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Mayer PM, Moran KD, Miller EL, Brander SM, Harper S, Garcia-Jaramillo M, Carrasco-Navarro V, Ho KT, Burgess RM, Thornton Hampton LM, Granek EF, McCauley M, McIntyre JK, Kolodziej EP, Hu X, Williams AJ, Beckingham BA, Jackson ME, Sanders-Smith RD, Fender CL, King GA, Bollman M, Kaushal SS, Cunningham BE, Hutton SJ, Lang J, Goss HV, Siddiqui S, Sutton R, Lin D, Mendez M. Where the rubber meets the road: Emerging environmental impacts of tire wear particles and their chemical cocktails. Sci Total Environ 2024; 927:171153. [PMID: 38460683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
About 3 billion new tires are produced each year and about 800 million tires become waste annually. Global dependence upon tires produced from natural rubber and petroleum-based compounds represents a persistent and complex environmental problem with only partial and often-times, ineffective solutions. Tire emissions may be in the form of whole tires, tire particles, and chemical compounds, each of which is transported through various atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic routes in the natural and built environments. Production and use of tires generates multiple heavy metals, plastics, PAH's, and other compounds that can be toxic alone or as chemical cocktails. Used tires require storage space, are energy intensive to recycle, and generally have few post-wear uses that are not also potential sources of pollutants (e.g., crumb rubber, pavements, burning). Tire particles emitted during use are a major component of microplastics in urban runoff and a source of unique and highly potent toxic substances. Thus, tires represent a ubiquitous and complex pollutant that requires a comprehensive examination to develop effective management and remediation. We approach the issue of tire pollution holistically by examining the life cycle of tires across production, emissions, recycling, and disposal. In this paper, we synthesize recent research and data about the environmental and human health risks associated with the production, use, and disposal of tires and discuss gaps in our knowledge about fate and transport, as well as the toxicology of tire particles and chemical leachates. We examine potential management and remediation approaches for addressing exposure risks across the life cycle of tires. We consider tires as pollutants across three levels: tires in their whole state, as particulates, and as a mixture of chemical cocktails. Finally, we discuss information gaps in our understanding of tires as a pollutant and outline key questions to improve our knowledge and ability to manage and remediate tire pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Mayer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Kelly D Moran
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
| | - Ezra L Miller
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
| | - Susanne M Brander
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - Stacey Harper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Manuel Garcia-Jaramillo
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - Victor Carrasco-Navarro
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Yliopistonranta 1 E, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kay T Ho
- US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States of America.
| | - Robert M Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States of America.
| | - Leah M Thornton Hampton
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, United States of America.
| | - Elise F Granek
- Environmental Science & Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, United States of America.
| | - Margaret McCauley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Seattle, WA 98101, United States of America.
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Washington Stormwater Center, 2606 W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA 98371, United States of America.
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences (UW Tacoma), Civil and Environmental Engineering (UW Seattle), Center for Urban Waters, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, United States of America.
| | - Ximin Hu
- Civil and Environmental Engineering (UW Seattle), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America.
| | - Antony J Williams
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, Computational Chemistry & Cheminformatics Branch, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America.
| | - Barbara A Beckingham
- Department of Geology & Environmental Geosciences, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 66 George Street Charleston, SC 29424, United States of America.
| | - Miranda E Jackson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - Rhea D Sanders-Smith
- Washington State Department of Ecology, 300 Desmond Drive SE, Lacey, WA 98503, United States of America.
| | - Chloe L Fender
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - George A King
- CSS, Inc., 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Michael Bollman
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Sujay S Kaushal
- Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America.
| | - Brittany E Cunningham
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Sara J Hutton
- GSI Environmental, Inc., Olympia, Washington 98502, USA.
| | - Jackelyn Lang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology and the Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America.
| | - Heather V Goss
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20004, United States of America.
| | - Samreen Siddiqui
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
| | - Diana Lin
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
| | - Miguel Mendez
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
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2
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Meador JP, Ball SC, James CA, McIntyre JK. Using the fish plasma model to evaluate potential effects of pharmaceuticals in effluent from a large urban wastewater treatment plant. Environ Pollut 2024; 348:123842. [PMID: 38554836 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Several pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were evaluated using the fish plasma model (FPM) for juvenile Chinook salmon exposed to effluent from a large urban wastewater treatment plant. The FPM compares fish plasma concentrations to therapeutic values determined in human plasma as an indication of potential adverse effects. We used human Cmax values, which are the maximum plasma concentration for a minimum therapeutic dose. Observed and predicted plasma concentrations from juvenile Chinook salmon exposed to a dilution series of whole wastewater effluent were compared to 1%Cmax values to determine Response Ratios (RR) ([plasma]/1%Cmax) for assessment of possible adverse effects. Several PPCPs were found to approach or exceed an RR of 1, indicating potential effects in fish. We also predicted plasma concentrations from measured water concentrations and determined that several of the values were close to or below the analytical reporting limit (RL) indicating potential plasma concentrations for a large number of PPCPs that were below detection. Additionally, the 1%Cmax was less than the RL for several analytes, which could impede predictions of possible effect concentrations. A comparison of observed and predicted plasma concentrations found that observed values were frequently much higher than values predicted with water concentrations, especially for low log10Dow compounds. The observed versus predicted values using the human volume of distribution (Vd), were generally much closer in agreement. These data appear to support the selection of whole-body concentrations to predict plasma values, which relies more on estimating simple partitioning within the fish instead of uptake via water. Overall, these observations highlight the frequently underestimated predicted plasma concentrations and potential to cause adverse effects in fish. Using measured plasma concentrations or predicted values from whole-body concentrations along with improved prediction models and reductions in analytical detection limits will foster more accurate risk assessments of pharmaceutical exposure for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Meador
- University of Washington, Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105-6099, USA.
| | - Suzanne C Ball
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA.
| | - C Andrew James
- University of Washington Tacoma, Center for Urban Waters, 326 East D Street, Tacoma, WA, 98421-1801, USA.
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA.
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3
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McIntyre JK, Spromberg J, Cameron J, Incardona JP, Davis JW, Scholz NL. Bioretention filtration prevents acute mortality and reduces chronic toxicity for early life stage coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) episodically exposed to urban stormwater runoff. Sci Total Environ 2023; 902:165759. [PMID: 37495136 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
As the human population of western North America continues to expand, widespread patterns of urban growth pose increasingly existential threats to certain wild stocks of Pacific salmon and steelhead (Oncorhynchus sp.). Rainfall previously absorbed into the soils of forests and grasslands falls instead on pavement and other hardened surfaces. This creates stormwater runoff that carries toxic metals, oil, and many other contaminants into salmon-bearing habitats. These include freshwater streams where coho salmon (O. kisutch) spawn in gravel beds. Coho salmon embryos develop within a thick eggshell (chorion) for weeks to months before hatching as alevins and ultimately emerging from the gravel as fry. Untreated urban runoff is highly toxic to older coho salmon (freshwater-resident juveniles and adult spawners), but the vulnerability of the earliest life stages remains poorly understood. To address this uncertainty, we fertilized eggs and raised them under an episodic stormwater exposure regimen, using runoff collected from a high-traffic arterial roadway from 15 discrete storm events. We monitored survival and morphological development, as well as molecular markers for contaminant exposure and cardiovascular stress. We also evaluated the benefit of treating runoff with green infrastructure (bioretention filtration) on coho salmon health and survival. Untreated runoff caused subtle sublethal toxicity in pre-hatch embryos with no mortality, followed by high rates of mortality from exposure at hatch. Bioretention filtration removed most measured contaminants (bacteria, dissolved metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), and the treated effluent was considerably less toxic - notably preventing mortality at the alevin stage. Our findings indicate that untreated urban runoff poses an important threat to early life stage coho salmon, in terms of both acute and delayed-in-time mortality. Moreover, while inexpensive management strategies involving bioinfiltration are promising, future green infrastructure effectiveness research should emphasize sublethal metrics for contaminant exposure and adverse health outcomes in salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer K McIntyre
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA.
| | - Julann Spromberg
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - James Cameron
- Saltwater Inc, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - John P Incardona
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Jay W Davis
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Environmental Contaminants Program, 510 Desmond Dr. SE, Lacey, WA 98503, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
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4
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Duchet C, Hou F, Sinclair CA, Tian Z, Kraft A, Kolar V, Kolodziej EP, McIntyre JK, Stark JD. Neonicotinoid mixture alters trophic interactions in a freshwater aquatic invertebrate community. Sci Total Environ 2023; 897:165419. [PMID: 37429477 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are increasingly and widely used systemic insecticides in agriculture, residential applications, and elsewhere. These pesticides can sometimes occur in small water bodies in exceptionally high concentrations, leading to downstream non-target aquatic toxicity. Although insects appear to be the most sensitive group to neonicotinoids, other aquatic invertebrates may also be affected. Most existing studies focus on single-insecticide exposure and very little is known concerning the impact of neonicotinoid mixtures on aquatic invertebrates at the community level. To address this data gap and explore community-level effects, we performed an outdoor mesocosm experiment that tested the effect of a mixture of three common neonicotinoids (formulated imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam) on an aquatic invertebrate community. Exposure to the neonicotinoid mixture induced a top-down cascading effect on insect predators and zooplankton, ultimately increasing phytoplankton. Our results highlight complexities of mixture toxicity occurring in the environment that may be underestimated with traditional mono-specific toxicological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Duchet
- Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA; Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Fan Hou
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cailin A Sinclair
- Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA; Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Alyssa Kraft
- Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Vojtech Kolar
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - John D Stark
- Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
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5
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Mitchell CJ, Jayakaran AD, McIntyre JK. Biochar and fungi as bioretention amendments for bacteria and PAH removal from stormwater. J Environ Manage 2023; 327:116915. [PMID: 36462489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bioretention has been widely used to mitigate hydrologic impacts of stormwater runoff and is increasingly being relied upon to treat chemical and biological pollutants transported by stormwater. Despite this reliance, we still lack an understanding of treatment performance for certain organic and biological contaminants which may interact with biotic and abiotic components of bioretention systems. We evaluated the treatment of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in stormwater runoff by bioretention. We compared treatment performance by Washington's standard bioretention mix of 60% sand: 40% compost (by volume), and by three other mixtures amended with biochar, fungi (Stropharia rugosoannulata), or both. All bioretention columns were conditioned with clean water and then dosed with collected roadway runoff at a rate equivalent to a 6 month, 24 h storm in this region during 8 events over a 14-month period. Effluents for each column were analyzed for 23 PAHs, Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and total suspended solids (TSS). The fate and transport of PAHs within the bioretention columns was tracked by measuring soil PAHs in media cores taken from the columns. ΣPAH were almost completely removed by all treatments across all storms, with removal rates ranging from 97 to 100% for 94 out of 96 samples. Compost appeared to be a source of PAHs in bioretention media, as biochar-amended media initially contained half the ΣPAHs as treatments with the standard 60:40 sand:compost mixture. We observed a net loss of ΣPAHs (19-73%) in bioretention media across the study, which could not be explained by PAHs in the effluent, suggesting that bioremediation by microbes and/or plants attenuated media PAHs. E. coli and fecal coliform were exported in the first dosing event, but all columns achieved some treatment in subsequent dosing events. Overall, these findings suggest that PAHs in stormwater can be remediated with bioretention, are unlikely to accumulate in bioretention media, and that biochar amendments can improve the treatment of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea J Mitchell
- Washington State University-Puyallup, 2606 W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA
| | - Anand D Jayakaran
- Washington State University-Puyallup, 2606 W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA.
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- Washington State University-Puyallup, 2606 W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA
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6
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Duchet C, Mitchell CJ, McIntyre JK, Stark JD. Chronic toxicity of three formulations of neonicotinoid insecticides and their mixture on two daphniid species: Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia. Aquat Toxicol 2023; 254:106351. [PMID: 36423469 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides represent nearly a quarter of the global insecticide market and are widely used in agriculture but also for lawn, garden care, and pest control. They are highly water-soluble, persistent in soil, may enter the aquatic compartment via spray drift, runoff, or leaching, and contribute to downstream aquatic toxicity. Although insects appear to be the most sensitive group to neonicotinoids, other groups, such as crustaceans, may also be affected. Furthermore, most studies focus on single-insecticide exposure and very little is known concerning the impact of neonicotinoid mixtures on aquatic invertebrates. The present study was designed to test potential toxicological effects of an environmentally relevant mixture of imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam on populations of Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna under controlled conditions. Chronic toxicity tests were conducted in the laboratory, and survival and reproduction were measured for both species under environmentally relevant, 'worst-case' concentrations for each compound separately and in combination as pesticides are often detected as mixtures in aquatic environments. The neonicotinoids did not appear to affect the survival of C. dubia and D. magna. Reproduction of C. dubia was affected by the mixture whereas all three individual insecticides as well as the mixture caused a significant reduction in the reproduction of D. magna. Our results highlight the complexity of pesticide toxicity and show that traditional toxicological approaches such as, acute mortality studies and tests with single compounds can underestimate negative impacts that occur in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Duchet
- Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, United States; Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic.
| | - Chelsea J Mitchell
- Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, United States
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, United States
| | - John D Stark
- Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, United States
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7
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Sergeant CJ, Sexton EK, Moore JW, Westwood AR, Nagorski SA, Ebersole JL, Chambers DM, O'Neal SL, Malison RL, Hauer FR, Whited DC, Weitz J, Caldwell J, Capito M, Connor M, Frissell CA, Knox G, Lowery ED, Macnair R, Marlatt V, McIntyre JK, McPhee MV, Skuce N. Risks of mining to salmonid-bearing watersheds. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabn0929. [PMID: 35776798 PMCID: PMC10883362 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mining provides resources for people but can pose risks to ecosystems that support cultural keystone species. Our synthesis reviews relevant aspects of mining operations, describes the ecology of salmonid-bearing watersheds in northwestern North America, and compiles the impacts of metal and coal extraction on salmonids and their habitat. We conservatively estimate that this region encompasses nearly 4000 past producing mines, with present-day operations ranging from small placer sites to massive open-pit projects that annually mine more than 118 million metric tons of earth. Despite impact assessments that are intended to evaluate risk and inform mitigation, mines continue to harm salmonid-bearing watersheds via pathways such as toxic contaminants, stream channel burial, and flow regime alteration. To better maintain watershed processes that benefit salmonids, we highlight key windows during the mining governance life cycle for science to guide policy by more accurately accounting for stressor complexity, cumulative effects, and future environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Sergeant
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Erin K Sexton
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - Jonathan W Moore
- Earth2Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Alana R Westwood
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sonia A Nagorski
- Environmental Science Program, University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | | | - David M Chambers
- Center for Science in Public Participation, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
| | - Sarah L O'Neal
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Rachel L Malison
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - F Richard Hauer
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - Diane C Whited
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - Jill Weitz
- Salmon Beyond Borders, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Jackie Caldwell
- Lands, Resources, and Fisheries, Taku River Tlingit First Nation, Atlin, BC V0W 1A0, Canada
| | | | - Mark Connor
- Lands, Resources, and Fisheries, Taku River Tlingit First Nation, Atlin, BC V0W 1A0, Canada
| | - Christopher A Frissell
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
- Department of Hydrology, Salish Kootenai College, Pablo, MT 59855, USA
| | - Greg Knox
- SkeenaWild Conservation Trust, Terrace, BC V8G 1M9, Canada
| | - Erin D Lowery
- Environment, Land, and Licensing Business Unit, Seattle City Light, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | | | - Vicki Marlatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Megan V McPhee
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Nikki Skuce
- Northern Confluence Initiative, Smithers, BC V0J 2N0, Canada
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8
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McIntyre JK, Prat J, Cameron J, Wetzel J, Mudrock E, Peter KT, Tian Z, Mackenzie C, Lundin J, Stark JD, King K, Davis JW, Kolodziej EP, Scholz NL. Treading Water: Tire Wear Particle Leachate Recreates an Urban Runoff Mortality Syndrome in Coho but Not Chum Salmon. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:11767-11774. [PMID: 34410108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tire tread wear particles (TWP) are increasingly recognized as a global pollutant of surface waters, but their impact on biota in receiving waters is rarely addressed. In the developed U.S. Pacific Northwest, acute mortality of adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) follows rain events and is correlated with roadway density. Roadway runoff experimentally triggers behavioral symptoms and associated changes in blood indicative of cardiorespiratory distress prior to death. Closely related chum salmon (O. keta) lack an equivalent response. Acute mortality of juvenile coho was recently experimentally linked to a transformation product of a tire-derived chemical. We evaluated whether TWP leachate is sufficient to trigger the acute mortality syndrome in adult coho salmon. We characterized the acute response of adult coho and chum salmon to TWP leachate (survival, behavior, blood physiology) and compared it with that caused by roadway runoff. TWP leachate was acutely lethal to coho at concentrations similar to roadway runoff, with the same behaviors and blood parameters impacted. As with runoff, chum salmon appeared insensitive to TWP leachate at concentrations lethal to coho. Our results confirm that environmentally relevant TWP exposures cause acute mortalities of a keystone aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer K McIntyre
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - Jasmine Prat
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - James Cameron
- Ocean Associates, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Jillian Wetzel
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - Emma Mudrock
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
| | - Cailin Mackenzie
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - Jessica Lundin
- National Research Council Research Associateship Program, Under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98112 United States
| | - John D Stark
- Washington State University, Washington Stormwater Center, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - Kennith King
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Environmental Contaminants Program, Lacey, Washington 98503 United States
| | - Jay W Davis
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Environmental Contaminants Program, Lacey, Washington 98503 United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
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9
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Tian Z, Zhao H, Peter KT, Gonzalez M, Wetzel J, Wu C, Hu X, Prat J, Mudrock E, Hettinger R, Cortina AE, Biswas RG, Kock FVC, Soong R, Jenne A, Du B, Hou F, He H, Lundeen R, Gilbreath A, Sutton R, Scholz NL, Davis JW, Dodd MC, Simpson A, McIntyre JK, Kolodziej EP. A ubiquitous tire rubber-derived chemical induces acute mortality in coho salmon. Science 2021; 371:185-189. [PMID: 33273063 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd6951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In U.S. Pacific Northwest coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), stormwater exposure annually causes unexplained acute mortality when adult salmon migrate to urban creeks to reproduce. By investigating this phenomenon, we identified a highly toxic quinone transformation product of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), a globally ubiquitous tire rubber antioxidant. Retrospective analysis of representative roadway runoff and stormwater-affected creeks of the U.S. West Coast indicated widespread occurrence of 6PPD-quinone (<0.3 to 19 micrograms per liter) at toxic concentrations (median lethal concentration of 0.8 ± 0.16 micrograms per liter). These results reveal unanticipated risks of 6PPD antioxidants to an aquatic species and imply toxicological relevance for dissipated tire rubber residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Haoqi Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Melissa Gonzalez
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Jill Wetzel
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Christopher Wu
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Ximin Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jasmine Prat
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Emma Mudrock
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Rachel Hettinger
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Allan E Cortina
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Rajshree Ghosh Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | | | - Ronald Soong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Amy Jenne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Bowen Du
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Fan Hou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Huan He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rachel Lundeen
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
| | - Alicia Gilbreath
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Jay W Davis
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey, WA 98503, USA
| | - Michael C Dodd
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andre Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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10
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Harding LB, Tagal M, Ylitalo GM, Incardona JP, Davis JW, Scholz NL, McIntyre JK. Urban stormwater and crude oil injury pathways converge on the developing heart of a shore-spawning marine forage fish. Aquat Toxicol 2020; 229:105654. [PMID: 33161306 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how aquatic organisms respond to complex chemical mixtures remains one of the foremost challenges in modern ecotoxicology. Although oil spills are typically high-profile disasters that release hundreds or thousands of chemicals into the environment, there is growing evidence for a common adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for the vulnerable embryos and larvae of fish species that spawn in oiled habitats. Molecular initiating events involve the disruption of excitation-contraction coupling in individual cardiomyocytes, which then dysregulate the form and function of the embryonic heart. Phenanthrenes and other three-ring (tricyclic) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are key drivers for this developmental cardiotoxicity and are also relatively enriched in land-based urban runoff. Similar to oil spills, stormwater discharged from roadways and other high-traffic impervious surfaces contains myriad contaminants, many of which are uncharacterized in terms of their chemical identity and toxicity to aquatic organisms. Nevertheless, given the exceptional sensitivity of the developing heart to tricyclic PAHs and the ubiquitous presence of these compounds in road runoff, cardiotoxicity may also be a dominant aspect of the stormwater-induced injury phenotype in fish early life stages. Here we assessed the effects of traffic-related runoff on the embryos and early larvae of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), a marine forage fish that spawns along the coastline of western North America. We used the well-characterized central features of the oil toxicity AOP for herring embryos as benchmarks for a detailed analysis of embryolarval cardiotoxicity across a dilution gradient ranging from 12 to 50% stormwater diluted in clean seawater. These injury indicators included measures of circulatory function, ventricular area, heart chamber looping, and the contractility of both the atrium and the ventricle. We also determined tissue concentrations of phenanthrenes and other PAHs in herring embryos. We find that tricyclic PAHs are readily bioavailable during cardiogenesis, and that stormwater-induced toxicity is in many respects indistinguishable from canonical crude oil toxicity. Given the chemical complexity of urban runoff, non-tricyclic PAH-mediated mechanisms of developmental toxicity in fish remain likely. However, from the standpoint of managing wild herring populations, our results suggest that stormwater-driven threats to individual survival (both near-term and delayed mortality) can be understood from decades of past research on crude oil toxicity. Moreover, Pacific herring embryos are promising sentinels for water quality monitoring in nearshore marine habitats, as in situand sensitive indicators of both toxic runoff and the effectiveness of pollution reduction efforts such as green stormwater infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa B Harding
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer Ave., Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA.
| | - Mark Tagal
- Lynker Technologies, Under Contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Gina M Ylitalo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - John P Incardona
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Jay W Davis
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, 510 Desmond Dr. S.E., Lacey, WA 98503, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- Washington State University, School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer Ave., Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA.
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11
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Stark JD, McIntyre JK, Banks JE. Population viability in a host-parasitoid system is mediated by interactions between population stage structure and life stage differential susceptibility to toxicants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20746. [PMID: 33247223 PMCID: PMC7699617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of toxicants, such as pesticides, may be more severe for some life stages of an organism than others. However, in most toxicity studies, data is developed for only one life stage, which may lead to misleading interpretations. Furthermore, population stage-structure may interact with differential susceptibility, especially when populations consist of higher proportions of individuals in more susceptible stages at the time of toxicant exposure. We explore the interaction of differential stage susceptibility and stage distribution using a stage-structured Lefkovitch matrix model. We incorporate lab-derived toxicity data for a common parasitoid, the braconid Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh), a common natural enemy of the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.), exposed to the pesticide imidacloprid. We compare population outcomes of simulations in which we vary both the population stage structure along with the susceptibility of each stage to toxicants. Our results illustrate an interaction between differential susceptibility and initial stage distribution, highlighting the fact that both of these demographic features should be considered in interpreting toxicity data and the development of ecological risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Stark
- Ecotoxicology Program, Department of Entomology, Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA.
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- Research and Extension Center, School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA
| | - John E Banks
- Undergraduate Research Opportunities Center, California State University, 100 Campus Center Seaside, Monterey Bay, CA, 93955, USA
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12
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McIntyre JK, Winters N, Rozmyn L, Haskins T, Stark JD. Metals leaching from common residential and commercial roofing materials across four years of weathering and implications for environmental loading. Environ Pollut 2019; 255:113262. [PMID: 31563771 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater is a major source of chemical pollution to receiving waters. Anthropogenic materials in the built environment can be an important source of chemicals to stormwater runoff. Roofing materials can leach significant amounts of metals, which vary over the life of the roof. We report concentrations of three metals (As, Cu, Zn) leaching into runoff from experimental panels of 14 roofing materials over 4.5 years of weathering. Ten roofing materials leached metals. Several leached >10 ppb during one or more study periods. The most common correlate with metal concentration was panel age, followed by precipitation amount. Extrapolating from these observations, we estimated the loading of metals from each roofing material during the first 10 years following installation. Eight materials were predicted to leach metals above background at the end of the 10 years. In combination with information on the prevalence of different roofing materials in the Puget Sound region of the Pacific Northwest, we estimated the relative amount of metals contributed from roofing materials in this basin. Most arsenic and copper was estimated to be contributed by residential roofing; nearly all arsenic from wood shakes manufactured with copper chromated arsenic, and copper contributed mainly from treated wood shakes followed by copper granule-containing asphalt shingles. Most zinc was estimated to be contributed by commercial roofs, including Zincalume and painted metal roofs. Overall our data shows that roofing materials can be an important long-term source of As, Cu, and Zn to stormwater runoff. Compared with atmospheric deposition, roof materials were a significant source, particularly of As and Cu. To get a complete picture of metals sourced from buildings, there is a need to study whole roof systems, including gutters, downspouts, and HVAC systems, as well as metals contributed from homeowner-applied treatments to their roofs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K McIntyre
- Washington State University, Washington Stormwater Center, Puyallup Research & Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA.
| | - N Winters
- Washington State University, Washington Stormwater Center, Puyallup Research & Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - L Rozmyn
- Washington State University, Washington Stormwater Center, Puyallup Research & Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - T Haskins
- Washington State University, Washington Stormwater Center, Puyallup Research & Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - J D Stark
- Washington State University, Washington Stormwater Center, Puyallup Research & Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
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13
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Chow MI, Lundin JI, Mitchell CJ, Davis JW, Young G, Scholz NL, McIntyre JK. An urban stormwater runoff mortality syndrome in juvenile coho salmon. Aquat Toxicol 2019; 214:105231. [PMID: 31295703 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Untreated urban runoff poses significant water quality threats to aquatic organisms. In northwestern North America, ongoing development in coastal watersheds is increasing the transport of toxic chemical contaminants to river and stream networks that provide spawning and rearing habitats for several species of Pacific salmon. Adult coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) are particularly vulnerable to a stormwater-driven mortality syndrome. The phenomenon may prematurely kill more than half of the coho that return each fall to spawn in catchments with a high degree of imperviousness. Here we evaluate the coho mortality syndrome at the juvenile life stage. Freshwater-stage juveniles were exposed to stormwater collected from a high traffic volume urban arterial roadway. Symptoms characteristic of the mortality syndrome were evaluated using digital image analysis, and discrete stages of abnormal behavior were characterized as the syndrome progressed. At a subset of these stages, blood was analyzed for ion homeostasis, hematocrit, pH, glucose, and lactate. Several of these blood chemistry parameters were significantly dysregulated in symptomatic juvenile coho. Affected fish did not recover when transferred to clean water, suggesting a single runoff event to stream habitats could be lethal if resident coho become overtly symptomatic. Among coho life stages, our findings indicate the urban runoff mortality syndrome is not unique to adult spawners. Therefore, the consequences for wild coho populations in developing watersheds are likely to be greater than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle I Chow
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, 1122 Boat St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jessica I Lundin
- National Research Council Research Associateship Program, Under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Chelsea J Mitchell
- Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer Ave., Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Jay W Davis
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, 510 Desmond Dr. S.E., Lacey, WA 98503, USA
| | - Graham Young
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, 1122 Boat St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer Ave., Puyallup, WA 98371, USA.
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14
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Peter KT, Tian Z, Wu C, Lin P, White S, Du B, McIntyre JK, Scholz NL, Kolodziej EP. Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Identify Organic Contaminants Linked to Urban Stormwater Mortality Syndrome in Coho Salmon. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:10317-10327. [PMID: 30192129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater is a major threat to ecological health, causing a range of adverse, mostly sublethal effects. In western North America, urban runoff is acutely lethal to adult coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch) that spawn each fall in freshwater creeks. Although the mortality syndrome is correlated to urbanization and attributed to road runoff contaminant(s), the causal agent(s) remain unknown. We applied high-resolution mass spectrometry to isolate a coho mortality chemical signature: a list of nontarget and identified features that co-occurred in waters lethal to coho spawners (road runoff from controlled exposures and urban receiving waters from two field observations of symptomatic coho). Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that tire wear particle (TWP) leachates were most chemically similar to the waters with observed toxicity, relative to other vehicle-derived sources. Prominent road runoff contaminants in the signature included two groups of nitrogen-containing compounds derived from TWP, polyethylene glycols, octylphenol ethoxylates, and polypropylene glycols. A (methoxymethyl)melamine compound family, previously unreported in North America, was detected in road runoff and urban creeks at concentrations up to ∼9 and ∼0.3 μg/L, respectively. The results indicate TWPs are an under-appreciated contaminant source in urban watersheds and should be prioritized for fate and toxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Christopher Wu
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Peter Lin
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Sarah White
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Bowen Du
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project , Costa Mesa , California 92626 , United States
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of the Environment , Washington State University , Puyallup , Washington 98371 , United States
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. , Seattle , Washington 98112 , United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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15
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McIntyre JK, Lundin JI, Cameron JR, Chow MI, Davis JW, Incardona JP, Scholz NL. Interspecies variation in the susceptibility of adult Pacific salmon to toxic urban stormwater runoff. Environ Pollut 2018; 238:196-203. [PMID: 29554567 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) prematurely die when they return from the ocean to spawn in urban watersheds throughout northwestern North America. The available evidence suggests the annual mortality events are caused by toxic stormwater runoff. The underlying pathophysiology of the urban spawner mortality syndrome is not known, and it is unclear whether closely related species of Pacific salmon are similarly at risk. The present study co-exposed adult coho and chum (O. keta) salmon to runoff from a high traffic volume urban arterial roadway. The spawners were monitored for the familiar symptoms of the mortality syndrome, including surface swimming, loss of orientation, and loss of equilibrium. Moreover, the hematology of both species was profiled by measuring arterial pH, blood gases, lactate, plasma electrolytes, hematocrit, and glucose. Adult coho developed behavioral symptoms within a few hours of exposure to stormwater. Various measured hematological parameters were significantly altered compared to coho controls, indicating a blood acidosis and ionoregulatory disturbance. By contrast, runoff-exposed chum spawners showed essentially no indications of the mortality syndrome, and measured blood hematological parameters were similar to unexposed chum controls. We conclude that contaminant(s) in urban runoff are the likely cause of the disruption of ion balance and pH in coho but not chum salmon. Among the thousands of chemicals in stormwater, future forensic analyses should focus on the gill or cardiovascular system of coho salmon. Because of their distinctive sensitivity to urban runoff, adult coho remain an important vertebrate indicator species for degraded water quality in freshwater habitats under pressure from human population growth and urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer K McIntyre
- Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer Ave., Puyallup, WA 98371, USA.
| | - Jessica I Lundin
- National Research Council, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - James R Cameron
- Earth Resources Technologies, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Michelle I Chow
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, 1122 Boat St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jay W Davis
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, 510 Desmond Dr. S.E., Lacey, WA 98503, USA
| | - John P Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
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16
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Du B, Lofton JM, Peter KT, Gipe AD, James CA, McIntyre JK, Scholz NL, Baker JE, Kolodziej EP. Development of suspect and non-target screening methods for detection of organic contaminants in highway runoff and fish tissue with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2017; 19:1185-1196. [PMID: 28825428 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00243b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Untreated urban stormwater runoff contributes to poor water quality in receiving waters. The ability to identify toxicants and other bioactive molecules responsible for observed adverse effects in a complex mixture of contaminants is critical to effective protection of ecosystem and human health, yet this is a challenging analytical task. The objective of this study was to develop analytical methods using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) to detect organic contaminants in highway runoff and in runoff-exposed fish (adult coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch). Processing of paired water and tissue samples facilitated contaminant prioritization and aided investigation of chemical bioavailability and uptake processes. Simple, minimal processing effort solid phase extraction (SPE) and elution procedures were optimized for water samples, and selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE) procedures were optimized for fish tissues. Extraction methods were compared by detection of non-target features and target compounds (e.g., quantity and peak area), while minimizing matrix interferences. Suspect screening techniques utilized in-house and commercial databases to prioritize high-risk detections for subsequent MS/MS characterization and identification efforts. Presumptive annotations were also screened with an in-house linear regression (log Kowvs. retention time) to exclude isobaric compounds. Examples of confirmed identifications (via reference standard comparison) in highway runoff include ethoprophos, prometon, DEET, caffeine, cotinine, 4(or 5)-methyl-1H-methylbenzotriazole, and acetanilide. Acetanilide was also detected in runoff-exposed fish gill and liver samples. Further characterization of highway runoff and fish tissues (14 and 19 compounds, respectively with tentative identification by MS/MS data) suggests that many novel or poorly characterized organic contaminants exist in urban stormwater runoff and exposed biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Du
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Center for Urban Waters, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA.
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17
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McIntyre JK, Edmunds RC, Anulacion BF, Davis JW, Incardona JP, Stark JD, Scholz NL. Severe Coal Tar Sealcoat Runoff Toxicity to Fish Is Prevented by Bioretention Filtration. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:1570-1578. [PMID: 26654684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Coal tar sealcoats applied to asphalt surfaces in North America, east of the Continental Divide, are enriched in petroleum-derived compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The release of PAHs and other chemicals from sealcoat has the potential to contaminate nearby water bodies, reducing the resiliency of aquatic communities. Despite this, relatively little is known about the aquatic toxicology of sealcoat-derived contaminants. We assessed the impacts of stormwater runoff from sealcoated asphalt on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and embryo-larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). We furthermore evaluated the effectiveness of bioretention as a green stormwater method to remove PAHs and reduce lethal and sublethal toxicity in both species. We applied a coal tar sealcoat to conventional asphalt and collected runoff from simulated rainfall events up to 7 months postapplication. Whereas sealcoat runoff was more acutely lethal to salmon, a spectrum of cardiovascular abnormalities was consistently evident in early life stage zebrafish. Soil bioretention effectively reduced PAH concentrations by an order of magnitude, prevented mortality in juvenile salmon, and significantly reduced cardiotoxicity in zebrafish. Our findings show that inexpensive bioretention methods can markedly improve stormwater quality and protect fish health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer K McIntyre
- Washington State University , Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer Avenue, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - Richard C Edmunds
- National Research Council Associates Program, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Boulevard E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Bernadita F Anulacion
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Boulevard E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Jay W Davis
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, 510 Desmond Drive S.E., Lacey, Washington 98503, United States
| | - John P Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Boulevard E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - John D Stark
- Washington State University , Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer Avenue, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Boulevard E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
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McIntyre JK, Edmunds RC, Redig MG, Mudrock EM, Davis JW, Incardona JP, Stark JD, Scholz NL. Confirmation of Stormwater Bioretention Treatment Effectiveness Using Molecular Indicators of Cardiovascular Toxicity in Developing Fish. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:1561-1569. [PMID: 26727247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater runoff is a globally significant threat to the ecological integrity of aquatic habitats. Green stormwater infrastructure methods such as bioretention are increasingly used to improve water quality by filtering chemical contaminants that may be harmful to fish and other species. Ubiquitous examples of toxics in runoff from highways and other impervious surfaces include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Certain PAHs are known to cause functional and structural defects in developing fish hearts. Therefore, abnormal heart development in fish can be a sensitive measure of clean water technology effectiveness. Here we use the zebrafish experimental model to assess the effects of untreated runoff on the expression of genes that are classically responsive to contaminant exposures, as well as heart-related genes that may underpin the familiar cardiotoxicity phenotype. Further, we assess the effectiveness of soil bioretention for treating runoff, as measured by prevention of both visible cardiac toxicity and corresponding gene regulation. We find that contaminants in the dissolved phase of runoff (e.g., PAHs) are cardiotoxic and that soil bioretention protects against these harmful effects. Molecular markers were more sensitive than visible toxicity indicators, and several cardiac-related genes show promise as novel tools for evaluating the effectiveness of evolving stormwater mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer K McIntyre
- Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University , 2606 West Pioneer Avenue, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | | | - Maria G Redig
- Evergreen State College, 2700 Parkway NW, Olympia, Washington 98505, United States
| | - Emma M Mudrock
- Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University , 2606 West Pioneer Avenue, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - Jay W Davis
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, 510 Desmond Drive S.E., Lacey, Washington 98503, United States
| | | | - John D Stark
- Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University , 2606 West Pioneer Avenue, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
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Spromberg JA, Baldwin DH, Damm SE, McIntyre JK, Huff M, Sloan CA, Anulacion BF, Davis JW, Scholz NL. Coho salmon spawner mortality in western US urban watersheds: bioinfiltration prevents lethal storm water impacts. J Appl Ecol 2015; 53:398-407. [PMID: 27667853 PMCID: PMC5019255 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adult coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch return each autumn to freshwater spawning habitats throughout western North America. The migration coincides with increasing seasonal rainfall, which in turn increases storm water run-off, particularly in urban watersheds with extensive impervious land cover. Previous field assessments in urban stream networks have shown that adult coho are dying prematurely at high rates (>50%). Despite significant management concerns for the long-term conservation of threatened wild coho populations, a causal role for toxic run-off in the mortality syndrome has not been demonstrated.We exposed otherwise healthy coho spawners to: (i) artificial storm water containing mixtures of metals and petroleum hydrocarbons, at or above concentrations previously measured in urban run-off; (ii) undiluted storm water collected from a high traffic volume urban arterial road (i.e. highway run-off); and (iii) highway run-off that was first pre-treated via bioinfiltration through experimental soil columns to remove pollutants.We find that mixtures of metals and petroleum hydrocarbons - conventional toxic constituents in urban storm water - are not sufficient to cause the spawner mortality syndrome. By contrast, untreated highway run-off collected during nine distinct storm events was universally lethal to adult coho relative to unexposed controls. Lastly, the mortality syndrome was prevented when highway run-off was pretreated by soil infiltration, a conventional green storm water infrastructure technology.Our results are the first direct evidence that: (i) toxic run-off is killing adult coho in urban watersheds, and (ii) inexpensive mitigation measures can improve water quality and promote salmon survival. Synthesis and applications. Coho salmon, an iconic species with exceptional economic and cultural significance, are an ecological sentinel for the harmful effects of untreated urban run-off. Wild coho populations cannot withstand the high rates of mortality that are now regularly occurring in urban spawning habitats. Green storm water infrastructure or similar pollution prevention methods should be incorporated to the maximal extent practicable, at the watershed scale, for all future development and redevelopment projects, particularly those involving transportation infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julann A Spromberg
- Ocean Associates, Under Contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. Seattle WA 98112 USA
| | - David H Baldwin
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. Seattle WA 98112 USA
| | - Steven E Damm
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Washington Fish and Wildlife Office 510 Desmond Dr. S.E. Lacey WA 98503 USA
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- Puyallup Research and Extension Center Washington State University 2606 W. Pioneer Ave. Puyallup WA 98371 USA
| | - Michael Huff
- Suquamish Tribe PO Box 498 18490, Suquamish Way Suquamish WA 98392 USA
| | - Catherine A Sloan
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. Seattle WA 98112 USA
| | - Bernadita F Anulacion
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. Seattle WA 98112 USA
| | - Jay W Davis
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Washington Fish and Wildlife Office 510 Desmond Dr. S.E. Lacey WA 98503 USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. Seattle WA 98112 USA
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McIntyre JK, Davis JW, Hinman C, Macneale KH, Anulacion BF, Scholz NL, Stark JD. Soil bioretention protects juvenile salmon and their prey from the toxic impacts of urban stormwater runoff. Chemosphere 2015; 132:213-9. [PMID: 25576131 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI), or low impact development, encompasses a diverse and expanding portfolio of strategies to reduce the impacts of stormwater runoff on natural systems. Benchmarks for GSI success are usually framed in terms of hydrology and water chemistry, with reduced flow and loadings of toxic chemical contaminants as primary metrics. Despite the central goal of protecting aquatic species abundance and diversity, the effectiveness of GSI treatments in maintaining diverse assemblages of sensitive aquatic taxa has not been widely evaluated. In the present study we characterized the baseline toxicity of untreated urban runoff from a highway in Seattle, WA, across six storm events. For all storms, first flush runoff was toxic to the daphniid Ceriodaphnia dubia, causing up to 100% mortality or impairing reproduction among survivors. We then evaluated whether soil media used in bioretention, a conventional GSI method, could reduce or eliminate toxicity to juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) as well as their macroinvertebrate prey, including cultured C. dubia and wild-collected mayfly nymphs (Baetis spp.). Untreated highway runoff was generally lethal to salmon and invertebrates, and this acute mortality was eliminated when the runoff was filtered through soil media in bioretention columns. Soil treatment also protected against sublethal reproductive toxicity in C. dubia. Thus, a relatively inexpensive GSI technology can be highly effective at reversing the acutely lethal and sublethal effects of urban runoff on multiple aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K McIntyre
- Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, WA, USA.
| | - J W Davis
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Lacey, WA, USA
| | - C Hinman
- Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, WA, USA
| | - K H Macneale
- National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B F Anulacion
- National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - N L Scholz
- National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J D Stark
- Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, WA, USA
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Edmunds RC, McIntyre JK, Luckenbach JA, Baldwin DH, Incardona JP. Toward enhanced MIQE compliance: reference residual normalization of qPCR gene expression data. J Biomol Tech 2015; 25:54-60. [PMID: 24982597 DOI: 10.7171/jbt.14-2502-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Normalization of fluorescence-based quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) data varies across quantitative gene expression studies, despite its integral role in accurate data quantification and interpretation. Identification of suitable reference genes plays an essential role in accurate qPCR normalization, as it ensures that uncorrected gene expression data reflect normalized data. The reference residual normalization (RRN) method presented here is a modified approach to conventional 2(-ΔΔCt)qPCR normalization that increases mathematical transparency and incorporates statistical assessment of reference gene stability. RRN improves mathematical transparency through the use of sample-specific reference residuals (RR i ) that are generated from the mean Ct of one or more reference gene(s) that are unaffected by treatment. To determine stability of putative reference genes, RRN uses ANOVA to assess the effect of treatment on expression and subsequent equivalence-threshold testing to establish the minimum permitted resolution. Step-by-step instructions and comprehensive examples that demonstrate the influence of reference gene stability on target gene normalization and interpretation are provided. Through mathematical transparency and statistical rigor, RRN promotes compliance with Minimum Information for Quantitative Experiments and, in so doing, provides increased confidence in qPCR data analysis and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- Washington State University Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, Washington 98371, USA; and
| | - J Adam Luckenbach
- Environmental Physiology Program, Resource Enhancement and Utilization Technologies Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA; ; Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - David H Baldwin
- Ecotoxicology Program, Environmental Conservation Division, and
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McIntyre JK, Davis JW, Incardona JP, Stark JD, Anulacion BF, Scholz NL. Zebrafish and clean water technology: assessing soil bioretention as a protective treatment for toxic urban runoff. Sci Total Environ 2014; 500-501:173-80. [PMID: 25217993 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater contains a complex mixture of contaminants that can be acutely toxic to aquatic biota. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) is a set of evolving technologies intended to reduce impacts on natural systems by slowing and filtering runoff. The extent to which GSI methods work as intended is usually assessed in terms of water quantity (hydrology) and quality (chemistry). Biological indicators of GSI effectiveness have received less attention, despite an overarching goal of protecting the health of aquatic species. Here we use the zebrafish (Danio rerio) experimental model to evaluate bioinfiltration as a relatively inexpensive technology for treating runoff from an urban highway with dense motor vehicle traffic. Zebrafish embryos exposed to untreated runoff (48-96h; six storm events) displayed an array of developmental abnormalities, including delayed hatching, reduced growth, pericardial edema, microphthalmia (small eyes), and reduced swim bladder inflation. Three of the six storms were acutely lethal, and sublethal toxicity was evident across all storms, even when stormwater was diluted by as much as 95% in clean water. As anticipated from exposure to cardiotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), untreated runoff also caused heart failure, as indicated by circulatory stasis, pericardial edema, and looping defects. Bioretention treatment dramatically improved stormwater quality and reversed nearly all forms of developmental toxicity. The zebrafish model therefore provides a versatile experimental platform for rapidly assessing GSI effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K McIntyre
- Washington State University Puyallup Research & Extension Center, 2606W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA.
| | - J W Davis
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Washington Fish & Wildlife Office, 510 Desmond Dr. SE, Lacey, WA 98503, USA
| | - J P Incardona
- NOAA-NMFS Northwest Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - J D Stark
- Washington State University Puyallup Research & Extension Center, 2606W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - B F Anulacion
- NOAA-NMFS Northwest Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - N L Scholz
- NOAA-NMFS Northwest Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
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McIntyre JK, Baldwin DH, Beauchamp DA, Scholz NL. Low-level copper exposures increase visibility and vulnerability of juvenile coho salmon to cutthroat trout predators. Ecol Appl 2012; 22:1460-1471. [PMID: 22908706 DOI: 10.1890/11-2001.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Copper contamination in surface waters is common in watersheds with mining activities or agricultural, industrial, commercial, and residential human land uses. This widespread pollutant is neurotoxic to the chemosensory systems of fish and other aquatic species. Among Pacific salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.), copper-induced olfactory impairment has previously been shown to disrupt behaviors reliant on a functioning sense of smell. For juvenile coho salmon (O. kisutch), this includes predator avoidance behaviors triggered by a chemical alarm cue (conspecific skin extract). However, the survival consequences of this sublethal neurobehavioral toxicity have not been explored. In the present study juvenile coho were exposed to low levels of dissolved copper (5-20 microg/L for 3 h) and then presented with cues signaling the proximity of a predator. Unexposed coho showed a sharp reduction in swimming activity in response to both conspecific skin extract and the upstream presence of a cutthroat trout predator (O. clarki clarki) previously fed juvenile coho. This alarm response was absent in prey fish that were exposed to copper. Moreover, cutthroat trout were more effective predators on copper-exposed coho during predation trials, as measured by attack latency, survival time, and capture success rate. The shift in predator-prey dynamics was similar when predators and prey were co-exposed to copper. Overall, we show that copper-exposed coho are unresponsive to their chemosensory environment, unprepared to evade nearby predators, and significantly less likely to survive an attack sequence. Our findings contribute to a growing understanding of how common environmental contaminants alter the chemical ecology of aquatic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA.
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Linbo TL, Baldwin DH, McIntyre JK, Scholz NL. Effects of water hardness, alkalinity, and dissolved organic carbon on the toxicity of copper to the lateral line of developing fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2009; 28:1455-61. [PMID: 19215183 DOI: 10.1897/08-283.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Conventional water chemistry parameters such as hardness, alkalinity, and organic carbon are known to affect the acutely lethal toxicity of copper to fish and other aquatic organisms. In the present study, we investigate the influence of these water chemistry parameters on short-term (3 h), sublethal (0-40 microg/L) copper toxicity to the peripheral mechanosensory system of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) using an in vivo fluorescent marker of lateral line sensory neuron (hair cell) integrity. We studied the influence of hardness (via CaCl2, MgSO4, or both at a 2:1 molar ratio), sodium (via NaHCO3 or NaCl), and organic carbon on copper-induced neurotoxicity to zebrafish lateral line neurons over a range of environmentally relevant water chemistries. For all water parameters but organic carbon, the reductions in copper toxicity, although statistically significant, were small. Increasing organic carbon across a range of environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1-4.3 mg/L) increased the EC50 for copper toxicity (the effective concentration resulting in a 50% loss of hair cells) from approximately 12 microg/L to approximately 50 microg/L. Finally, we used an ionoregulatory-based biotic ligand model to compare copper toxicity mediated by targets in the fish gill and lateral line. Relative to copper toxicity via the gill, we find that individual water chemistry parameters are less influential in terms of reducing cytotoxic impacts to the mechanosensory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany L Linbo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA.
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McIntyre JK, Baldwin DH, Meador JP, Scholz NL. Chemosensory deprivation in juvenile coho salmon exposed to dissolved copper under varying water chemistry conditions. Environ Sci Technol 2008; 42:1352-1358. [PMID: 18351116 DOI: 10.1021/es071603e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved copper is an important nonpoint source pollutant in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Copper is neurotoxic to fish and is specifically known to interfere with the normal function of the peripheral olfactory nervous system. However,the influence of water chemistry on the bioavailability and toxicity of copper to olfactory sensory neurons is not well understood. Here we used electrophysiological recordings from the olfactory epithelium of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to investigate the impacts of copper in freshwaters with different chemical properties. In low ionic strength artificial fresh water, a short-term (30 min) exposure to 20 microg/L dissolved copper reduced the olfactory response to a natural odorant (10(-5) M L-serine) by 82%. Increasing water hardness (0.2-1.6 mM Ca) or alkalinity (0.2-3.2 mM HCO3-) only slightly diminished the inhibitory effects of copper. Moreover, the loss of olfactory function was not affected by a change in pH from 8.6 to 7.6. By contrast, olfactory capacity was partially restored by increasing dissolved organic carbon (DOC; 0.1-6.0 mg/L). Given the range of natural water quality conditions in the western United States, water hardness and alkalinity are unlikelyto protect threatened or endangered salmon from the sensory neurotoxicity of copper. However, the olfactory toxicity of copper may be partially reduced in surface waters that have a high DOC content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, 1122 NE Boat Street, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
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McIntyre JK, Beauchamp DA. Age and trophic position dominate bioaccumulation of mercury and organochlorines in the food web of Lake Washington. Sci Total Environ 2007; 372:571-84. [PMID: 17157357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of bioaccumulation in food webs is critical to predicting which food webs are at risk for higher rates of bioaccumulation that endanger the health of upper-trophic predators, including humans. Mercury and organochlorines were measured concurrently with stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon in key fishes and invertebrates of Lake Washington to explore important pathways of bioaccumulation in this food web. Across the food web, age and trophic position together were highly significant predictors of bioaccumulation. Trophic position was more important than age for predicting accumulation of mercury, sigmaDDT, and sigma-chlordane, whereas age was more important than trophic position for predicting sigmaPCB. Excluding age from the analysis inflated the apparent importance of trophic position to bioaccumulation for all contaminants. Benthic and pelagic habitats had similar potential to bioaccumulate contaminants, although higher sigma-chlordane concentrations in organisms were weakly associated with more benthic carbon signals. In individual fish species, contaminant concentrations increased with age, size, and trophic position (delta15N), whereas relationships with carbon source (delta13C) were not consistent. Lipid concentrations were correlated with contaminant concentrations in some but not all fishes, suggesting that lipids were not involved mechanistically in bioaccumulation. Contaminant concentrations in biota did not vary among littoral sites. Collectively, these results suggest that age may be an important determinant of bioaccumulation in many food webs and could help explain a significant amount of the variability in apparent biomagnification rates among food webs. As such, effort should be made when possible to collect information on organism age in addition to stable isotopes when assessing food webs for rates of biomagnification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer K McIntyre
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Cooperative Fisheries and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, 1122 NE Boat St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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Smith BC, Curran CA, Brown KW, Cabarrus JL, Gown JB, McIntyre JK, Moreland EE, Wong VL, Grassley JM, Grue CE. Toxicity of four surfactants to juvenile rainbow trout: implications for use over water. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2004; 72:647-654. [PMID: 15114468 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-004-0292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B C Smith
- School of Aquaticand Fishery Sciences, University of Washingtom, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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