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Amadori L, Calcagno C, Fernandez DM, Koplev S, Fernandez N, Kaur R, Mury P, Khan NS, Sajja S, Shamailova R, Cyr Y, Jeon M, Hill CA, Chong PS, Naidu S, Sakurai K, Ghotbi AA, Soler R, Eberhardt N, Rahman A, Faries P, Moore KJ, Fayad ZA, Ma’ayan A, Giannarelli C. Systems immunology-based drug repurposing framework to target inflammation in atherosclerosis. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2023; 2:550-571. [PMID: 37771373 PMCID: PMC10538622 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of new immunotherapies to treat the inflammatory mechanisms that sustain atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is urgently needed. Herein, we present a path to drug repurposing to identify immunotherapies for ASCVD. The integration of time-of-flight mass cytometry and RNA sequencing identified unique inflammatory signatures in peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with ASCVD plasma. By comparing these inflammatory signatures to large-scale gene expression data from the LINCS L1000 dataset, we identified drugs that could reverse this inflammatory response. Ex vivo screens, using human samples, showed that saracatinib-a phase 2a-ready SRC and ABL inhibitor-reversed the inflammatory responses induced by ASCVD plasma. In Apoe-/- mice, saracatinib reduced atherosclerosis progression by reprogramming reparative macrophages. In a rabbit model of advanced atherosclerosis, saracatinib reduced plaque inflammation measured by [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging. Here we show a systems immunology-driven drug repurposing with a preclinical validation strategy to aid the development of cardiovascular immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Amadori
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York, NY USA
- The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Claudia Calcagno
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Dawn M. Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Simon Koplev
- Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Nicolas Fernandez
- Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Ravneet Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Pauline Mury
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Nayaab S Khan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Swathy Sajja
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Roza Shamailova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Yannick Cyr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Minji Jeon
- Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Christopher A. Hill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Peik Sean Chong
- The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Sonum Naidu
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Ken Sakurai
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Adam Ali Ghotbi
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Raphael Soler
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Natalia Eberhardt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Adeeb Rahman
- The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Peter Faries
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Division, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Kathryn J. Moore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Zahi A. Fayad
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Avi Ma’ayan
- Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Chiara Giannarelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York, NY USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Department of Pathology; NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY USA
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2
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Zhang C, Wang X, Sun S, Fu Y, Wu Y, Zhao S, Fan X, Liu E. Fat-1 expression alleviates atherosclerosis in transgenic rabbits. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1306-1314. [PMID: 35040258 PMCID: PMC8831984 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases. The Fat-1 gene can express the n-3 fatty acid desaturase, which converts n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to n-3 PUFAs. The role of n-3 PUFAs in atherosclerosis is widely debated. This study explored the effect of n-3 PUFAs on atherosclerosis in rabbits. In this study, atherosclerosis was induced in Fat-1 transgenic rabbits and their littermate (WT) rabbits by feeding a high-cholesterol diet containing 0.3% cholesterol and 3% soybean oil for 16 weeks. Plasma lipid, fatty acid and pathological analyses of atherosclerotic lesions were conducted. Fatty acid composition in the liver and muscle showed that n-3 PUFAs increased and n-6 PUFAs decreased in the Fat-1 group. Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly increased in the Fat-1 group, and the atherosclerotic lesion area of the aortic arch in Fat-1 transgenic rabbits was significantly reduced. Histological analysis showed that smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in atherosclerotic lesions decreased significantly. In conclusion, n-3 PUFAs improve atherosclerosis in Fat-1 transgenic rabbits, and this process may depend on the increase in plasma HDL-C and the decrease in the amount of SMCs in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, China.,Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Suping Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yu Fu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sihai Zhao
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, China.,Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinzhong Fan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Enqi Liu
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, China.,Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, China
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3
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Willemink MJ, Coolen BF, Dyvorne H, Robson PM, Bander I, Ishino S, Pruzan A, Sridhar A, Zhang B, Balchandani P, Mani V, Strijkers GJ, Nederveen AJ, Leiner T, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJM, Calcagno C. Ultra-high resolution, 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of the atherosclerotic vessel wall at clinical 7T. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241779. [PMID: 33315867 PMCID: PMC7735577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate quantification and characterization of atherosclerotic plaques with MRI requires high spatial resolution acquisitions with excellent image quality. The intrinsically better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at high-field clinical 7T compared to the widely employed lower field strengths of 1.5 and 3T may yield significant improvements to vascular MRI. However, 7T atherosclerosis imaging also presents specific challenges, related to local transmit coils and B1 field inhomogeneities, which may overshadow these theoretical gains. We present the development and evaluation of 3D, black-blood, ultra-high resolution vascular MRI on clinical high-field 7T in comparison lower-field 3T. These protocols were applied for in vivo imaging of atherosclerotic rabbits, which are often used for development, testing, and validation of translatable cardiovascular MR protocols. Eight atherosclerotic New Zealand White rabbits were imaged on clinical 7T and 3T MRI scanners using 3D, isotropic, high (0.63 mm3) and ultra-high (0.43 mm3) spatial resolution, black-blood MR sequences with extensive spatial coverage. Following imaging, rabbits were sacrificed for validation using fluorescence imaging and histology. Image quality parameters such as SNR and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), as well as morphological and functional plaque measurements (plaque area and permeability) were evaluated at both field strengths. Using the same or comparable imaging parameters, SNR and CNR were in general higher at 7T compared to 3T, with a median (interquartiles) SNR gain of +40.3 (35.3-80.1)%, and a median CNR gain of +68.1 (38.5-95.2)%. Morphological and functional parameters, such as vessel wall area and permeability, were reliably acquired at 7T and correlated significantly with corresponding, widely validated 3T vessel wall MRI measurements. In conclusion, we successfully developed 3D, black-blood, ultra-high spatial resolution vessel wall MRI protocols on a 7T clinical scanner. 7T imaging was in general superior to 3T with respect to image quality, and comparable in terms of plaque area and permeability measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Willemink
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Bram F. Coolen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hadrien Dyvorne
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Philip M. Robson
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ilda Bander
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Seigo Ishino
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alison Pruzan
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Arthi Sridhar
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bei Zhang
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Priti Balchandani
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Venkatesh Mani
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gustav J. Strijkers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aart J. Nederveen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Leiner
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zahi A. Fayad
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Willem J. M. Mulder
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Calcagno
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Binderup T, Duivenvoorden R, Fay F, van Leent MMT, Malkus J, Baxter S, Ishino S, Zhao Y, Sanchez-Gaytan B, Teunissen AJP, Frederico YCA, Tang J, Carlucci G, Lyashchenko S, Calcagno C, Karakatsanis N, Soultanidis G, Senders ML, Robson PM, Mani V, Ramachandran S, Lobatto ME, Hutten BA, Granada JF, Reiner T, Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M, Kjaer A, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA, Pérez-Medina C, Mulder WJM. Imaging-assisted nanoimmunotherapy for atherosclerosis in multiple species. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaaw7736. [PMID: 31434756 PMCID: PMC7328283 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw7736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine research produces hundreds of studies every year, yet very few formulations have been approved for clinical use. This is due in part to a reliance on murine studies, which have limited value in accurately predicting translational efficacy in larger animal models and humans. Here, we report the scale-up of a nanoimmunotherapy from mouse to large rabbit and porcine atherosclerosis models, with an emphasis on the solutions we implemented to overcome production and evaluation challenges. Specifically, we integrated translational imaging readouts within our workflow to both analyze the nanoimmunotherapeutic's in vivo behavior and assess treatment response in larger animals. We observed our nanoimmunotherapeutic's anti-inflammatory efficacy in mice, as well as rabbits and pigs. Nanoimmunotherapy-mediated reduction of inflammation in the large animal models halted plaque progression, supporting the approach's translatability and potential to acutely treat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Binderup
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raphaël Duivenvoorden
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Francois Fay
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Mandy M T van Leent
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joost Malkus
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Samantha Baxter
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Seigo Ishino
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Brenda Sanchez-Gaytan
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Abraham J P Teunissen
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yohana C A Frederico
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jun Tang
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Giuseppe Carlucci
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Bernard and Irene Schwarz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Serge Lyashchenko
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Claudia Calcagno
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicolas Karakatsanis
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Georgios Soultanidis
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Max L Senders
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philip M Robson
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Venkatesh Mani
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sarayu Ramachandran
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mark E Lobatto
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Radiology, Spaarne Gasthuis, 2035 RC Haarlem, Netherlands
| | - Barbara A Hutten
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Juan F Granada
- CRF Skirball Center for Innovation, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Carlos Pérez-Medina
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, Netherlands
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