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Sulpiana, Amalia R, Atik N. The Roles of Endocytosis and Autophagy at the Cellular Level During Influenza Virus Infection: A Mini-Review. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:3199-3208. [PMID: 39070720 PMCID: PMC11283801 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s471204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory infections contribute to morbidity and mortality worldwide. The common cause of this deadly disease is a virus, and one of the most commonly found is the influenza virus. Influenza viruses have several capabilities in infection, including utilizing the host's machinery to survive within cells and replicate safely. This review aims to examine the literature on how influenza viruses use host machinery, including endocytosis and autophagy, for their internalization and replication within cells. This review method involves a literature search by examining articles published in the PubMed and Scopus databases. The keywords used were "Endocytosis" OR "Autophagy" AND "Influenza Virus". Eighteen articles were included due to inclusion and exclusion criteria. GTPases switch, and V-ATPase plays a key role in the endocytic machinery hijacked by influenza viruses to enter host cells. On the other hand, LC3 and Atg5 facilitate influenza-induced apoptosis via the autophagic pathway. In conclusion, influenza viruses primarily use clathrin-mediated endocytosis to enter cells and avoid degradation during endosomal maturation by exiting endosomes for transfer to the nucleus for replication. It also uses autophagy to induce apoptosis to continue replication. The capability of the influenza viruses to hijack endocytosis and autophagy mechanisms could be critical points for further research. Therefore, we discuss how the influenza virus utilizes both endocytosis and autophagy and the approach for a new strategic therapy targeting those mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulpiana
- Biomedical Science Master Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, 54211, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Riezki Amalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nur Atik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, 40161, Indonesia
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Xia T, Wu X, Hong E, Jung K, Lai CJ, Kwak MJ, Seo H, Kim S, Jiang Z, Cha I, Jung JU. Glucosylceramide is essential for Heartland and Dabie bandavirus glycoprotein-induced membrane fusion. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011232. [PMID: 36920967 PMCID: PMC10016662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to climate changes, there has been a large expansion of emerging tick-borne zoonotic viruses, including Heartland bandavirus (HRTV) and Dabie bandavirus (DBV). As etiologic agents of hemorrhagic fever with high fatality, HRTV and DBV have been recognized as dangerous viral pathogens that likely cause future wide epidemics. Despite serious health concerns, the mechanisms underlying viral infection are largely unknown. HRTV and DBV Gn and Gc are viral surface glycoproteins required for early entry events during infection. Glycosphingolipids, including galactosylceramide (GalCer), glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and lactosylceramide (LacCer), are a class of membrane lipids that play essential roles in membrane structure and viral lifecycle. Here, our genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen identifies that glycosphingolipid biosynthesis pathway is essential for HRTV and DBV infection. The deficiency of UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG) that produces GlcCer resulted in the loss of infectivity of recombinant viruses pseudotyped with HRTV or DBV Gn/Gc glycoproteins. Conversely, exogenous supplement of GlcCer, but not GalCer or LacCer, recovered viral entry of UGCG-deficient cells in a dose-dependent manner. Biophysical analyses showed that GlcCer targeted the lipid-head-group binding pocket of Gc to form a stable protein-lipid complex, which allowed the insertion of Gc protein into host lysosomal membrane lipid bilayers for viral fusion. Mutagenesis showed that D841 residue at the Gc lipid binding pocket was critical for GlcCer interaction and thereby, viral entry. These findings reveal detailed mechanism of GlcCer glycosphingolipid in HRTV and DBV Gc-mediated membrane fusion and provide a potential therapeutic target for tickborne virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xia
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eunjin Hong
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, California, United States of America
| | - Kyle Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chih-Jen Lai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mi-Jeong Kwak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hogyu Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Inho Cha
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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Pandita P, Bhalla R, Saini A, Mani I. Emerging tools for studying receptor endocytosis and signaling. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:19-48. [PMID: 36631193 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ligands, agonists, or antagonists use receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) to reach their intracellular targets. After the internalization of ligand-receptor complexes, it traffics through different subcellular organelles such as early endosome, recycling endosome, lysosome, etc. Further, after the ligand binding to the receptor, different second messengers are generated, such as cGMP, cAMP, IP3, etc. Several methods have been used, such as radioligand binding assay, western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, microRNA/siRNA, and bioassays to understand the various events, such as internalization, subcellular trafficking, signaling, metabolic degradation, etc. This chapter briefly discusses the key principles and methods used to study internalization, subcellular trafficking, signaling, and metabolic degradation of numerous receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Pandita
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhea Bhalla
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashok Saini
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Indra Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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Kara M, Tibbetts SA. Empirical Validation of Overlapping Virus lncRNAs and Coding Transcripts by Northern Blot. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2348:243-253. [PMID: 34160812 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1581-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Viruses, like their metazoan hosts, have evolved to utilize intricate transcriptional mechanisms to generate a vast array of both coding and noncoding RNA transcripts. The resolution of specific noncoding RNA transcripts produced by viruses, particularly herpesviruses, presents a particularly difficult challenge due to their highly dense dsDNA genomes and their complex, overlapping, and context-dependent network of transcripts. While new long read sequencing platforms have facilitated the resolution of some noncoding transcripts from virus genomes, empirical molecular validation of transcripts from individual regions is essential. Herein, we demonstrate that the use of strand specific northern blots is essential for true validation of specific viral noncoding RNAs, and provide here a detailed molecular method for such an approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kara
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Scott A Tibbetts
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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