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Pluthero FG, Kahr WHA. Evaluation of human platelet granules by structured illumination laser fluorescence microscopy. Platelets 2023; 34:2157808. [PMID: 36572649 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2022.2157808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many roles of human platelets in health and disease are linked to their ability to transport and secrete a variety of small molecules and proteins carried in dense (δ-) and α-granules. Determination of granule number and content is important for diagnosis of platelet disorders and for studies of platelet structure, function, and development. We have optimized methods for detection and localization of platelet proteins via antibody and lectin staining, imaging via structured illumination laser fluorescence microscopy (SIM), and three-dimension (3D) image analysis. The methods were validated via comparison with published studies based on electron microscopy and high-resolution fluorescence microscopy. The α-granule cargo proteins thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), osteonectin (SPARC), fibrinogen (FGN), and Von Willebrand factor (VWF) were localized within the granule lumen, as was the proteoglycan serglycin (SRGN). Colocalization analysis indicates that staining with fluorescently labeled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) allows detection of α-granules as effectively as immunostaining for cargo proteins, with the advantage of not requiring antibodies. RAB27B was observed to be concentrated at dense granules, allowing them to be counted via visual scoring and object analysis. We present a workflow for counting dense and α-granules via object analysis of 3D SIM images of platelets stained for RAB27B and with WGA.Abbreviation: SIM: structured illumination microscopy; WGA: wheat germ agglutinin; FGN: fibrinogen; TSP1: thrombospondin 1; ER: endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred G Pluthero
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Walter H A Kahr
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Swinkels M, Atiq F, Bürgisser PE, Slotman JA, Houtsmuller AB, de Heus C, Klumperman J, Leebeek FWG, Voorberg J, Jansen AJG, Bierings R. Quantitative 3D microscopy highlights altered von Willebrand factor α-granule storage in patients with von Willebrand disease with distinct pathogenic mechanisms. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2021; 5:e12595. [PMID: 34532631 PMCID: PMC8440947 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets play a key role in hemostasis through plug formation and secretion of their granule contents at sites of endothelial injury. Defects in von Willebrand factor (VWF), a platelet α-granule protein, are implicated in von Willebrand disease (VWD), and may lead to defective platelet adhesion and/or aggregation. Studying VWF quantity and subcellular localization may help us better understand the pathophysiology of VWD. OBJECTIVE Quantitative analysis of the platelet α-granule compartment and VWF storage in healthy individuals and VWD patients. PATIENTS/METHODS Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) was used to study VWF content and organization in platelets of healthy individuals and patients with VWD in combination with established techniques. RESULTS SIM capably quantified clear morphological and granular changes in platelets stimulated with proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) activating peptide and revealed a large intra- and interdonor variability in VWF-positive object numbers within healthy resting platelets, similar to variation in secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC). We subsequently characterized VWD platelets to identify changes in the α-granule compartment of patients with different VWF defects, and were able to stratify two patients with type 3 VWD rising from different pathological mechanisms. We further analyzed VWF storage in α-granules of a patient with homozygous p.C1190R using electron microscopy and found discrepant VWF levels and different degrees of multimerization in platelets of patients with heterozygous p.C1190 in comparison to VWF in plasma. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the utility of quantitative imaging approaches in assessing platelet granule content, which may help to better understand VWF storage in α-granules and to gain new insights in the etiology of VWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Swinkels
- Department of HematologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ferdows Atiq
- Department of HematologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Petra E. Bürgisser
- Department of HematologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Johan A. Slotman
- Department of PathologyOptical Imaging CenterErasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Adriaan B. Houtsmuller
- Department of PathologyOptical Imaging CenterErasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Cilia de Heus
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Frank W. G. Leebeek
- Department of HematologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jan Voorberg
- Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Experimental Vascular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Arend Jan Gerard Jansen
- Department of HematologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ruben Bierings
- Department of HematologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
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3
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Kelly KL, Reagan WJ, Sonnenberg GE, Clasquin M, Hales K, Asano S, Amor PA, Carvajal-Gonzalez S, Shirai N, Matthews MD, Li KW, Hellerstein MK, Vera NB, Ross TT, Cappon G, Bergman A, Buckeridge C, Sun Z, Qejvanaj EZ, Schmahai T, Beebe D, Pfefferkorn JA, Esler WP. De novo lipogenesis is essential for platelet production in humans. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1163-1178. [PMID: 32929234 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyses the first step of de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Pharmacologic inhibition of ACC has been of interest for therapeutic intervention in a wide range of diseases. We demonstrate here that ACC and DNL are essential for platelet production in humans and monkeys, but in not rodents or dogs. During clinical evaluation of a systemically distributed ACC inhibitor, unexpected dose-dependent reductions in platelet count were observed. While platelet count reductions were not observed in rat and dog toxicology studies, subsequent studies in cynomolgus monkeys recapitulated these platelet count reductions with a similar concentration response to that in humans. These studies, along with ex vivo human megakaryocyte maturation studies, demonstrate that platelet lowering is a consequence of DNL inhibition likely to result in impaired megakaryocyte demarcation membrane formation. These observations demonstrate that while DNL is a minor quantitative contributor to global lipid balance in humans, DNL is essential to specific lipid pools of physiological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Kelly
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William J Reagan
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Gabriele E Sonnenberg
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Clasquin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katherine Hales
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shoh Asano
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul A Amor
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Norimitsu Shirai
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Marcy D Matthews
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kelvin W Li
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marc K Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas B Vera
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Trenton T Ross
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gregg Cappon
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Arthur Bergman
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Clare Buckeridge
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Sun
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Enida Ziso Qejvanaj
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - David Beebe
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Pfefferkorn
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William P Esler
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The increasing use of high throughput sequencing and genomic analysis has facilitated the discovery of new causes of inherited platelet disorders. Studies of these disorders and their respective mouse models have been central to understanding their biology, and also in revealing new aspects of platelet function and production. This review covers recent contributions to the identification of genes, proteins and variants associated with inherited platelet defects, and highlights how these studies have provided insights into platelet development and function. RECENT FINDINGS Novel genes recently implicated in human platelet dysfunction include the galactose metabolism enzyme UDP-galactose-4-epimerase in macrothrombocytopenia, and erythropoietin-producing hepatoma-amplified sequence receptor transmembrane tyrosine kinase EPHB2 in a severe bleeding disorder with deficiencies in platelet agonist response and granule secretion. Recent studies of disease-associated variants established or clarified roles in platelet function and/or production for the membrane receptor G6b-B, the FYN-binding protein FYB1/ADAP, the RAS guanyl-releasing protein RASGRP2/CalDAG-GEFI and the receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRJ/CD148. Studies of genes associated with platelet disorders advanced understanding of the cellular roles of neurobeachin-like 2, as well as several genes influenced by the transcription regulator RUNT-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), including NOTCH4. SUMMARY The molecular bases of many hereditary platelet disorders have been elucidated by the application of recent advances in cell imaging and manipulation, genomics and protein function analysis. These techniques have also aided the detection of new disorders, and enabled studies of disease-associated genes and variants to enhance understanding of platelet development and function.
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Abstract
Recent advances in super-resolution (sub-diffraction limited) microscopy have yielded remarkable insights into the nanoscale architecture and behavior of cells. In addition to the capacity to provide sub 100 nm resolution, these technologies offer unique quantitative opportunities with particular relevance to platelet and megakaryocyte biology. In this review, we provide a short introduction to modern super-resolution microscopy, its applications in the field of platelet and megakaryocyte biology, and emerging quantitative approaches which will allow for unprecedented insights into the biology of these unique cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah O Khan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Jeremy A Pike
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham , UK
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Mayr S, Hauser F, Puthukodan S, Axmann M, Göhring J, Jacak J. Statistical analysis of 3D localisation microscopy images for quantification of membrane protein distributions in a platelet clot model. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007902. [PMID: 32603371 PMCID: PMC7384682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the software platform 2CALM that allows for a comparative analysis of 3D localisation microscopy data representing protein distributions in two biological samples. The in-depth statistical analysis reveals differences between samples at the nanoscopic level using parameters such as cluster-density and -curvature. An automatic classification system combines multiplex and multi-level statistical approaches into one comprehensive parameter for similarity testing of the compared samples. We demonstrated the biological importance of 2CALM, comparing the protein distributions of CD41 and CD62p on activated platelets in a 3D artificial clot. Additionally, using 2CALM, we quantified the impact of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β on platelet activation in clots. The platform is applicable to any other cell type and biological system and can provide new insights into biological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mayr
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | - Fabian Hauser
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Markus Axmann
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | - Janett Göhring
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
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7
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Novakowski S, Jiang K, Prakash G, Kastrup C. Delivery of mRNA to platelets using lipid nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:552. [PMID: 30679556 PMCID: PMC6345896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are natural delivery vehicles within the blood, carrying and releasing their contents at sites of vasculature damage. Investigating the biology of platelets, and modifying them for new therapeutic uses, is limited by a lack of methods for efficiently transfecting these cells. The ability of four different classes of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to deliver mRNA to platelets was compared using confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and quantitative PCR. The amount of mRNA delivered, mechanism of uptake, and extent of platelet activation depended on the LNP formulation and platelet storage conditions. Cationic LNPs (cLNPs) delivered mRNA to the largest percentage of platelets but induced platelet activation. Ionizable cationic LNPs (icLNPs) delivered mRNA to fewer platelets and did not induce activation. Furthermore, mRNA delivered using icLNPs and cLNPs was stable in resting platelets and was released in platelet microparticles under specific conditions. The results demonstrate that mRNA can be delivered to platelets using cLNPs and icLNPs without impairing platelet aggregation or spreading. Optimizing the LNP formulations used here may lead to a transfection agent for platelets that allows for de novo synthesis of exogenous proteins in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Novakowski
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - K Jiang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - G Prakash
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C Kastrup
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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