alex Harris
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gwénaëlle Kavich
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin N Sacks
- Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Pontus Skoglund
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - David W G Stanton
- Palaeogenomics Group, Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication Research and the History of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Greger Larson
- PalaeoBARN, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chelsey G Armstrong
- Department of Indigenous Studies, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Laurent A F Frantz
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Palaeogenomics Group, Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication Research and the History of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Melissa T R Hawkins
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Logan Kistler
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
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Schreder E, Zheng G, Sathyanarayana S, Gunaje N, Hu M, Salamova A. Brominated flame retardants in breast milk from the United States: First detection of bromophenols in U.S. breast milk. Environ Pollut 2023; 334:122028. [PMID: 37315884 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a class of compounds with many persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulative members. BFRs have been widely detected in breast milk, posing health risks for breastfeeding infants. Ten years after the phaseout of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the United States, we analyzed breast milk from 50 U.S. mothers for a suite of BFRs to assess current exposures to BFRs and the impact of changing use patterns on levels of PBDEs and current-use compounds in breast milk. Compounds analyzed included 37 PBDEs, 18 bromophenols, and 11 other BFRs. A total of 25 BFRs were detected, including 9 PBDEs, 8 bromophenols, and 8 other BFRs. PBDEs were found in every sample but at concentrations considerably lower than in previous North American samples, with a median ∑PBDE concentration (sum of 9 detected PBDEs) of 15.0 ng/g lipid (range 1.46-1170 ng/g lipid). Analysis of time trends in PBDE concentrations in North American breast milk indicated a significant decline since 2002, with a halving time for ∑PBDE concentrations of 12.2 years; comparison with previous samples from the northwest U.S region showed a 70% decline in median levels. Bromophenols were detected in 88% of samples with a median ∑12bromophenol concentration (sum of 12 detected bromophenols) of 0.996 ng/g lipid and reaching up to 71.1 ng/g lipid. Other BFRs were infrequently detected but concentrations reached up to 278 ng/g lipid. These results represent the first measurement of bromophenols and other replacement flame retardants in breast milk from U.S. mothers. In addition, these results provide data on current PBDE contamination in human milk, as PBDEs were last measured in U.S. breast milk ten years ago. The presence of phased-out PBDEs, bromophenols, and other current-use flame retardants in breast milk reflects ongoing prenatal exposure and increased risk for adverse impacts on infant development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guomao Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Navya Gunaje
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Min Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Amina Salamova
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, GA, USA
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11
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Roni P, Steele J, Morinaga K, Towne A, Wilson I, Camp MJ. The Grande Ronde Model Watershed: Integrating Science into Restoration Implementation and Adaptive Management. Environ Manage 2023; 72:221-245. [PMID: 37243740 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-023-01832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Watershed conservation groups throughout the Pacific Northwest coordinate and implement watershed and habitat restoration to recover Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. Many watershed organizations struggle with implementing an adaptive management process that integrates monitoring data and the latest science into their restoration programs. We describe the evolution and lessons learned from the Grande Ronde Model Watershed (GRMW), one of the longest running watershed organizations coordinating fish habitat restoration projects. Since 1992, the GRMW has initiated nearly 300 habitat restoration projects and their partners more than 600 projects. These projects have evolved from an opportunistic approach, focusing on small-scale riparian fencing and instream structures to a data driven, collaborative processes for identifying, ranking, and implementing large process-based floodplain projects using the latest science. The GRMW recently developed an adaptive management process to assess restoration goals and priorities, and a multi-scale monitoring program that leverages the extensive data collected by partners, and periodic collection of LiDAR to evaluate past, current, and future restoration projects. These recently developed components, which are based on the collective history of the GRMW, provide important lessons for other watershed restoration organizations. These include partnering with local organizations to collect monitoring data; use of a transparent multi-scale process for prioritizing restoration; development of a stepwise process for design and implementation of priority projects; a formal adaptive management process with a designated lead to use the latest science to modify goals, priorities, project selection, and design; and use of remotely sensed data to assist with multi-scale monitoring of project success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Roni
- Watershed Science Lab, Cramer Fish Sciences, 1125 12th Avenue NW, Issaquah, WA, 98027, USA.
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Jesse Steele
- Grande Ronde Model Watershed, 1114 J Ave, La Grande, OR, 97850, USA.
| | - Kayla Morinaga
- Grande Ronde Model Watershed, 1114 J Ave, La Grande, OR, 97850, USA
| | - Alexandra Towne
- Grande Ronde Model Watershed, 1114 J Ave, La Grande, OR, 97850, USA
| | - Ian Wilson
- Grande Ronde Model Watershed, 1114 J Ave, La Grande, OR, 97850, USA
| | - Meghan J Camp
- Watershed Science Lab, Cramer Fish Sciences, 1125 12th Avenue NW, Issaquah, WA, 98027, USA
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12
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Still CJ, Sibley A, DePinte D, Busby PE, Harrington CA, Schulze M, Shaw DR, Woodruff D, Rupp DE, Daly C, Hammond WM, Page GFM. Causes of widespread foliar damage from the June 2021 Pacific Northwest Heat Dome: more heat than drought. Tree Physiol 2023; 43:203-209. [PMID: 36611006 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C J Still
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - A Sibley
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - D DePinte
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, State & Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection, Redmond, OR 97756, USA
| | - P E Busby
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - C A Harrington
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia, WA 98512, USA
| | - M Schulze
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - D R Shaw
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - D Woodruff
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - D E Rupp
- Oregon Climate Change Research Institute, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - C Daly
- PRISM Climate Group, Northwest Alliance for Computational Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - W M Hammond
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - G F M Page
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Bentley, Western Australia 6983, Australia
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley, Western Australia 6913, Australia
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13
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Spring JF, Revolinski SR, Young FL, Lyon DJ, Burke IC. Weak population differentiation and high diversity in Salsola tragus in the inland Pacific Northwest, USA. Pest Manag Sci 2022; 78:4728-4740. [PMID: 35872633 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salsola tragus is a widespread and problematic weed of semi-arid wheat production globally, and in the inland Pacific Northwest region of the USA. The species exhibits high levels of phenotypic diversity across its range and, at least in California USA, previous work has described cryptic diversity comprising a multi-species complex. Such cryptic diversity could suggest the potential for a differential response to management inputs between groups, and have important implications for the spread of herbicide resistance or other adaptive traits within populations. We used a genotyping-by-sequencing approach to characterize the population structure of S. tragus in the inland Pacific Northwest. RESULTS Our results indicated that the population in this region is comprised of a single, tetraploid species (S. tragus sensu latu) with weak population structure on a regional scale. Isolation-by-distance appears to be the primary pattern of structure, but an independent set of weakly differentiated clusters of unknown origin were also apparent, along with a mixed mating system and high levels of largely unstructured genetic diversity. CONCLUSIONS Despite considerable phenotypic variability within S. tragus in the region, agronomic weed managers can likely consider it as a single entity across the region, rather than a collection of cryptic subgroups with possible differential responses to management inputs or agroecosystem conditions. A lack of strong barriers to migration and gene flow mean that adaptive traits, such as herbicide resistance, can be expected to spread rapidly through populations across the region. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Spring
- Oregon State University Central Oregon Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Madras, OR, USA
| | - Samuel R Revolinski
- Washington State University Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Frank L Young
- USDA-ARS Northwest Sustainable Agroecosystems Research Unit, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Drew J Lyon
- Washington State University Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Ian C Burke
- Washington State University Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Pullman, WA, USA
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14
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Weir MJ, Kourantidou M, Jin D. Economic impacts of harmful algal blooms on fishery-dependent communities. Harmful Algae 2022; 118:102321. [PMID: 36195417 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The recreational razor clam fishery is the largest recreational bivalve fishery in the Pacific Northwest and a major source of tourism-related income to small communities in the region. Delays and closures of recreational shellfisheries due to the increasing frequency of harmful algal blooms (HABs) threaten to have significant negative impacts on fishery dependent communities. Coupling previous recreational shellfishing expenditure estimates from the literature with a novel dataset of daily visits to local businesses, we estimate a range of economic impacts resulting from the cancellation of razor clam digs at Long Beach, WA, the most popular beach in the State for recreational clam diggers. Our results indicate that a full season closure can lead to lost sales revenues of $16,875 for gas stations, $117,600 for food stores, $217,800 for accommodations and $491,400 for food service places for a total lower bound economic impact of $843,675. We discuss the opportunity for early warning systems, like the Pacific Northwest HAB Bulletin, to guide policy and facilitate business decisions that hedge the risk of revenue losses associated with dig cancellations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Weir
- Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS #41, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States.
| | - Melina Kourantidou
- Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS #41, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
| | - Di Jin
- Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS #41, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
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15
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Crandall RS, Lombardo JA, Elkinton JS. Top-down regulation of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in its native range in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Oecologia 2022; 199:599-609. [PMID: 35796819 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The density of insect herbivores is regulated by top-down factors (e.g., natural enemies), bottom-up effects (e.g., plant defenses against herbivory), or a combination of both. As such, understanding the relative importance of these factors can have important implications for the establishment of effective management options for invasive species. Here, we compared the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up factors on the abundance of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae. HWA is invasive in eastern North America, but its native range includes the Pacific Northwest of North America where it has co-evolved with western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla. Eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, can also be found planted in city and park settings in the Pacific Northwest and the presence of both host species allowed us to directly compare the importance of predators (top-down) and host plant resistance (bottom-up) on HWA abundance by placing mesh exclusion bags on branches of both species and monitoring HWA abundance over two years. We found no evidence for bottom-up control of HWA on western hemlock (a native host). HWA established more readily on that species than on eastern hemlock on which it is a major pest in eastern North America. We found strong evidence for top-down control in that both summer and winter-active predators significantly reduced HWA densities on the branches of both tree species where predators were allowed access. These findings support the validity of the biological control program for HWA, the goal of which is to reduce outbreak populations of HWA in eastern North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Crandall
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Lombardo
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Department of Biology, Hood College, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Joseph S Elkinton
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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16
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Hansen AJ, Mullan K, Theobald DM, Robinson N, East A, Powell S. Informing conservation decisions to target private lands of highest ecological value and risk of loss. Ecol Appl 2022; 32:e2612. [PMID: 35366043 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural habitats on private lands are potentially important components of national biodiversity conservation strategies, yet they are being rapidly lost to development. Conservation easements and other means of protecting these habitats have expanded in use and will be most effective if they target private lands of highest biodiversity value and risk of loss. We developed a Biodiversity Conservation Priority Index (BCPI) based on ecological value and risk of habitat loss for remaining areas of natural vegetation cover (NVC) in the northwestern United States and addressed two questions: (1) Which remaining NVC on private lands is the highest priority for biodiversity conservation based on ecological value and risk of development? And (2) are conservation easements in NVC placed preferentially in locations of high biodiversity conservation priority? Drawing on the concept of ecological integrity, we integrated five metrics of ecological structure, function, and composition to quantify ecological value of NVC. These included net primary productivity, species richness, ecosystem type representation, imperiled species range rarity, and connectivity among "Greater Wildland Ecosystems." Risk of habitat loss was derived from analysis of biophysical and sociodemographic predictors of NVC loss. Ecological value and risk of loss were combined into the BCPI. We then analyzed spatial patterns of BCPI to identify the NVC highest in biodiversity conservation priority and examined the relationship between BCPI and conservation easement status. We found that BCPI varied spatially across the study area and was highest in western and southern portions of the study area. High BCPI was associated with suburban and rural development, roads, urban proximity, valley bottom landforms, and low intensity of current development. Existing conservation easements were distributed more towards lower BCPI values than unprotected NVC at both the study area and region scales. The BCPI can be used to better inform land use decision making at local, regional, and potentially national scales in order to better achieve biodiversity goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Hansen
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Katrina Mullan
- Department of Economics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | | | | | - Alyson East
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Scott Powell
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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17
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Cienciala P, Melendez Bernardo M, Nelson AD, Haas AD. Interdecadal variation in sediment yield from a forested mountain basin: The role of hydroclimatic variability, anthropogenic disturbances, and geomorphic connectivity. Sci Total Environ 2022; 826:153876. [PMID: 35181366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Variation in sediment yield may reflect a signal of disturbances in the upstream landscape, modified by sediment routing. This study, conducted in a forested drainage basin in the inland Pacific Northwest, USA, sought to generate a better insight into the interdecadal variability of sediment yield in mountain landscapes in response to environmental change during the last century. To this end, we examined: (1) sediment yield fluctuations; and (2) their association with streamflow and land use changes; as well as (3) streamflow links to climate variability modes; and (4) the influence of sediment delivery from hillslope sources to streams (lateral connectivity) and its downstream routing through the stream network (longitudinal connectivity) on land use signal at the basin's outlet. Sediment yield between 1910 and 2017, estimated based on reconstructed fluvial delta growth, displayed an order of magnitude variability, which indicates a substantial geomorphic sensitivity. The interpretation of temporal patterns and an exploratory statistical analysis pointed to land use-related sediment supply changes as the primary driver of these fluctuations, dominating system behavior before changes in environmental regulations and practices in the mid-1970s. Hydroclimatically controlled streamflow variability appeared to be more prominent in the subsequent period. Our connectivity analysis suggested that a considerable portion of coarse sediment mobilized by harvest and road construction may still reside within the channel network. In light of previous research in this landscape system, we speculate that, despite limited anthropogenic pressures in the recent decades, its characteristics and behavior continue to be conditioned by land use legacies. Overall, this study contributes to the growing understanding of profound anthropogenic transformation of the earth surface. Specifically, it demonstrates that historical resource extraction may have left a lasting imprint even in relatively remote mountain landscapes. Given the ongoing rapid environmental change, such understanding is crucial for watershed management, conservation, and restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Cienciala
- Department of Geography and GIS, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1301 W Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Mishel Melendez Bernardo
- Department of Geography and GIS, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1301 W Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Andrew D Nelson
- Northwest Hydraulic Consultants, 301 W Holly Street, Suite U3, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Andrew D Haas
- Seattle City Light, 700 5(th) Ave #3200, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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18
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Yee WL. Tolerances of Apple Maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) Larvae and Different Age Puparia to Water Flotation and Immersion. Environ Entomol 2021; 50:1407-1415. [PMID: 34613373 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance of terrestrial insects in temperate regions to water immersion and hypoxia has rarely been studied but can be an important adaptation to moist environments, with implications for insect dispersal through waterways. In the Pacific Northwest of the United States, apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), can be found in riparian habitats subject to flooding. Here, survival of R. pomonella larvae and different age puparia after flotation or immersion in 13.3°C or 21.1°C water for 1-12 d was determined. Larvae sank in water and when submerged for 1 or 2 d suffered greater mortality than control larvae. Fewer young (1-2 d old) than older puparia (13-15 d old) floated in water. When immersed in water for 1-12 d, young puparia suffered greater mortality than older puparia, which were not affected by water immersion. Consequently, fewer adult flies eclosed from puparia that had been water treated when young than older. Adult flies from pre-chill and post-chill puparia that had been water treated eclosed later than control flies, but treatment flies survived about 60 d and reproduced. Although newly-formed puparia are susceptible to hypoxic water conditions, increased buoyancy and water tolerance occur rapidly after formation, perhaps making survival possible and allowing water-borne dispersal of older puparia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee L Yee
- United States Department of Agriculture, Temperate Tree Fruit & Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
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19
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Zhuang Y, Fu R, Santer BD, Dickinson RE, Hall A. Quantifying contributions of natural variability and anthropogenic forcings on increased fire weather risk over the western United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2111875118. [PMID: 34725162 PMCID: PMC8609294 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111875118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have identified a recent increase in wildfire activity in the western United States (WUS). However, the extent to which this trend is due to weather pattern changes dominated by natural variability versus anthropogenic warming has been unclear. Using an ensemble constructed flow analogue approach, we have employed observations to estimate vapor pressure deficit (VPD), the leading meteorological variable that controls wildfires, associated with different atmospheric circulation patterns. Our results show that for the period 1979 to 2020, variation in the atmospheric circulation explains, on average, only 32% of the observed VPD trend of 0.48 ± 0.25 hPa/decade (95% CI) over the WUS during the warm season (May to September). The remaining 68% of the upward VPD trend is likely due to anthropogenic warming. The ensemble simulations of climate models participating in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project suggest that anthropogenic forcing explains an even larger fraction of the observed VPD trend (88%) for the same period and region. These models and observational estimates likely provide a lower and an upper bound on the true impact of anthropogenic warming on the VPD trend over the WUS. During August 2020, when the August Complex "Gigafire" occurred in the WUS, anthropogenic warming likely explains 50% of the unprecedented high VPD anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zhuang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
| | - Benjamin D Santer
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Robert E Dickinson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Alex Hall
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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20
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Leonard E, Bodas J, Brown S, Axt B. Carbon balance for biosolids use in commercial Douglas Fir plantations in the Pacific Northwest. J Environ Manage 2021; 295:113115. [PMID: 34167053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Municipal biosolids are commonly used to fertilize Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantations in the Pacific Northwest. An intensive soil sampling was conducted to quantify the effects of long-term biosolids application on soil carbon, nitrogen and bulk density for forest soils. This information was used to calculate a carbon balance for biosolids use in commercial tree plantations. Paired control and treated sites on two soil series (Klaus and Tokul) were included with samples collected to a 30 cm depth. A significant decrease in bulk density for two depths, but no changes in total C or N were observed in the Klaus soil. In the Tokul soil, biosolids fertilization increased C storage (total C * bulk density) for three of the four measured depths, resulting in an increase in total C from 112.8 Mg C ha-1 to 172 Mg C ha-1 for the 0-30 cm depth. A comparable increase in N was observed, with significant increases in N storage for all measured depths. The C balance considered fuel use associated with transport and application as costs. The fertilizer (N and P) content of the biosolids and changes in soil C were considered as credits. The balance showed net sequestration for both soil series. Carbon benefits for the Klaus soil totaled -0.2 Mg CO2 per Mg biosolids. Benefits in the Tokul soil totaled -5.15 Mg CO2 per Mg biosolids. Based on diameter at breast height (DBH) biosolids use also resulted in increased tree growth for both soil series. However, differences in stand age and stocking rate complicated interpretation of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leonard
- School of Environment and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jyoti Bodas
- School of Environment and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sally Brown
- School of Environment and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Ben Axt
- Resource Recovery Division, King County, WA, USA
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21
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Collins BM, Bernal A, York RA, Stevens JT, Juska A, Stephens SL. Mixed-conifer forest reference conditions for privately owned timberland in the southern Cascade Range. Ecol Appl 2021; 31:e02400. [PMID: 34214228 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The overwhelming majority of information on historical forest conditions in western North America comes from public lands, which may provide an incomplete description of historical landscapes. In this study we made use of an archive containing extensive timber survey data collected in the early 1920s from privately owned forestland. These data covered over 50,000 ha and effectively represent a 19% sample of the entire area. The historical forest conditions reconstructed from these data fit the classic model of frequent-fire forests: large trees, low density, and pine-dominated. However, unlike other large-scale forest reconstructions, our study area exhibited relatively low overall variability in forest structure and composition across the historical landscape. Despite having low variability, our analyses revealed evidence of biophysical controls on tree density and pine fraction. Annual climatic variables most strongly explained the range in historical tree densities, whereas historical pine fraction was explained by a combination of topographic and climatic variables. Contemporary forest inventory data collected from both public and private lands within the same general area, albeit not a direct remeasurement, revealed substantial increases in tree density and greatly reduced pine fractions relative to historical conditions. Contemporary forests exhibited a far greater range in these conditions than what existed historically. These findings suggest that private forestland managed with multiaged silviculture may be similar to public forestland with respect to departure in forest structure and compositions from that of historical forests. However, there may be differences between management objectives that favor timber production, more typical on private lands, vs. those that favor restoration, increasingly supported on public lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Collins
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, California, 95618, USA
- Center for Fire Research and Outreach, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720-3114, USA
| | - Alexis Bernal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Ecosystem Sciences Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Robert A York
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Ecosystem Sciences Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Jens T Stevens
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 87508, USA
| | - Andrew Juska
- Collins Pine Company, P.O. Box 796, Chester, California, 96020, USA
| | - Scott L Stephens
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Ecosystem Sciences Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
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22
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Rhew IC, Duckworth JC, Lee CM. The association between intended drinking contexts and alcohol expectancies in college students: A daily diary study. Addict Behav 2021; 120:106967. [PMID: 33971498 PMCID: PMC8184638 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the role alcohol outcome expectancies play in subsequent drinking, it is important to understand factors that can shape alcohol expectancies to guide intervention efforts. This study examined among college students whether intended social contexts for drinking were associated with positive and negative alcohol expectancies at the daily-level. METHODS Participants included in analyses were 323 students, ages 18 to 24 years, enrolled at a 4-year university in the Pacific Northwest. At four 2-week measurement bursts across one year, participants were asked each afternoon to report whether they planned to drink alcohol later that day. If so, they were further asked how much they intended to drink, whether they plan to drink alone or with others, whether they plan to drink at home or bar/party, and their positive and negative expectancies of alcohol use that evening. RESULTS A total of 2953 person-day observations from planned drinking days were used. Results from linear mixed models, adjusted for covariates including intended number of drinks, showed that students reported greater positive alcohol expectancies on days when they intended to drink with others vs. alone and intended to drink at a bar or party vs. at home. For negative expectancies, only intended drinking with others showed a statistically significant association. CONCLUSION This study suggests that contextual factors may shape college students' expectancies about effects of alcohol at the daily-level. Intended drinking contexts may be important to address in event-level interventions to reduce high-risk drinking in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac C Rhew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, 1100 NE 45th St., #300, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
| | - Jennifer C Duckworth
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, 516 Johnson Tower, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, 1100 NE 45th St., #300, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
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23
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Carroll C, Ray JC. Maximizing the effectiveness of national commitments to protected area expansion for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem carbon under climate change. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:3395-3414. [PMID: 33852186 PMCID: PMC8360173 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Global commitments to protected area expansion should prioritize opportunities to protect climate refugia and ecosystems which store high levels of irrecoverable carbon, as key components of an effective response to biodiversity loss and climate change. The United States and Canada are responsible for one-sixth of global greenhouse gas emissions but hold extensive natural ecosystems that store globally significant above- and below-ground carbon. Canada has initiated a process of protected area network expansion in concert with efforts at reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples, and acknowledged nature-based solutions as a key aspect of climate change mitigation. The US, although not a party to global biodiversity conventions, has recently committed to protecting 30% of its extent by 2030 and achieving the UNFCCC Paris Agreement's mitigation targets. The opportunities afforded by these dual biodiversity conservation and climate commitments require coordinated national and regional policies to ensure that new protected areas maximize biodiversity-focused adaptation and nature-based mitigation opportunities. We address how global commitments can best inform national policy initiatives which build on existing agency mandates for regional planning and species conservation. Previous analyses of global conservation priorities under climate change have been tenuously linked to policy contexts of individual nations and have lacked information on refugia due to limitations of globally available datasets. Comparison and synthesis of predictions from a range of recently developed refugia metrics allow such data to inform planning despite substantial uncertainty arising from contrasting model assumptions and inputs. A case study for endangered species planning for old-forest-associated species in the US Pacific Northwest demonstrates how regional planning can be nested hierarchically within national biodiversity-focused adaptation and nature-based mitigation strategies which integrate refugia, connectivity, and ecosystem carbon metrics to holistically evaluate the role of different land designations and where carbon mitigation and protection of biodiversity's resilience to climate change can be aligned.
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Karimi T, Stöckle CO, Higgins SS, Nelson RL. Impact of climate change on greenhouse gas emissions and water balance in a dryland-cropping region with variable precipitation. J Environ Manage 2021; 287:112301. [PMID: 33706089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wheat covers a significant fraction of the US Pacific Northwest (PNW) dryland agriculture. Past studies have suggested that management practices can differentially affect productivity and emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) across the different agro-ecological Zones (AEZs) in PNW. In this study we used CropSyst, a biophysically-based cropping systems model that simulates crop processes and water and nitrogen cycles, with the purpose of evaluating relevant scenarios and contributing analyses to inform adaptation and mitigation strategies aimed at reducing and managing the risks of climate change. We compared the baseline historical period of 1980-2010 with three future periods: 2015-2045 (2030s), 2035-2065 (2050s), and 2055-2085 (2070s). The uncertainty of the future climate was captured using 12 general circulation models (GCMs) forced with two representative carbon dioxide concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and 8.5). The study region was divided into three AEZs: crop-fallow (CF), continuous cropping to fallow transition (CCF), and continuous cropping (CC). The results indicated that areas with higher precipitation, N fertilization, and mineralization produced more N2O emissions during both baseline and future periods. The average annual N2O emission during the baseline period was between 1.8 and 4.1 kg ha-1 depending on AEZ. The overall N2O emission showed decreasing future trends from 2030s to 2070s which resulted from a higher proportion of N used by crops. From 2015 to 2085 under RCP 4.5, the average N2O emission was between 1.8 and 4.4 kg ha-1 year-1. They are slightly higher under RCP 8.5 since it is a warmer scenario. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content decreased during the baseline period while SOC did not reach equilibrium with the cropping systems considered in the study. SOC decreased during the future periods as well, with rate of change ranging from -146 to -352 kg ha-1year-1 depending on AEZ and RCP. Warming increased SOC oxidation in future scenarios, but after an initial increase of SOC losses during the 2030s period, the rate of SOC losses decreased in the 2050s, and more so in the 2070s as SOC and carbon input reached equilibrium with losses. Higher carbon input resulted from higher biomass production under elevated CO2 scenarios. The total GHG emissions were 1.95, 3.16 and 4.84 Mg CO2-equivalent ha-1year-1 under RCP 4.5, and 1.99, 3.43 and 5.49 Mg CO2-equivalent ha-1year-1 under RCP 8.5 during 2070s in CF, CCF and CC respectively, with N2O accounting for about 81% of total GHG emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Karimi
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Claudio O Stöckle
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Stewart Smock Higgins
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Roger L Nelson
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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25
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Eckley CS, Eagles-Smith C, Tate MT, Krabbenhoft DP. Surface-air mercury fluxes and a watershed mass balance in forested and harvested catchments. Environ Pollut 2021; 277:116869. [PMID: 33714131 PMCID: PMC9175152 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forest soils are among the world's largest repositories for long-term accumulation of atmospherically deposited mercury (Hg), and understanding the potential for remobilization through gaseous emissions, aqueous dissolution and runoff, or erosive particulate transport to down-gradient aquatic ecosystems is critically important for projecting ecosystem recovery. Forestry operations, especially clear-cut logging where most of the vegetaiton is removed, can influence Hg mobility/fluxes, foodweb dynamics, and bioaccumulation processes. This paper measured surface-air Hg fluxes from catchments in the Pacific Northwest, USA, to determine if there is a difference between forested and logged catchments. These measurements were conducted as part of a larger project on the impact of forestry operations on Hg cycling which include measurements of water fluxes as well as impacts on biota. Surface-air Hg fluxes were measured using a commonly applied dynamic flux chamber (DFC) method that incorporated diel and seasonal variability in elemental Hg (Hg0) fluxes at multiple forested and harvested catchments. The results showed that the forested ecosystem had depositional Hg0 fluxes throughout most of the year (annual mean: -0.26 ng/m2/h). In contrast, the harvested catchments showed mostly emission of Hg0 (annual mean: 0.63 ng/m2/h). Differences in solar radiation reaching the soil was the primary driver resulting in a shift from net deposition to emission in harvested catchments. The surface-air Hg fluxes were larger than the fluxes to water as runoff and accounted for 97% of the differences in Hg sequestered in forested versus harvested catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris S Eckley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region-10, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
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26
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Pscheidt JW, Heckert S. Progression of Kernel Mold on Hazelnut. Plant Dis 2021; 105:1320-1327. [PMID: 33819107 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-20-1088-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hazelnut kernel mold, caused by a number of fungal species, has been a chronic problem in Pacific Northwest hazelnut production areas for many years. Two highly susceptible breeding selections and two commercial cultivars were used to investigate kernel mold development over time and possible correlations with rainfall. Nuts were allowed to naturally fall onto orchard soil, regularly collected, cracked open, and evaluated for kernel mold. Disease progress for each selection or cultivar was evaluated each year with both linear and exponential models. The general progression of kernel mold was similar for the two breeding selections and cultivars Ennis and Lewis, where kernel mold increased slowly during the nut dropping period but more rapidly after normal harvest. An exponential model described disease progress better than a linear model for 8 of the 10 significant disease progress curves examined. Although some years had significantly higher estimated rates of disease increase, this parameter was inversely related to the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The incidence of kernel mold did not significantly increase over time for 8 of the 18 disease progress curves examined, including 6 of 8 curves for commercial cultivars. The relationship between initial kernel mold incidence and AUDPC was described well with a simple linear model indicating that initial disease incidence appeared to be a good predictor of AUDPC. The longer nuts remained on the ground, especially after harvest, the higher the incidence of kernel mold. Kernel mold incidence was not significantly correlated with rainfall totals for any period of time from flowering to harvest. Multiple harvests ending shortly after all nuts have fallen should result in lower incidence of kernel mold for growers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Pscheidt
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Stephanie Heckert
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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27
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Anderson JL, May HT, Knight S, Bair TL, Muhlestein JB, Knowlton KU, Horne BD. Association of Sociodemographic Factors and Blood Group Type With Risk of COVID-19 in a US Population. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e217429. [PMID: 33818622 PMCID: PMC8022215 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.7429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This case-control study examined the association of sociodemographic factors and blood group type with risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Anderson
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Heidi T. May
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stacey Knight
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Tami L. Bair
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Joseph B. Muhlestein
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Kirk U. Knowlton
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Benjamin D. Horne
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Stanford University, Stanford, California
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28
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Block M, Knaus BJ, Wiseman MS, Grünwald NJ, Gent DH. Development of a Diagnostic Assay for Race Differentiation of Podosphaera macularis. Plant Dis 2021; 105:965-971. [PMID: 32915117 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-20-1289-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hop powdery mildew (caused by Podosphaera macularis) was confirmed in the Pacific Northwest in 1996. Before 2012, the most common race of P. macularis was able to infect plants that possessed powdery mildew resistance based on the R-genes Rb, R3, and R5. After 2012, two additional races of P. macularis were discovered that can overcome the resistance gene R6 and the partial resistance found in the cultivar Cascade. These three races now occur throughout the region, which can complicate management and research efforts because of uncertainty on which race(s) may be present in the region and able to infect susceptible hop genotypes. Current methods for determining the races of P. macularis are labor intensive, costly, and typically require more than 14 days to obtain results. We sought to develop a molecular assay to differentiate races of the fungus possessing virulence on plants with R6, referred to as V6-virulent, from other races. The transcriptomes of 46 isolates of P. macularis were sequenced to identify loci and variants unique to V6 isolates. Fourteen primer pairs were designed for 10 candidate loci that contained single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and short insertion-deletion polymorphisms. Two differentially labeled locked nucleic acid probes were designed for a contig that contained a conserved SNP associated with V6-virulence. The resulting duplexed real-time PCR assay was validated against 46 V6 and 54 non-V6 P. macularis isolates collected from the United States and Europe. The assay had perfect discrimination of V6-virulence among isolates of P. macularis originating from the western U.S. but failed to predict V6-virulence in three isolates collected from Europe. The specificity of the assay was tested with different species of powdery mildew fungi and other microorganisms associated with hop. Weak nonspecific amplification occurred with powdery mildew fungi collected from Vitis vinifera, Fragaria sp., and Zinnia sp.; however, nonspecification amplification is not a concern when differentiating pathogen race from colonies on hop. The assay has practical applications in hop breeding, epidemiological studies, and other settings where rapid confirmation of pathogen race is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Block
- Oregon State University, Department of Crop and Soil Science, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Brian J Knaus
- Oregon State University, Department of Horticulture, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Michele S Wiseman
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Niklaus J Grünwald
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, OR 97330
| | - David H Gent
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Corvallis, OR 97331
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331
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29
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Chalmers K, Smith P, Garber J, Gopinath V, Brownlee S, Schwartz AL, Elshaug AG, Saini V. Assessment of Overuse of Medical Tests and Treatments at US Hospitals Using Medicare Claims. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e218075. [PMID: 33904912 PMCID: PMC8080218 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.8075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Overuse of health care services exposes patients to unnecessary risk of harm and costs. Distinguishing patterns of overuse among hospitals requires hospital-level measures across multiple services. Objective To describe characteristics of hospitals associated with overuse of health care services in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cross-sectional analysis used Medicare fee-for-service claims data for beneficiaries older than 65 years from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2017, with a lookback of 1 year. Inpatient and outpatient services were included, and services offered at specialty and federal hospitals were excluded. Patients were from hospitals with the capacity (based on a claims filter developed for this study) to perform at least 7 of 12 investigated services. Statistical analyses were performed from July 1, 2020, to December 20, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes of interest were a composite overuse score ranging from 0 (no overuse of services) to 1 (relatively high overuse of services) and characteristics of hospitals clustered by overuse rates. Twelve published low-value service algorithms were applied to the data to find overuse rates for each hospital, normalized and aggregated to a composite score and then compared across 6 hospital characteristics using multivariable regression. A k-means cluster analysis was used on normalized overuse rates to identify hospital clusters. Results The primary analysis was performed on 2415 cohort A hospitals (ie, hospitals with capacity for 7 or more services), which included 1 263 592 patients (mean [SD] age, 72.4 [14] years; 678 549 women [53.7%]; 101 017 191 White patients [80.5%]). Head imaging for syncope was the highest-volume low-value service (377 745 patients [29.9%]), followed by coronary artery stenting for stable coronary disease (199 579 [15.8%]). The mean (SD) composite overuse score was 0.40 (0.10) points. Southern hospitals had a higher mean score than midwestern (difference in means: 0.06 [95% CI, 0.05-0.07] points; P < .001), northeast (0.08 [95% CI, 0.06-0.09] points; P < .001), and western hospitals (0.08 [95% CI, 0.07-0.10] points; P < .001). Nonprofit hospitals had a lower adjusted mean score than for-profit hospitals (-0.03 [95% CI, -0.04 to -0.02] points; P < .001). Major teaching hospitals had significantly lower adjusted mean overuse scores vs minor teaching hospitals (difference in means, -0.07 [95% CI, -0.08 to -0.06] points; P < .001) and nonteaching hospitals (-0.10 [95% CI, -0.12 to -0.09] points; P < .001). Of the 4 clusters identified, 1 was characterized by its low counts of overuse in all services except for spinal fusion; the majority of major teaching hospitals were in this cluster (164 of 223 major teaching hospitals [73.5%]). Conclusions and Relevance This cross-sectional study used a novel measurement of hospital-associated overuse; results showed that the highest scores in this Medicare population were associated with nonteaching and for-profit hospitals, particularly in the South.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Chalmers
- Lown Institute, Brookline, Massachusetts
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Aaron L. Schwartz
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam G. Elshaug
- Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- University of Southern California, Brookings Schaeffer Initiative for Health Policy, The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC
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Varanasi U, Trainer VL, Schumacker EJ. Taking the Long View for Oceans and Human Health Connection through Community Driven Science. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18052662. [PMID: 33800838 PMCID: PMC7967353 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The most proactive approach to resolving current health and climate crises will require a long view, focused on establishing and fostering partnerships to identify and eliminate root causes of the disconnect between humans and nature. We describe the lessons learned through a unique scientific partnership that addresses a specific crisis, harmful algal blooms (HABs), along the northeast Pacific Ocean coast, that blends current-day technology with observational knowledge of Indigenous communities. This integrative scientific strategy resulted in creative solutions for forecasting and managing HAB risk in the Pacific Northwest as a part of the US Ocean and Human Health (OHH) program. Specific OHH projects focused on: (1) understanding genetic responses of tribal members to toxins in the marine environment, (2) knowledge sharing by elders during youth camps; (3) establishing an early warning program to alert resource managers of HABs are explicit examples of proactive strategies used to address environmental problems. The research and monitoring projects with tribal communities taught the collaborating non-Indigenous scientists the value of reciprocity, highlighting both the benefits from and protection of oceans that promote our well-being. Effective global oceans and human health initiatives require a collective action that gives equal respect to all voices to promote forward thinking solutions for ocean health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Varanasi
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Vera L. Trainer
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA;
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31
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O'Byrne AM, Lambourn DM, Rejmanek D, Haman K, O'Byrne M, VanWormer E, Shapiro K. Sarcocystis neurona Transmission from Opossums to Marine Mammals in the Pacific Northwest. Ecohealth 2021; 18:84-94. [PMID: 34213686 PMCID: PMC8367900 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing reports of marine mammal deaths have been attributed to the parasite Sarcocystis neurona. Infected opossums, the only known definitive hosts, shed S. neurona sporocysts in their feces. Sporocysts can contaminate the marine environment via overland runoff, and subsequent ingestion by marine mammals can lead to fatal encephalitis. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of S. neurona in opossums from coastal areas of Washington State (USA) and to compare genetic markers between S. neurona in opossums and marine mammals. Thirty-two road-kill opossums and tissue samples from 30 stranded marine mammals meeting inclusion criteria were included in analyses. Three opossums (9.4%) and twelve marine mammals (40%) were confirmed positive for S. neurona via DNA amplification at the ITS1 locus. Genetic identity at microsatellites (sn3, sn7, sn9) and the snSAG3 gene of S. neurona was demonstrated among one harbor porpoise and two opossums. Watershed mapping further demonstrated plausible sporocyst transport pathways from one of these opossums to the location where an infected harbor porpoise carcass was recovered. Our results provide the first reported link between S. neurona genotypes on land and sea in the Pacific Northwest, and further demonstrate how terrestrial pathogen pollution can impact the health of marine wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M O'Byrne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - Dyanna M Lambourn
- Wildlife Program, WA Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1111 Washington Street SE, Olympia, WA, 98501, USA
| | - Daniel Rejmanek
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Haman
- Wildlife Program, WA Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1111 Washington Street SE, Olympia, WA, 98501, USA
| | - Michael O'Byrne
- University of Göttingen, Wilhelmsplatz 1, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elizabeth VanWormer
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Karen Shapiro
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, 4206 VM3A, Davis, CA, 95616-5270, USA.
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32
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Bollman MA, DeSantis GE, Waschmann RS, Mayer PM. Effects of shading and composition on green roof media temperature and moisture. J Environ Manage 2021; 281:111882. [PMID: 33421937 PMCID: PMC8026110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three of the primary functions of green roofs in urban areas are to delay rainwater runoff, moderate building temperatures, and ameliorate the urban heat island (UHI) effect. A major impediment to the survival of plants on an unirrigated extensive green roof (EGR) is the harsh rooftop environment, including high temperatures and limited water during dry periods. Factors that influence EGR thermal and hydrologic performance include the albedo (reflectivity) of the roof and the composition of the green roof substrate (growing media). In this study we used white, reflective shading structures and three different media formulations to evaluate EGR thermal and hydrologic performance in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Shading significantly reduced daytime mean and maximum EGR media temperatures and significantly increased nighttime mean and minimum temperatures, which may provide energy benefits to buildings. Mean media moisture was greater in shaded trays than in exposed (unshaded) trays but differences were not statistically significant. Warmer nighttime media temperatures and lack of dew formation in shaded trays may have partially compensated for greater daytime evaporation from exposed trays. Media composition did not significantly influence media temperature or moisture. Results of this study suggest that adding shade structures to green roofs will combine thermal, hydrologic, and ecological benefits, and help achieve temperature and light regimes that allow for greater plant diversity on EGRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bollman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA.
| | - Grace E DeSantis
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Greater Research Opportunities Undergraduate Fellowship, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Ronald S Waschmann
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Paul M Mayer
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
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Tian Z, Zhao H, Peter KT, Gonzalez M, Wetzel J, Wu C, Hu X, Prat J, Mudrock E, Hettinger R, Cortina AE, Biswas RG, Kock FVC, Soong R, Jenne A, Du B, Hou F, He H, Lundeen R, Gilbreath A, Sutton R, Scholz NL, Davis JW, Dodd MC, Simpson A, McIntyre JK, Kolodziej EP. A ubiquitous tire rubber-derived chemical induces acute mortality in coho salmon. Science 2021; 371:185-189. [PMID: 33273063 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd6951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In U.S. Pacific Northwest coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), stormwater exposure annually causes unexplained acute mortality when adult salmon migrate to urban creeks to reproduce. By investigating this phenomenon, we identified a highly toxic quinone transformation product of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), a globally ubiquitous tire rubber antioxidant. Retrospective analysis of representative roadway runoff and stormwater-affected creeks of the U.S. West Coast indicated widespread occurrence of 6PPD-quinone (<0.3 to 19 micrograms per liter) at toxic concentrations (median lethal concentration of 0.8 ± 0.16 micrograms per liter). These results reveal unanticipated risks of 6PPD antioxidants to an aquatic species and imply toxicological relevance for dissipated tire rubber residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Haoqi Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Melissa Gonzalez
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Jill Wetzel
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Christopher Wu
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Ximin Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jasmine Prat
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Emma Mudrock
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Rachel Hettinger
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Allan E Cortina
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Rajshree Ghosh Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | | | - Ronald Soong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Amy Jenne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Bowen Du
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Fan Hou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Huan He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rachel Lundeen
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Alicia Gilbreath
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Jay W Davis
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey, WA 98503, USA
| | - Michael C Dodd
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andre Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Porter WT, Barrand ZA, Wachara J, DaVall K, Mihaljevic JR, Pearson T, Salkeld DJ, Nieto NC. Predicting the current and future distribution of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus, across the Western US using citizen science collections. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244754. [PMID: 33400719 PMCID: PMC7785219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the twenty-first century, ticks and tick-borne diseases have expanded their ranges and impact across the US. With this spread, it has become vital to monitor vector and disease distributions, as these shifts have public health implications. Typically, tick-borne disease surveillance (e.g., Lyme disease) is passive and relies on case reports, while disease risk is calculated using active surveillance, where researchers collect ticks from the environment. Case reports provide the basis for estimating the number of cases; however, they provide minimal information on vector population or pathogen dynamics. Active surveillance monitors ticks and sylvatic pathogens at local scales, but it is resource-intensive. As a result, data are often sparse and aggregated across time and space to increase statistical power to model or identify range changes. Engaging public participation in surveillance efforts allows spatially and temporally diverse samples to be collected with minimal effort. These citizen-driven tick collections have the potential to provide a powerful tool for tracking vector and pathogen changes. We used MaxEnt species distribution models to predict the current and future distribution of Ixodes pacificus across the Western US through the use of a nationwide citizen science tick collection program. Here, we present niche models produced through citizen science tick collections over two years. Despite obvious limitations with citizen science collections, the models are consistent with previously-predicted species ranges in California that utilized more than thirty years of traditional surveillance data. Additionally, citizen science allows for an expanded understanding of I. pacificus distribution in Oregon and Washington. With the potential for rapid environmental changes instigated by a burgeoning human population and rapid climate change, the development of tools, concepts, and methodologies that provide rapid, current, and accurate assessment of important ecological qualities will be invaluable for monitoring and predicting disease across time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Tanner Porter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States of America
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Zachary A. Barrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States of America
| | - Julie Wachara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States of America
| | - Kaila DaVall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States of America
| | - Joseph R. Mihaljevic
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States of America
| | - Talima Pearson
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Salkeld
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Nathan C. Nieto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States of America
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Weldon WA, Knaus BJ, Grünwald NJ, Havill JS, Block MH, Gent DH, Cadle-Davidson LE, Gadoury DM. Transcriptome-Derived Amplicon Sequencing Markers Elucidate the U.S. Podosphaera macularis Population Structure Across Feral and Commercial Plantings of Humulus lupulus. Phytopathology 2021; 111:194-203. [PMID: 33044132 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-20-0299-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Obligately biotrophic plant pathogens pose challenges in population genetic studies due to their genomic complexities and elaborate culturing requirements with limited biomass. Hop powdery mildew (Podosphaera macularis) is an obligately biotrophic ascomycete that threatens sustainable hop production. P. macularis populations of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) United States differ from those of the Midwest and Northeastern United States, lacking one of two mating types needed for sexual recombination and harboring two strains that are differentially aggressive on the cultivar Cascade and able to overcome the Humulus lupulus R-gene R6 (V6), respectively. To develop a high-throughput marker platform for tracking the flow of genotypes across the United States and internationally, we used an existing transcriptome of diverse P. macularis isolates to design a multiplex of 54 amplicon sequencing markers, validated across a panel of 391 U.S. samples and 123 international samples. The results suggest that P. macularis from U.S. commercial hop yards form one population closely related to P. macularis of the United Kingdom, while P. macularis from U.S. feral hop locations grouped with P. macularis of Eastern Europe. Included in this multiplex was a marker that successfully tracked V6-virulence in 65 of 66 samples with a confirmed V6-phenotype. A new qPCR assay for high-throughput genotyping of P. macularis mating type generated the highest resolution distribution map of P. macularis mating type to date. Together, these genotyping strategies enable the high-throughput and inexpensive tracking of pathogen spread among geographical regions from single-colony samples and provide a roadmap to develop markers for other obligate biotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Weldon
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - Brian J Knaus
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Niklaus J Grünwald
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, OR 97330
| | - Joshua S Havill
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Mary H Block
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - David H Gent
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Lance E Cadle-Davidson
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Grape Genetics Research Unit, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - David M Gadoury
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
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Rhew IC, Cadigan JM, Lee CM. Marijuana, but not alcohol, use frequency associated with greater loneliness, psychological distress, and less flourishing among young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 218:108404. [PMID: 33250378 PMCID: PMC7792981 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether frequency of marijuana and alcohol use are cross-sectionally associated with indicators of social and emotional well-being including loneliness, psychological distress, and flourishing across important life domains among young adults. METHOD The study sample included 562 participants ages 22-29 who were originally recruited from an urban Pacific Northwest region in the US as part of a longitudinal study of social role transitions and alcohol use. At one assessment, participants completed an online survey that included a 3-item measure of loneliness, a 4-item measure of depression and anxiety symptoms, and a 12-item measure of flourishing as well as measures of marijuana and alcohol use frequency. Linear and generalized linear models were used to estimate associations of marijuana and alcohol use frequency with indicators of well-being. RESULTS Greater frequency of marijuana use was associated with higher levels of loneliness, higher levels of psychological distress, and lower levels of flourishing, with the greatest difference observed for daily marijuana users compared to non-users. However, these indicators of well-being did not significantly differ by levels of alcohol use frequency. CONCLUSION Study findings suggest that frequent users of marijuana, but not alcohol, may experience more loneliness, more psychological distress, and less flourishing. Intervention approaches for frequent marijuana users may be warranted to reduce impacts of loneliness and psychological distress and improve overall well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac C Rhew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Cadigan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Tabima JF, Gonen L, Gómez-Gallego M, Panda P, Grünwald NJ, Hansen EM, McDougal R, LeBoldus JM, Williams NM. Molecular Phylogenomics and Population Structure of Phytophthora pluvialis. Phytopathology 2021; 111:108-115. [PMID: 33048632 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-20-0232-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora pluvialis is an oomycete that was first isolated from soil, water, and tree foliage in mixed Douglas-fir-tanoak forests of the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW). It was then identified as the causal agent of red needle cast of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) in New Zealand (NZ). Genotyping-by-sequencing was used to obtain 1,543 single nucleotide polymorphisms across 145 P. pluvialis isolates to characterize the population structure in the PNW and NZ. We tested the hypothesis that P. pluvialis was introduced to NZ from the PNW using genetic distance measurements and population structure analyses among locations between countries. The low genetic distance, population heterozygosity, and lack of geographic structure in NZ suggest a single colonization event from the United States followed by clonal expansion in NZ. The PNW Coast Range was proposed as a presumptive center of origin of the currently known distribution of P. pluvialis based on its geographic range and position as the central cluster in a minimum spanning network. The Coastal cluster of isolates were located at the root of every U.S. cluster and emerged earlier than all NZ clusters. The Coastal cluster had the highest degree of heterozygosity (Hs = 0.254) and median pairwise genetic distance (0.093) relative to any other cluster. Finally, the rapid host diversification between closely related isolates of P. pluvialis in NZ indicate that this pathogen has the potential to infect a broader range of hosts than is currently recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier F Tabima
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
- Department of Biology, Clark University, The Lasry Center for Bioscience, Worcester, MA 01610, U.S.A
| | - Lilah Gonen
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Mireia Gómez-Gallego
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- UMR IAM-Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine, INRAE, Nancy 54000, France
| | - Preeti Panda
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
- Department of Pathogen Ecology and Control, Plant and Food Research, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North 4130, New Zealand
| | - Niklaus J Grünwald
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Research Unit, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Everett M Hansen
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca McDougal
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Jared M LeBoldus
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, Oregon State University, Peavy Forest Science Center, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Nari M Williams
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
- Department of Pathogen Ecology and Control, Plant and Food Research, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North 4130, New Zealand
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Ruegg KC, Harrigan RJ, Saracco JF, Smith TB, Taylor CM. A genoscape-network model for conservation prioritization in a migratory bird. Conserv Biol 2020; 34:1482-1491. [PMID: 32391608 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Migratory animals are declining worldwide and coordinated conservation efforts are needed to reverse current trends. We devised a novel genoscape-network model that combines genetic analyses with species distribution modeling and demographic data to overcome challenges with conceptualizing alternative risk factors in migratory species across their full annual cycle. We applied our method to the long distance, Neotropical migratory bird, Wilson's Warbler (Cardellina pusilla). Despite a lack of data from some wintering locations, we demonstrated how the results can be used to help prioritize conservation of breeding and wintering areas. For example, we showed that when genetic, demographic, and network modeling results were considered together it became clear that conservation recommendations will differ depending on whether the goal is to preserve unique genetic lineages or the largest number of birds per unit area. More specifically, if preservation of genetic lineages is the goal, then limited resources should be focused on preserving habitat in the California Sierra, Basin Rockies, or Coastal California, where the 3 most vulnerable genetic lineages breed, or in western Mexico, where 2 of the 3 most vulnerable lineages overwinter. Alternatively, if preservation of the largest number of individuals per unit area is the goal, then limited conservation dollars should be placed in the Pacific Northwest or Central America, where densities are estimated to be the highest. Overall, our results demonstrated the utility of adopting a genetically based network model for integrating multiple types of data across vast geographic scales and better inform conservation decision-making for migratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen C Ruegg
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, 251 W. Pitkins St, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, U.S.A
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, 619 Charles E Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, U.S.A
| | - Ryan J Harrigan
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, 619 Charles E Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, U.S.A
| | - James F Saracco
- The Institute for Bird Populations, PO Box 1346, Point Reyes Station, CA, 94956, U.S.A
| | - Thomas B Smith
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, 619 Charles E Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, U.S.A
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, U.S.A
| | - Caz M Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, 400 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA, 70118, U.S.A
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Yin C, McLaughlin K, Paulitz TC, Kroese DR, Hagerty CH. Population Dynamics of Wheat Root Pathogens Under Different Tillage Systems in Northeast Oregon. Plant Dis 2020; 104:2649-2657. [PMID: 32749926 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-19-0621-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
No-till or direct seeding can be described as seeding directly into the crop stubble from the previous season without use of tillage. A reduction in tillage can result in many benefits, including increased soil organic matter, increased water holding capacity, and reduced fuel costs. However, the effect of no-till and reduced tillage on crop root disease profiles is poorly understood. To study the effect of tillage on disease dynamics, soil samples were collected from commercial wheat fields representing a wide range of tillage strategies in fall 2016 and fall 2017. Because precipitation might affect soilborne diseases, wheat fields located across a diverse gradient of precipitation zones of the dryland Pacific Northwest were selected. Fusarium spp., Pythium spp., and Rhizoctonia spp. were quantified from soil samples using soil dilution plating and quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays. Results of dilution plating showed that the colony counts of Fusarium, Pythium, and Rhizoctonia at the genus level were negatively associated with tillage. However, the same patterns were not observed when specific causal agents of Fusarium, Pythium, and Rhizoctonia that are known to be pathogenic on wheat were quantified with qPCR. Furthermore, precipitation affected the population density of some fungal pathogens (F. culmorum, P. ultimum, and R. solani AG 8). Within the scope of inference of this study, results of this study indicate that the benefits of adopting reduced tillage likely outweigh potential risk for increased root disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntao Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
| | | | - Timothy C Paulitz
- USDA-ARS, Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
| | - Duncan R Kroese
- Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Adams, OR 97810
| | - Christina H Hagerty
- Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Adams, OR 97810
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Spanjer AR, Liedtke TL, Conn KE, Weiland LK, Black RW, Godfrey N. Evidence for rapid gut clearance of microplastic polyester fibers fed to Chinook salmon: A tank study. Environ Pollut 2020; 265:115083. [PMID: 32806431 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine and freshwater plastic pollution is a challenging issue receiving large amounts of research and media attention. Yet, few studies have documented the impact of microplastic ingestion to aquatic organisms. In the Pacific Northwest, Chinook salmon are a culturally and commercially significant fish species. The presence of marine and freshwater microplastic pollution is well documented in Chinook salmon habitat, yet no research has investigated the impacts to salmon from microplastic ingestion. The majority of the marine microplastics found in the Salish Sea are microfibers, synthetic extruded polymers that come from commonly worn clothing. To understand the potential impacts of microfiber ingestion to fish, we ran a feeding experiment with juvenile Chinook salmon to determine if ingested fibers are retained or digestion rates altered over a 10 day digestion period. The experiment was completed in two trials, each consisted of 20 control and 20 treatment fish. Treatment fish were each fed an amended ration of 12 food pellets spiked with 20 polyester microfibers and control fish were fed the same ration without added microfibers. Fish were sampled at day 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10 to assess if fibers were retained in their gastrointestinal tract and to determine the rate of digestion. Fibers for the experiment came from washing a red polyester fleece jacket in a microfiber retention bag. Fibers had a mean length of 4.98 mm. Results showed fish were able to clear up to 94% of fed fibers over 10 days. Differences in mean gastrointestinal mass were not statistically significant at any sampled time between treatment and controls, suggesting that the ingestion of microfibers did not alter digestion rates. Further work is needed to understand if repeated exposures, expected in the environment, alter digestion or food assimilation for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Spanjer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center, Tacoma, WA, United States.
| | - Theresa L Liedtke
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Cook, WA, United States
| | - Kathleen E Conn
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center, Tacoma, WA, United States
| | - Lisa K Weiland
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Cook, WA, United States
| | - Robert W Black
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center, Tacoma, WA, United States
| | - Nathan Godfrey
- University of Washington-Tacoma, Department of Environmental Science, Tacoma, WA, United States
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Duncan SS, Williams JL. Life history variation in an invasive plant is associated with climate and recent colonization of a specialist herbivore. Am J Bot 2020; 107:1366-1374. [PMID: 32914886 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Spatial variation in selective pressures can lead to intraspecific variation in life history, favoring some life histories and constraining others depending on the vulnerability of life stages. We examined how spatial variation in herbivory and climate influences flowering size and the occurrence of semelparity (reproducing once) versus iteroparity (reproducing multiple times) in the introduced range of an invasive plant, houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale). Houndstongue is a short-lived, semelparous perennial in its native range. In its introduced range, we previously documented increased rates of iteroparity and a higher median threshold flowering size compared to the native range. We hypothesized that the recent introduction of a specialist biocontrol insect (a root-boring weevil, Mogulones crucifer) would decrease threshold flowering size and reduce the proportion of iteroparous plants because M. crucifer preferentially attacks large individuals and may reduce overwinter survival. METHODS We surveyed 24 sites across the northwestern United States to quantify the frequency of semelparity versus iteroparity and to estimate weevil abundance and used demographic data collected from six sites to estimate median threshold flowering size. RESULTS We found that sites with greater winter precipitation and no weevils had a greater proportion of iteroparous plants. Sites with higher weevil attack had a lower median threshold flowering size. CONCLUSIONS The variation in frequency of flowering and threshold flowering size that we documented in North American houndstongue populations, and the relationships between this variation and herbivory and climate, provide evidence for how selective pressures covary with the life histories of invasive plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie S Duncan
- Department of Geography and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 217-1984 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Williams
- Department of Geography and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 217-1984 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z2, Canada
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Batavia C, Nelson MP, Wallach AD. The moral residue of conservation. Conserv Biol 2020; 34:1114-1121. [PMID: 31953967 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Should conservationists use lethal management to control introduced wildlife populations? Should they kill individual animals to protect endangered species? Are trade-offs that prioritize some values at the expense of others morally appropriate? These sorts of ethical questions are common in conservation. In debating such questions, conservationists often seem to presume 1 of 2 possible answers: the act in question is right or it is wrong. But morality in conservation is considerably more complex than this simple binary suggests. A robust conservation ethic requires a vocabulary that gives voice to the uncertainty and unease that arise when what seems to be the best available course of action also seems to involve a measure of wrongdoing. The philosophical literature on moral residue and moral dilemmas supplies this vocabulary. Moral dilemmas arise when one must neglect certain moral requirements to fulfill others. Under such circumstances, even the best possible decision leaves a moral residue, which is experienced emotionally as some form of grief. Examples of conservation scenarios that leave a moral residue include management of introduced rabbits in Australia, trophy hunting in Africa, and forest management trade-offs in the Pacific Northwest. Moral residue is integral to the moral experience of conservationists today, and grief is an appropriate response to many decisions conservationists must make. Article impact statement: Defensible conservation decisions may neglect moral requirements, leaving a moral residue; conservationists should respond with grief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Batavia
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, U.S.A
| | - Michael Paul Nelson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, U.S.A
| | - Arian D Wallach
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Kauffman JB, Giovanonni L, Kelly J, Dunstan N, Borde A, Diefenderfer H, Cornu C, Janousek C, Apple J, Brophy L. Total ecosystem carbon stocks at the marine-terrestrial interface: Blue carbon of the Pacific Northwest Coast, United States. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:5679-5692. [PMID: 32779311 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The coastal ecosystems of temperate North America provide a variety of ecosystem services including high rates of carbon sequestration. Yet, little data exist for the carbon stocks of major tidal wetland types in the Pacific Northwest, United States. We quantified the total ecosystem carbon stocks (TECS) in seagrass, emergent marshes, and forested tidal wetlands, occurring along increasing elevation and decreasing salinity gradients. The TECS included the total aboveground carbon stocks and the entire soil profile (to as deep as 3 m). TECS significantly increased along the elevation and salinity gradients: 217 ± 60 Mg C/ha for seagrass (low elevation/high salinity), 417 ± 70 Mg C/ha for low marsh, 551 ± 47 Mg C/ha for high marsh, and 1,064 ± 38 Mg C/ha for tidal forest (high elevation/low salinity). Soil carbon stocks accounted for >98% of TECS in the seagrass and marsh communities and 78% in the tidal forest. Soils in the 0-100 cm portion of the profile accounted for only 48%-53% of the TECS in seagrasses and marshes and 34% of the TECS in tidal forests. Thus, the commonly applied limit defining TECS to a 100 cm depth would greatly underestimate both carbon stocks and potential greenhouse gas emissions from land-use conversion. The large carbon stocks coupled with other ecosystem services suggest value in the conservation and restoration of temperate zone tidal wetlands through climate change mitigation strategies. However, the findings suggest that long-term sea-level rise effects such as tidal inundation and increased porewater salinity will likely decrease ecosystem carbon stocks in the absence of upslope wetland migration buffer zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boone Kauffman
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Leila Giovanonni
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - James Kelly
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Nicholas Dunstan
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Amy Borde
- Coastal Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Heida Diefenderfer
- Coastal Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Craig Cornu
- Institute for Applied Ecology, Estuary Technical Group, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christopher Janousek
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jude Apple
- Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, WA, USA
| | - Laura Brophy
- Institute for Applied Ecology, Estuary Technical Group, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Ortega-Pieck A, Norby J, Brooks ES, Strawn D, Crump AR, Huggins DR. Sources and subsurface transport of dissolved reactive phosphorus in a semiarid, no-till catchment with complex topography. J Environ Qual 2020; 49:1286-1297. [PMID: 33016460 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The subsurface transport of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) from artificially drained agricultural fields can impair water quality, especially in no-till fields. The distribution of soil P in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-dominated Palouse region in the inland U.S. Pacific Northwest varies greatly due to its steep and complex topography, and a legacy (∼130 yr) of excessive soil erosion and deposition processes. The primary goal of this research was to better understand the magnitude and temporal dynamics of DRP export from an artificial drain line and the variability of subsurface DRP leaching within a long-term, no-till field. Dissolved reactive P in drain line effluent was monitored across three water years. Large intact soil cores were extracted at contrasting field locations (toe and top slope positions) to measure DRP leachate concentration and relative P sorption. Drain line DRP concentration was predominantly >0.05 mg L-1 and often exceeded 0.1 mg L-1 during winter and early spring. Mean leachate DRP levels were significantly higher in toe slope cores than in top slope cores (0.11 and 0.02 mg L-1 , respectively). Saturated hydraulic conductivity varied widely across cores and was not correlated with leachate DRP concentration. All soil cores exhibited high P sorption potential, even under conditions of preferential flow. These findings suggest that much of the DRP transport in these landscapes is derived from P hotspots located in toe slope positions. Application of soil P fertilizer amounts in variable rates that account for spatial variability in P transport may minimize P enrichment and subsequent leaching in these locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Ortega-Pieck
- Dep. of Soil and Water Resources, Univ. of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr., Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Jessica Norby
- Carver County Water Management Organization, 600 E 4th St., Chaska, MN, 55318, USA
| | - Erin S Brooks
- Dep. of Soil and Water Resources, Univ. of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr., Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Daniel Strawn
- Dep. of Soil and Water Resources, Univ. of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr., Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Alex R Crump
- Dep. of Soil and Water Resources, Univ. of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr., Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - David R Huggins
- USDA-ARS, Northwest Sustainable Agroecosystems Research Unit, Pullman, WA, 99164-643, USA
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Klesse S, DeRose RJ, Babst F, Black BA, Anderegg LDL, Axelson J, Ettinger A, Griesbauer H, Guiterman CH, Harley G, Harvey JE, Lo YH, Lynch AM, O'Connor C, Restaino C, Sauchyn D, Shaw JD, Smith DJ, Wood L, Villanueva-Díaz J, Evans MEK. Continental-scale tree-ring-based projection of Douglas-fir growth: Testing the limits of space-for-time substitution. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:5146-5163. [PMID: 32433807 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A central challenge in global change research is the projection of the future behavior of a system based upon past observations. Tree-ring data have been used increasingly over the last decade to project tree growth and forest ecosystem vulnerability under future climate conditions. But how can the response of tree growth to past climate variation predict the future, when the future does not look like the past? Space-for-time substitution (SFTS) is one way to overcome the problem of extrapolation: the response at a given location in a warmer future is assumed to follow the response at a warmer location today. Here we evaluated an SFTS approach to projecting future growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), a species that occupies an exceptionally large environmental space in North America. We fit a hierarchical mixed-effects model to capture ring-width variability in response to spatial and temporal variation in climate. We found opposing gradients for productivity and climate sensitivity with highest growth rates and weakest response to interannual climate variation in the mesic coastal part of Douglas-fir's range; narrower rings and stronger climate sensitivity occurred across the semi-arid interior. Ring-width response to spatial versus temporal temperature variation was opposite in sign, suggesting that spatial variation in productivity, caused by local adaptation and other slow processes, cannot be used to anticipate changes in productivity caused by rapid climate change. We thus substituted only climate sensitivities when projecting future tree growth. Growth declines were projected across much of Douglas-fir's distribution, with largest relative decreases in the semiarid U.S. Interior West and smallest in the mesic Pacific Northwest. We further highlight the strengths of mixed-effects modeling for reviving a conceptual cornerstone of dendroecology, Cook's 1987 aggregate growth model, and the great potential to use tree-ring networks and results as a calibration target for next-generation vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Klesse
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Swiss Forest Protection, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Robert Justin DeRose
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis, Ogden, UT, USA
- Department Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Flurin Babst
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Swiss Forest Protection, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bryan A Black
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Leander D L Anderegg
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jodi Axelson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Hardy Griesbauer
- Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | | | - Grant Harley
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Jill E Harvey
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yueh-Hsin Lo
- Department of Science, Universidad Publica de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ann M Lynch
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Dave Sauchyn
- Prairie Adaptation Research Collaborative, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - John D Shaw
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis, Ogden, UT, USA
| | - Dan J Smith
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa Wood
- Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Jose Villanueva-Díaz
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias, CENID-RASPA, Gomez Palacio, Mexico
| | - Margaret E K Evans
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Neidermeier AN, Ross DW, Havill NP, Wallin KF. Temporal Asynchrony of Adult Emergence Between Leucopis argenticollis and Leucopis piniperda (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), Predators of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), with Implications for Biological Control. Environ Entomol 2020; 49:823-828. [PMID: 32463089 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two species of silver fly, Leucopis argenticollis (Zetterstedt) and Leucopis piniperda (Malloch) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), from the Pacific Northwest region of North America have been identified as potential biological control agents of hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae: Adelges tsugae Annand) in eastern North America. The two predators are collectively synchronized with A. tsugae development. To determine whether adult emergence of the two species of silver fly are also synchronized with one another, we collected adult Leucopis which emerged from A. tsugae-infested western hemlock [Pinaceae: Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.] from four sites in the Pacific Northwest over a 29-d period. Specimens were collected twice daily in the laboratory and identified to species using DNA barcoding. The study found that more adult Leucopis were collected in the evening than the morning. Additionally, the daily emergences of adults over the 29-d sampling period exhibited sinusoidal-like fluctuations of peak abundance of each species, lending evidence to a pattern of temporal partitioning. This pattern could have logistical implications for their use as biological control agents in eastern North America, namely the need to release both species for maximum efficacy in decreasing A. tsugae populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex N Neidermeier
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Darrell W Ross
- Department of Entomology, School of Natural Resource Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | | | - Kimberly F Wallin
- College of Science and Mathematics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
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Cohen AL, Wohleb CH, Rondon SI, Swisher Grimm KD, Cueva I, Munyaneza JE, Jones VP, Crowder DW. Seasonal Population Dynamics of Potato Psyllid (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in the Columbia River Basin. Environ Entomol 2020; 49:974-982. [PMID: 32533139 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding factors that affect the population dynamics of insect pest species is key for developing integrated pest management strategies in agroecosystems. Most insect pest populations are strongly regulated by abiotic factors such as temperature and precipitation, and assessing relationships between abiotic conditions and pest dynamics can aid decision-making. However, many pests are also managed with insecticides, which can confound relationships between abiotic factors and pest dynamics. Here we used data from a regional monitoring network in the Pacific Northwest United States to explore effects of abiotic factors on populations of an intensively managed potato pest, the potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli Šulc), which can vector Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurus, a bacterial pathogen of potatoes. We assessed effects of temperature on psyllid populations, and show psyllid population growth followed predictable patterns within each year, but there was considerable variation across years in psyllid abundance. Examination of seasonal weather patterns suggested that in 2017, when psyllid populations were less abundant by several orders of magnitude than other years, a particularly long and cold period of winter weather may have harmed overwintering populations and limited population growth. The rate of degree-day accumulation over time, as well as total degree-day accumulation also affected trap catch abundance, likely by mediating the number of psyllid generations per season. Our findings indicate that growers can reliably infer the potential magnitude of risk from potato psyllids using monitoring data, date of first detection, seasonal weather patterns, and population size early in the growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L Cohen
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | | | - Silvia I Rondon
- Oregon State University, Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Hermiston, OR
| | - Kylie D Swisher Grimm
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, Prosser, WA
| | - Isabel Cueva
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, Wapato, WA
| | - Joseph E Munyaneza
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, Wapato, WA
| | - Vincent P Jones
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
- Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center, Wenatchee, WA
| | - David W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
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48
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Coble AA, Barnard H, Du E, Johnson S, Jones J, Keppeler E, Kwon H, Link TE, Penaluna BE, Reiter M, River M, Puettmann K, Wagenbrenner J. Long-term hydrological response to forest harvest during seasonal low flow: Potential implications for current forest practices. Sci Total Environ 2020; 730:138926. [PMID: 32402963 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in the magnitude and duration of streamflow can have important implications for aquatic species, drinking water supplies, and water quality. In many regions, including the Pacific Northwest (U.S. and Canada), seasonal low flow is declining, primarily due to a changing climate, but is also influenced by urbanization, agriculture, and forestry. We review the responses of seasonal low flow, catchment storage, and tree-water relations to forest harvest over long timescales and discuss the potential implications of these responses for current forest practices and aquatic biota. We identify three distinct periods of expected low flow responses as regrowth occurs following forest harvest: in the first period an initial increase in low flow can occur as replanted stands regenerate, in the second period low flow is characterized by mixed and variable responses as forests become established, and in the third period, which follows canopy closure, low flow declines may occur over long timescales. Of 25 small catchments with ≥10 years post-harvest data, nine catchments had no change or variable low flow and 16 catchments experienced reduced low flow years after harvest. The retention of riparian buffers, limited size of harvest units, and adherence to reforestation requirements have altered the contemporary forest landscape relative to historical forest practices, but data documenting multi-decadal hydrological responses to current harvest practices is limited. Our review suggests that the magnitude of low flow responses attenuates downstream as a broader mosaic of stand ages occurs and multiple hydrological periods are represented. Declines were not observed in the seven large catchments reviewed. The consequences of low flow declines for aquatic biota are not well understood, but where data do exist aquatic biota have not been adversely affected. We identify priorities for future research that will aid in improving predictions of low flow responses to harvest as forests regenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Coble
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., 227 NW Third St., Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.
| | - Holly Barnard
- Department of Geography, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Enhao Du
- College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Sherri Johnson
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Julia Jones
- Geography CEOAS, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Elizabeth Keppeler
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Fort Bragg, CA, USA
| | - Hyojung Kwon
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Timothy E Link
- College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Brooke E Penaluna
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Mark River
- Weyerhaeuser Company, Springfield, OR, USA
| | - Klaus Puettmann
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Abstract
This exploratory research considers the ways in which Christian churches provide health and wellness programming to their congregations and the surrounding community. We investigated one community in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA. Here we examined the types of health-related programs promoted by the church community, to whom these programs are directed, and the theological motivations for providing such services. We also analyzed the sociocultural dynamics of each congregation that may lead some churches to promote health and wellness more than others. Findings suggest that many churches focus primarily on providing services to the community at large, rather than promoting healthy living within their own communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Abbey
- Department of Health Sciences, Whitworth University, 300 W Hawthorne Rd., Spokane, WA, 99251, USA.
| | - Stacy M Keogh George
- Department of Sociology, Whitworth University, 300 W Hawthorne Rd., Spokane, WA, 99251, USA
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50
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Lachish S, Brandell EE, Craft ME, Dobson AP, Hudson PJ, MacNulty DR, Coulson T. Investigating the Dynamics of Elk Population Size and Body Mass in a Seasonal Environment Using a Mechanistic Integral Projection Model. Am Nat 2020; 196:E23-E45. [PMID: 32673097 DOI: 10.1086/708723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Environmentally mediated changes in body size often underlie population responses to environmental change, yet this is not a universal phenomenon. Understanding when phenotypic change underlies population responses to environmental change is important for obtaining insights and robust predictions of population dynamics in a changing world. We develop a dynamic integral projection model that mechanistically links environmental conditions to demographic rates and phenotypic traits (body size) via changes in resource availability and individual energetics. We apply the model to the northern Yellowstone elk population and explore population responses to changing patterns of seasonality, incorporating the interdependence of growth, demography, and density-dependent processes operating through population feedback on available resources. We found that small changes in body size distributions can have large impacts on population dynamics but need not cause population responses to environmental change. Environmental changes that altered demographic rates directly, via increasing or decreasing resource availability, led to large population impacts in the absence of substantial changes to body size distributions. In contrast, environmentally driven shifts in body size distributions could occur with little consequence for population dynamics when the effect of environmental change on resource availability was small and seasonally restricted and when strong density-dependent processes counteracted expected population responses. These findings highlight that a robust understanding of how associations between body size and demography influence population responses to environmental change will require knowledge of the shape of the relationship between phenotypic distributions and vital rates, the population status with regard to its carrying capacity, and importantly the nature of the environmentally driven change in body size and carrying capacity.
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