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Pressley KR, Schwegman L, Montes De Oca Arena M, Chase Huizar C, Zamvil SS, Forsthuber TG. HLA-transgenic mouse models to study autoimmune central nervous system diseases. Autoimmunity 2024; 57:2387414. [PMID: 39167553 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2024.2387414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
It is known that certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes are associated with autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), but their exact role in disease susceptibility and etiopathogenesis remains unclear. The best studied HLA-associated autoimmune CNS disease is MS, and thus will be the primary focus of this review. Other HLA-associated autoimmune CNS diseases, such as autoimmune encephalitis and neuromyelitis optica will be discussed. The lack of animal models to accurately capture the complex human autoimmune response remains a major challenge. HLA transgenic (tg) mice provide researchers with powerful tools to investigate the underlying mechanisms promoting susceptibility and progression of HLA-associated autoimmune CNS diseases, as well as for elucidating the myelin epitopes potentially targeted by T cells in autoimmune disease patients. We will discuss the potential role(s) of autoimmune disease-associated HLA alleles in autoimmune CNS diseases and highlight information provided by studies using HLA tg mice to investigate the underlying pathological mechanisms and opportunities to use these models for development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Pressley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lance Schwegman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Maria Montes De Oca Arena
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Carol Chase Huizar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Seiler S, Rudolf F, Gomes FR, Pavlovic A, Nebel J, Seidenbecher CI, Foo LC. Astrocyte-derived factors regulate CNS myelination. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39092473 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The role that astrocytes play in central nervous system (CNS) myelination is poorly understood. We investigated the contribution of astrocyte-derived factors to myelination and revealed a substantial overlap in the secretomes of human and rat astrocytes. Using in vitro myelinating co-cultures of primary retinal ganglion cells and cortical oligodendrocyte precursor cells, we discovered that factors secreted by resting astrocytes, but not reactive astrocytes, facilitated myelination. Soluble brevican emerged as a new enhancer of developmental myelination in vivo, CNS and its absence was linked to remyelination deficits following an immune-mediated damage in an EAE mouse model. The observed reduction of brevican expression in reactive astrocytes and human MS lesions suggested a potential link to the compromised remyelination characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Our findings suggested brevican's role in myelination may be mediated through interactions with binding partners such as contactin-1 and tenascin-R. Proteomic analysis of resting versus reactive astrocytes highlighted a shift in protein expression profiles, pinpointing candidates that either facilitate or impede CNS repair, suggesting that depending on their reactivity state, astrocytes play a dual role during myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Seiler
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pRED, Neuroscience, Discovery & Translational Area (NRD), Basel, Switzerland
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Rudolf
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pRED, Neuroscience, Discovery & Translational Area (NRD), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Filipa Ramilo Gomes
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pRED, Neuroscience, Discovery & Translational Area (NRD), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anto Pavlovic
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pRED, Neuroscience, Discovery & Translational Area (NRD), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jana Nebel
- Department Neurochemistry & Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Constanze I Seidenbecher
- Department Neurochemistry & Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lynette C Foo
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pRED, Neuroscience, Discovery & Translational Area (NRD), Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Zhao N, Yi M, Zhang LJ, Zhang QX, Yang L. 4-Octyl Itaconate Attenuates Neuroinflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Via Regulating Microglia. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02050-1. [PMID: 38761250 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal activation of microglia, the resident macrophages in the central nervous system, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The immune responsive gene 1(IRG1)/itaconate axis is involved in regulating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. 4-Octyl itaconate (4-OI), a derivative of itaconate, plays a crucial immunomodulatory role in macrophages. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of action of 4-OI on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and inflammatory BV2 microglia. In an EAE mouse model, clinical evaluation was conducted during the disease course. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to assess inflammatory infiltration and Luxol Fast Blue was used to visualize pathological damage. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate inflammatory response and microglial function status in EAE mice. BV2 microglia were used to further investigate the effects and mechanisms of action of 4-OI in vitro. 4-OI significantly alleviated the clinical symptoms of EAE, the inflammatory infiltration, and demyelination; reduced the levels of inflammatory factors; and inhibited the classical activation of microglia in the spinal cord. 4-OI successfully suppressed the classical activation of BV2 microglia and decreased the levels of inflammatory factors by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, 4-OI downregulated IRG1 expression in both EAE mice and inflammatory BV2 microglia. 4-OI attenuates the microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and has promising therapeutic effects in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Qiu-Xia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Eftekhari R, Ewanchuk BW, Rawji KS, Yates RM, Noorbakhsh F, Kuipers HF, Hollenberg MD. Blockade of Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) Attenuates Neuroinflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:12-22. [PMID: 37699708 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), which modulates inflammatory responses, is elevated in the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis (MS) and in its murine model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In PAR2-null mice, disease severity of EAE is markedly diminished. We therefore tested whether inhibiting PAR2 activation in vivo might be a viable strategy for the treatment of MS. Using the EAE model, we show that a PAR2 antagonist, the pepducin palmitoyl-RSSAMDENSEKKRKSAIK-amide (P2pal-18S), attenuates EAE progression by affecting immune cell function. P2pal-18S treatment markedly diminishes disease severity and reduces demyelination, as well as the infiltration of T-cells and macrophages into the central nervous system. Moreover, P2pal-18S decreases granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production and T-cell activation in cultured splenocytes and prevents macrophage polarization in vitro. We conclude that PAR2 plays a key role in regulating neuroinflammation in EAE and that PAR2 antagonists represent promising therapeutic agents for treating MS and other neuroinflammatory diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Proteinase-activated receptor-2 modulates inflammatory responses and is increased in multiple sclerosis lesions. We show that the proteinase-activated receptor-2 antagonist palmitoyl-RSSAMDENSEKKRKSAIK-amide reduces disease in the murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis by inhibiting T-cell and macrophage activation and infiltration into the central nervous system, making it a potential treatment for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahil Eftekhari
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Benjamin W Ewanchuk
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Robin M Yates
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
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Oertel FC, Hastermann M, Paul F. Delimiting MOGAD as a disease entity using translational imaging. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1216477. [PMID: 38333186 PMCID: PMC10851159 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1216477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The first formal consensus diagnostic criteria for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) were recently proposed. Yet, the distinction of MOGAD-defining characteristics from characteristics of its important differential diagnoses such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is still obstructed. In preclinical research, MOG antibody-based animal models were used for decades to derive knowledge about MS. In clinical research, people with MOGAD have been combined into cohorts with other diagnoses. Thus, it remains unclear to which extent the generated knowledge is specifically applicable to MOGAD. Translational research can contribute to identifying MOGAD characteristic features by establishing imaging methods and outcome parameters on proven pathophysiological grounds. This article reviews suitable animal models for translational MOGAD research and the current state and prospect of translational imaging in MOGAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Cosima Oertel
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Hastermann
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Jiao M, Sun Y, Shi J, Zhang N, Tang X, Fan A, Liu S, Dai C, Qian Z, Zhang F, Wang C, Chen H, Zheng F. IL-33 and HMGB1 modulate the progression of EAE via oppositely regulating each other. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110653. [PMID: 37467690 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) have been reported to play crucial and distinct roles in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, little is known about their interaction in the progression of EAE. In this study, the dynamic expression and release of IL-33 and HMGB1 in different stages of EAE in vivo, and their interaction in vitro were explored. We found that HMGB1 was dominant in pre-onset stage of EAE, while IL-33 was dominant in peak stage. Moreover, both blockade of extracellular HMGB1 in the central nervous system (CNS) and conditional knockout of HMGB1 in astrocytes decreased IL-33 release. HMGB1 promoted the release of IL-33, while IL-33 reduced the release of HMGB1 from primary astrocytes in vitro. Taken together, IL-33 and HMGB1 in the CNS jointly participate in the EAE progression and the inhibitory effect of IL-33 on HMGB1 may be involved in the self-limiting of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Jiao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junyu Shi
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xuhuan Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Anqi Fan
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Shiwang Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chan Dai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhigang Qian
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Huoying Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China.
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430030, China.
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7
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Expression of fibrinogen-like protein 2 (Fgl2) on Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) expression in autoimmune myelitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109539. [PMID: 36508913 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) can participate in the signal transduction of activated immune cells and induce myelitis and other autoimmune diseases. The effector molecule fibrin-like protein 2 (Fgl2) plays a role in regulating the body's autoimmune signaling pathway. They both have the conditions for the treatment of this disease target. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of Fgl2 on the expression of DNA receptor TLR9 in autoimmune myelitis. 140 rats were randomly divided into a normal control group, an autoimmune myelitis group, a low-dose Fgl2 group, a middle-dose Fgl2 group, a higher-dose Fgl2 group, a high-dose Fgl2 group, and a methylprednisolone group. Different injection methods were used in each group. The changes of rat behavior and disease were recorded, and brain and spinal cord tissue slices were made for observation. The results showed that in the high dose Fgl2 group, the incidence of disease was 15 %, the nerve injury score was 1.0 ± 0.15, the body weight change was -5.8 ± 1.24 g, the number of spinal cord tissue injury was 1.82 ± 0.44, the number of TLR9 positive cells in the brain tissue was 7.53 ± 1.84, and the number of TLR9 positive cells in spinal cord tissue was 5.02 ± 1.81. These indexes were lower than those in other Fgl2 groups and significantly lower than those in autoimmune myelitis group (P < 0.05). The average incubation period of the disease was 13.66 ± 0.41 days, which was significantly higher than that of the autoimmune myelitis group (P < 0.05). It can be observed that TLR9 signaling pathway played an important role in the occurrence and development of autoimmune myelitis. With the increase of Fgl2 dose, the number of TLR9 positive cells decreased gradually. Fgl2 treatment can reduce the expression of inflammatory factors and the severity of dysfunction in autoimmune myelitis, inhibit the expression of TLR9, and improve the condition of autoimmune myelitis.
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8
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Maguire AD, Friedman TN, Villarreal Andrade DN, Haq F, Dunn J, Pfeifle K, Tenorio G, Buro K, Plemel JR, Kerr BJ. Sex differences in the inflammatory response of the mouse DRG and its connection to pain in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20995. [PMID: 36470947 PMCID: PMC9722825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with notable sex differences. Women are not only more likely to develop MS but are also more likely than men to experience neuropathic pain in the disease. It has been postulated that neuropathic pain in MS can originate in the peripheral nervous system at the level of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which houses primary pain sensing neurons (nociceptors). These nociceptors become hyperexcitable in response to inflammation, leading to peripheral sensitization and eventually central sensitization, which maintains pain long-term. The mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a good model for human MS as it replicates classic MS symptoms including pain. Using EAE mice as well as naïve primary mouse DRG neurons cultured in vitro, we sought to characterize sex differences, specifically in peripheral sensory neurons. We found sex differences in the inflammatory profile of the EAE DRG, and in the TNFα downstream signaling pathways activated intracellularly in cultured nociceptors. We also found increased cell death with TNFα treatment. Given that TNFα signaling has been shown to initiate intrinsic apoptosis through mitochondrial disruption, this led us to investigate sex differences in the mitochondria's response to TNFα. Our results demonstrate that male sensory neurons are more sensitive to mitochondrial stress, making them prone to neuronal injury. In contrast, female sensory neurons appear to be more resistant to mitochondrial stress and exhibit an inflammatory and regenerative phenotype that may underlie greater nociceptor hyperexcitability and pain. Understanding these sex differences at the level of the primary sensory neuron is an important first step in our eventual goal of developing sex-specific treatments to halt pain development in the periphery before central sensitization is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn D. Maguire
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Timothy N. Friedman
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Dania N. Villarreal Andrade
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Fajr Haq
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Clinical Sciences Building, 2-150, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Jacob Dunn
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Keiana Pfeifle
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Gustavo Tenorio
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Clinical Sciences Building, 2-150, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Karen Buro
- grid.418296.00000 0004 0398 5853Department of Mathematics and Statistics, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB T5J 2P2 Canada
| | - Jason R. Plemel
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Bradley J. Kerr
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada ,grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6E 2H7 Canada ,grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Clinical Sciences Building, 2-150, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
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9
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O'Connell P, Blake MK, Godbehere S, Amalfitano A, Aldhamen YA. SLAMF7 modulates B cells and adaptive immunity to regulate susceptibility to CNS autoimmunity. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:241. [PMID: 36199066 PMCID: PMC9533612 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, debilitating condition characterized by CNS autoimmunity stemming from a complex etiology involving both environmental and genetic factors. Our current understanding of MS points to dysregulation of the immune system as the pathogenic culprit, however, it remains unknown as to how the many genes associated with increased susceptibility to MS are involved. One such gene linked to MS susceptibility and known to regulate immune function is the self-ligand immune cell receptor SLAMF7. Methods We subjected WT and SLAMF7−/− mice to multiple EAE models, compared disease severity, and comprehensively profiled the CNS immune landscape of these mice. We identified all SLAMF7-expressing CNS immune cells and compared the entire CNS immune niche between genotypes. We performed deep phenotyping and in vitro functional studies of B and T cells via spectral cytometry and BioPlex assays. Adoptive transfer studies involving the transfer of WT and SLAMF7−/− B cells into B cell-deficient mice (μMT) were also performed. Finally, B–T cell co-culture studies were performed, and a comparative cell–cell interaction network derived from scRNA-seq data of SLAMF7+ vs. SLAMF7− human CSF immune cells was constructed. Results We found SLAMF7−/− mice to be more susceptible to EAE compared to WT mice and found SLAMF7 to be expressed on numerous CNS immune cell subsets. Absence of SLAMF7 did not grossly alter the CNS immune landscape, but allowed for altered immune cell subset infiltration during EAE in a model-dependent manner. Global lack of SLAMF7 expression increased myeloid cell activation states along with augmented T cell anti-MOG immunity. B cell profiling studies revealed increased activation states of specific plasma and B cell subsets in SLAMF7−/− mice during EAE, and functional co-culture studies determined that SLAMF7−/− B cells induce exaggerated T cell activation. Adoptive transfer studies revealed that the increased susceptibility of SLAMF7−/− mice to EAE is partly B cell dependent and reconstruction of the human CSF SLAMF7-interactome found B cells to be critical to cell–cell communication between SLAMF7-expressing cells. Conclusions Our studies have identified novel roles for SLAMF7 in CNS immune regulation and B cell function, and illuminate underpinnings of the genetic association between SLAMF7 and MS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02594-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O'Connell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, 4108 Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Maja K Blake
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, 4108 Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Godbehere
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, 4108 Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Andrea Amalfitano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, 4108 Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Yasser A Aldhamen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, 4108 Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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10
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Zha Z, Liu S, Liu Y, Li C, Wang L. Potential Utility of Natural Products against Oxidative Stress in Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081495. [PMID: 36009214 PMCID: PMC9404913 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune-mediated degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by immune cell infiltration, demyelination and axonal injury. Oxidative stress-induced inflammatory response, especially the destructive effect of immune cell-derived free radicals on neurons and oligodendrocytes, is crucial in the onset and progression of MS. Therefore, targeting oxidative stress-related processes may be a promising preventive and therapeutic strategy for MS. Animal models, especially rodent models, can be used to explore the in vivo molecular mechanisms of MS considering their similarity to the pathological processes and clinical signs of MS in humans and the significant oxidative damage observed within their CNS. Consequently, these models have been used widely in pre-clinical studies of oxidative stress in MS. To date, many natural products have been shown to exert antioxidant effects to attenuate the CNS damage in animal models of MS. This review summarized several common rodent models of MS and their association with oxidative stress. In addition, this review provides a comprehensive and concise overview of previously reported natural antioxidant products in inhibiting the progression of MS.
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11
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Tang L, Li G, Zheng Y, Hou C, Gao Y, Hao Y, Gao Z, Mo R, Li Y, Shen B, Wang R, Wang Z, Han G. Tim-3 Relieves Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Suppressing MHC-II. Front Immunol 2022; 12:770402. [PMID: 35095844 PMCID: PMC8793033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.770402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tim-3, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, is widely expressed on the immune cells and contributes to immune tolerance. However, the mechanisms by which Tim-3 induces immune tolerance remain to be determined. Major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) plays a key role in antigen presentation and CD4+T cell activation. Dysregulated expressions of Tim-3 and MHC-II are associated with the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis. Here we demonstrated that, by suppressing MHC-II expression in macrophages via the STAT1/CIITA pathway, Tim-3 inhibits MHC-II-mediated autoantigen presentation and CD4+T cell activation. As a result, overexpression or blockade of Tim-3 signaling in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) inhibited or increased MHC-II expression respectively and finally altered clinical outcomes. We thus identified a new mechanism by which Tim-3 induces immune tolerance in vivo and regulating the Tim-3-MHC-II signaling pathway is expected to provide a new solution for multiple sclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Li
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Oncology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Hao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenfang Gao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongliang Mo
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Beifen Shen
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renxi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiding Wang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Microglia Polarization from M1 toward M2 Phenotype Is Promoted by Astragalus Polysaccharides Mediated through Inhibition of miR-155 in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2021:5753452. [PMID: 34976303 PMCID: PMC8720009 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5753452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia is considered to be major mediators of the neuroinflammatory environment in demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Activated microglia are mainly polarized into M1 type, which plays a role in promoting inflammation and demyelinating. However, the proportion of microglia polarized into M2 type is relatively low, which cannot fully play the role of anti-inflammatory and resistance to demyelinating. Our previous study found that Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) has an immunomodulatory effect and can inhibit neuroinflammation and demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is a classic animal model of CNS demyelinating disease. In this study, we found that APS was effective in treating EAE mice. It restored microglia balance by inhibiting the polarization of microglia to M1-like phenotype and promoting the polarization of microglia to M2-like phenotype in vivo and in vitro. miR-155 is a key factor in regulating microglia polarization. We found that APS could inhibit the expression level of miR-155 in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we performed transfection overexpression and blocking experiments. The results showed that miR-155 mediated the polarization of microglia M1/M2 phenotype, while the selective inhibitor of miR-155 attenuated the inhibition of APS on microglia M1 phenotype and eliminated the promotion of APS on microglia M2 phenotype. Microglia can secrete IL-1α, TNF-α, and C1q after polarizing into M1 type and induce the activation of A1 neurotoxic astrocytes, further aggravating neuroinflammation and demyelination. APS reduced the secretion of IL-1α, TNF-α, and C1q by activated microglia, thus inhibited the formation of A1 neurotoxic astrocytes. In summary, our study suggests that APS regulates the polarization of microglia from M1 to M2 phenotype by inhibiting the miR-155, reduces the secretion of inflammatory factors, and inhibits the activation of neurotoxic astrocytes, thus effectively treating EAE.
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13
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Maguire AD, Bethea JR, Kerr BJ. TNFα in MS and Its Animal Models: Implications for Chronic Pain in the Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:780876. [PMID: 34938263 PMCID: PMC8686517 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.780876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune disease often accompanied by severe chronic pain. The most common type of pain in MS, called neuropathic pain, arises from disease processes affecting the peripheral and central nervous systems. It is incredibly difficult to study these processes in patients, so animal models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice are used to dissect the complex mechanisms of neuropathic pain in MS. The pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a critical factor mediating neuropathic pain identified by these animal studies. The TNF signaling pathway is complex, and can lead to cell death, inflammation, or survival. In complex diseases such as MS, signaling through the TNFR1 receptor tends to be pro-inflammation and death, whereas signaling through the TNFR2 receptor is pro-homeostatic. However, most TNFα-targeted therapies indiscriminately block both arms of the pathway, and thus are not therapeutic in MS. This review explores pain in MS, inflammatory TNF signaling, the link between the two, and how it could be exploited to develop more effective TNFα-targeting pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn D Maguire
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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14
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O'Connell P, Blake MK, Godbehere S, Aldhamen YA, Amalfitano A. Absence of ERAP1 in B Cells Increases Susceptibility to Central Nervous System Autoimmunity, Alters B Cell Biology, and Mechanistically Explains Genetic Associations between ERAP1 and Multiple Sclerosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:2952-2965. [PMID: 34810226 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hundreds of genes have been linked to multiple sclerosis (MS); yet, the underlying mechanisms behind these associations have only been investigated in a fraction of cases. Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is an endoplasmic reticulum-localized aminopeptidase with important roles in trimming peptides destined for MHC class I and regulation of innate immune responses. As such, genetic polymorphisms in ERAP1 have been linked to multiple autoimmune diseases. In this study, we present, to our knowledge, the first mechanistic studies performed to uncover why polymorphisms in ERAP1 are associated with increased susceptibility to MS. Combining multiple mouse models of CNS autoimmunity with high-dimensional single-cell spectral cytometry, adoptive transfer studies, and integrative analysis of human single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets, we identify an intrinsic defect in B cells as being primarily responsible. Not only are mice lacking ERAP1 more susceptible to CNS autoimmunity, but adoptive transfer of B cells lacking ERAP1 into B cell-deficient mice recapitulates this susceptibility. We found B cells lacking ERAP1 display decreased proliferation in vivo and express higher levels of activation/costimulatory markers. Integrative analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing of B cells from 36 individuals revealed subset-conserved differences in gene expression and pathway activation in individuals harboring the MS-linked K528R ERAP1 single-nucleotide polymorphism. Finally, our studies also led us to create, to our knowledge, the first murine protein-level map of the CNS IL-10+ immune compartment at steady state and during neuroinflammation. These studies identify a role for ERAP1 in the modulation of B cells and highlight this as one reason why polymorphisms in this gene are linked to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O'Connell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; and
| | - Maja K Blake
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; and
| | - Sarah Godbehere
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; and
| | - Yasser A Aldhamen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; and
| | - Andrea Amalfitano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; and .,Department of Pediatrics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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15
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Induction of antigen-specific tolerance by nanobody-antigen adducts that target class-II major histocompatibility complexes. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:1389-1401. [PMID: 34127819 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The association of autoimmune diseases with particular allellic products of the class-II major histocompatibility complex (MHCII) region implicates the presentation of the offending self-antigens to T cells. Because antigen-presenting cells are tolerogenic when they encounter an antigen under non-inflammatory conditions, the manipulation of antigen presentation may induce antigen-specific tolerance. Here, we show that, in mouse models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, the systemic administration of a single dose of nanobodies that recognize MHCII molecules and conjugated to the relevant self-antigen under non-inflammatory conditions confers long-lasting protection against these diseases. Moreover, co-administration of a nanobody-antigen adduct and the glucocorticoid dexamethasone, conjugated to the nanobody via a cleavable linker, halted the progression of established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in symptomatic mice and alleviated their symptoms. This approach may represent a means of treating autoimmune conditions.
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16
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Role of Peripheral Immune Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sci3010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the myelination of the neurons present in the central nervous system (CNS). The exact etiology of MS development is unclear, but various environmental and genetic factors might play a role in initiating the disease. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mouse model that is used to study the pathophysiology of MS disease as well as the effects of possible therapeutic agents. In addition, autoreactive immune cells trigger an inflammatory process upon the recognition of CNS antigens, which leads to destruction of the neurons. These include innate immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Additionally, the activation and extravasation of adaptive immune cells such as CD4+ T cells into the CNS may lead to further exacerbation of the disease. However, many studies revealed that immune cells could have either a protective or pathological role in MS. In this review, we highlight the roles of innate and adaptive immune cellular and soluble players that contribute to the pathogenesis of MS and EAE, which may be used as potential targets for therapy.
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17
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Aharoni R, Globerman R, Eilam R, Brenner O, Arnon R. Titration of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) - Induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 351:108999. [PMID: 33189793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35-55, is a widely used multiple sclerosis (MS) model. Unlike the spontaneous occurrence of MS, in EAE, external immunization with the MOG peptide (200-300 µg/mouse), emulsified in adjuvant enriched with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MT) H37Ra (100-500 µg mouse), and pertussis toxin (PTx, 200-500 ng/mouse) injections, are applied, which heavily boosts the immune system. NEW METHOD A detailed and systematic titration of the MOG 35-55 EAE induction protocol in C57BL/6 mice reveals the minimal doses of the MOG 35-55 peptide, MT H37Ra, and PTx, required for disease manifestation. RESULTS The amounts of MOG 35-55 peptide, MT H37Ra, and PTx can be drastically reduced from the standard protocol, to level of 5 µg MOG, 25 µg MT H37Ra, and 50 ng PTx, without affecting the clinical manifestations. The titrated protocols induced a high disease incidence and a consistent robust disease course, with full histopathological characteristics of the MOG model, inflammation, demyelination and axonal damage. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Similar disease incidences, day of symptoms appearance, maximal clinical score, and histopathology were obtained for the standard and the titrated protocols. CONCLUSIONS Reducing the reagent dosages used for EAE induction, without attenuating the disease, can give a truer and less artificial perspective of MS. We propose an improved protocol for this extensively used model, with high disease incidence, a consistent robust course, and characteristic histological manifestations, which may be more sensitive for testing therapeutic modalities, cost-effective, and less distressing to the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Aharoni
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Renana Globerman
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Raya Eilam
- Department of Veterinary Resources, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ori Brenner
- Department of Veterinary Resources, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ruth Arnon
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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18
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Segal JP, Bannerman CA, Silva JR, Haird CM, Baharnoori M, Gilron I, Ghasemlou N. Chronic mechanical hypersensitivity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is regulated by disease severity and neuroinflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:314-325. [PMID: 32688029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain severely affects quality of life in more than half of people living with multiple sclerosis (MS). A commonly-used model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), typically presents with hindlimb paralysis, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. However, this paralysis may hinder the use of pain behavior tests, with no apparent hypersensitivity observed post-peak disease. We sought to adapt the classic actively-induced EAE model to optimize its pain phenotype. EAE was induced with MOG35-55/CFA and 100-600 ng pertussis toxin (PTX), and mice were assessed for mechanical, cold and thermal sensitivity over a 28-day period. Spinal cord tissue was collected at 14 and 28 days post-injection to assess demyelination and neuroinflammation. Only mice treated with 100 ng PTX exhibited mechanical hypersensitivity. Hallmarks of disease pathology, including demyelination, immune cell recruitment, cytokine expression, glial activation, and neuronal damage were higher in EAE mice induced with moderate (200 ng) doses of pertussis toxin, compared to those treated with low (100 ng) levels. Immunostaining demonstrated activated astrocytes and myeloid/microglial cells in both EAE groups. These results indicate that a lower severity of EAE disease may allow for the study of pain behaviors while still presenting with disease pathology. By using this modified model, researchers may better study the mechanisms underlying pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia P Segal
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Courtney A Bannerman
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jaqueline R Silva
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Cortney M Haird
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Moogeh Baharnoori
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ian Gilron
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Nader Ghasemlou
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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19
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Comes G, Fernandez-Gayol O, Molinero A, Giralt M, Capdevila M, Atrian S, Hidalgo J. Mouse metallothionein-1 and metallothionein-2 are not biologically interchangeable in an animal model of multiple sclerosis, EAE. Metallomics 2020; 11:327-337. [PMID: 30543238 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00285a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mouse metallothionein-1 and 2 (MT1 and MT2) are often considered physiologically equivalent, because they are normally regulated coordinately by a wide range of stimuli, and it is assumed that in vivo they will be normally fully loaded with zinc(ii) (Zn7-MT1/2), although other metal ions, such as copper(i), may be eventually found as well. However, mouse MT2, in contrast to MT1, exhibits a preference for Zn(ii) coordination in comparison to that for Cu(i), which might underlie putatively different biological functions for these two mammalian isoforms. We have characterized the effects of exogenously administered mouse MT1 and MT2, and of transgenic Mt1 overexpression, in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), by active immunization with MOG35-55 peptide. Mice treated daily with MT2 showed a significant amelioration of the clinical course, with decreased peak and cumulative scores and delayed onset of EAE. In contrast, treatment with MT1 or its transgenic overexpression only caused a non-significant trend. MT2 treatment preserved better the myelin of the spinal cord, and the pattern of leukocyte infiltrates and gene expression are compatible with an inhibitory effect on neuroinflammation. Splenocytes from these animals in culture responded adequately to MOG35-55 peptide, but a bias for a Th2 profile seemed to be present in the MT2-treated mice. Interestingly, MT1 but not MT2 decreased the number of cytokines in the serum. The present results indicate that mouse MT1 and MT2 are not biologically interchangeable in the EAE model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Comes
- Animal Physiology Unit, C/Vall Moronta s/n, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Teruya S, Hiramatsu Y, Nakamura K, Fukui-Miyazaki A, Tsukamoto K, Shinoda N, Motooka D, Nakamura S, Ishigaki K, Shinzawa N, Nishida T, Sugihara F, Maeda Y, Horiguchi Y. Bordetella Dermonecrotic Toxin Is a Neurotropic Virulence Factor That Uses Ca V3.1 as the Cell Surface Receptor. mBio 2020; 11:e03146-19. [PMID: 32209694 PMCID: PMC7157530 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03146-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) is one of the representative toxins produced by Bordetella pertussis, but its role in pertussis, B. pertussis infection, remains unknown. In this study, we identified the T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel CaV3.1 as the DNT receptor by CRISPR-Cas9-based genome-wide screening. As CaV3.1 is highly expressed in the nervous system, the neurotoxicity of DNT was examined. DNT affected cultured neural cells and caused flaccid paralysis in mice after intracerebral injection. No neurological symptoms were observed by intracerebral injection with the other major virulence factors of the organisms, pertussis toxin and adenylate cyclase toxin. These results indicate that DNT has aspects of the neurotropic virulence factor of B. pertussis The possibility of the involvement of DNT in encephalopathy, which is a complication of pertussis, is also discussed.IMPORTANCEBordetella pertussis, which causes pertussis, a contagious respiratory disease, produces three major protein toxins, pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin, and dermonecrotic toxin (DNT), for which molecular actions have been elucidated. The former two toxins are known to be involved in the emergence of some clinical symptoms and/or contribute to the establishment of bacterial infection. In contrast, the role of DNT in pertussis remains unclear. Our study shows that DNT affects neural cells through specific binding to the T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel that is highly expressed in the central nervous system and leads to neurological disorders in mice after intracerebral injection. These data raise the possibility of DNT as an etiological agent for pertussis encephalopathy, a severe complication of B. pertussis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihono Teruya
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Hiramatsu
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiji Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aya Fukui-Miyazaki
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tsukamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noriko Shinoda
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishigaki
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoaki Shinzawa
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sugihara
- Central Instrumentation Laboratory, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maeda
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Horiguchi
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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21
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Sanchis P, Fernández-Gayol O, Comes G, Escrig A, Giralt M, Palmiter RD, Hidalgo J. Interleukin-6 Derived from the Central Nervous System May Influence the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in a Cell-Dependent Manner. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020330. [PMID: 32023844 PMCID: PMC7072597 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic and multifunctional cytokine that plays a critical role in induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Although EAE has always been considered a peripherally elicited disease, Il6 expression exclusively within central nervous system is sufficient to induce EAE development. Neurons, astrocytes, and microglia can secrete and respond to IL-6. Methods: To dissect the relevance of each cell source for establishing EAE, we generated and immunized conditional Il6 knockout mice for each of these cell types with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55) peptide dissolved in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) and supplemented with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Results and conclusions: The combined results reveal a minor role for Il6 expression in both astrocytes and microglia for symptomatology and neuropathology of EAE, whereas neuronal Il6 expression was not relevant for the variables analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sanchis
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.); (O.F.-G.); (A.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Olaya Fernández-Gayol
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.); (O.F.-G.); (A.E.); (M.G.)
- Current affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY10032, USA
| | - Gemma Comes
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.); (O.F.-G.); (A.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Anna Escrig
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.); (O.F.-G.); (A.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Mercedes Giralt
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.); (O.F.-G.); (A.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Richard D. Palmiter
- Department of Biochemistry, Genome Sciences, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.); (O.F.-G.); (A.E.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-581-2037; Fax: +34-93-581-2390
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