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Pandita P, Bhalla R, Saini A, Mani I. Emerging tools for studying receptor endocytosis and signaling. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2023; 194:19-48. [PMID: 36631193 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ligands, agonists, or antagonists use receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) to reach their intracellular targets. After the internalization of ligand-receptor complexes, it traffics through different subcellular organelles such as early endosome, recycling endosome, lysosome, etc. Further, after the ligand binding to the receptor, different second messengers are generated, such as cGMP, cAMP, IP3, etc. Several methods have been used, such as radioligand binding assay, western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, microRNA/siRNA, and bioassays to understand the various events, such as internalization, subcellular trafficking, signaling, metabolic degradation, etc. This chapter briefly discusses the key principles and methods used to study internalization, subcellular trafficking, signaling, and metabolic degradation of numerous receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Pandita
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhea Bhalla
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashok Saini
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Indra Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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Vlachodimou A, de Vries H, Pasoli M, Goudswaard M, Kim SA, Kim YC, Scortichini M, Marshall M, Linden J, Heitman LH, Jacobson KA, IJzerman AP. Kinetic profiling and functional characterization of 8-phenylxanthine derivatives as A 2B adenosine receptor antagonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 200:115027. [PMID: 35395239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR) antagonists have therapeutic potential in inflammation-related diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer. However, no drug is currently clinically approved, creating a demand for research on novel antagonists. Over the last decade, the study of target binding kinetics, along with affinity and potency, has been proven valuable in early drug discovery stages, as it is associated with improved in vivo drug efficacy and safety. In this study, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of xanthine derivatives as A2BAR antagonists, including an isothiocyanate derivative designed to bind covalently to the receptor. All 28 final compounds were assessed in radioligand binding experiments, to evaluate their affinity and for those qualifying, kinetic binding parameters. Both structure-affinity and structure-kinetic relationships were derived, providing a clear relationship between affinity and dissociation rate constants. Two structurally similar compounds, 17 and 18, were further evaluated in a label-free assay due to their divergent kinetic profiles. An extended cellular response was associated with long A2BAR residence times. This link between a ligand's A2BAR residence time and its functional effect highlights the importance of binding kinetics as a selection parameter in the early stages of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vlachodimou
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Henk de Vries
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Milena Pasoli
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda Goudswaard
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Soon-Ai Kim
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mirko Scortichini
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Melissa Marshall
- Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Physiology & Biological Physics, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Joel Linden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Physiology & Biological Physics, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Schoeller C, Hoffmann S, Adolph S, Regenthal R, Abraham G. Expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in turkey cardiac chambers. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:602-608. [PMID: 33895569 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterize the specific binding sites for [N-methyl-3H]-scopolamine ([3H]-NMS), a radioligand for labeling muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), in membranes of four heart chambers obtained from adult male British United Turkey (BUT) Big 6 ("meat-type") and Cröllwitzer ("wild-type") turkeys. MAChR subtypes were examined by inhibiting [3H]-NMS binding with subtype selective non-labelled receptor antagonists. In all left and right atria as well as left and right ventricles of both turkey breeds, the specific [3H]-NMS binding was saturable, reversible and of high affinity (KD range: 0.5-1.0 nM). The maximum receptor density (Bmax) was not significantly different between the four cardiac chambers of BUT Big 6 turkeys, but a significant difference was found between atria and ventricles of Cröllwitzer turkeys. Moreover, significant lower Bmax was found in the atria of Cröllwitzer turkeys than in the atria of BUT Big 6, while the ventricular Bmax was significantly higher. In all cardiac chambers, unlabeled mAChR antagonists competed for specific [3H]-NMS binding sites in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting the presence of the M3 and M2 receptor subtypes, whereby the latter was the predominant subtype. The presence of the M1 subtype could not be excluded. In conclusion, there was a difference between BUT Big 6 ("meat-type") and Cröllwitzer ("wild-type") turkeys with regard to receptor density in heart chambers with dominant M2 and M3 receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Schoeller
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Hoffmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Adolph
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Regenthal
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16 -18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Getu Abraham
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Khoramjouy M, Zarepishe N, Rezaee E, Imani A, Mahmoudzadeh-mandolakani R, Hashemi S, Fallah M, Hasheminasab G, Shahhosseini S, Tabatabai SA, Faizi M. Novel Derivatives of diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol as Ligands of Benzodiazepine Receptors; Synthesize, Binding Assay and Pharmacological Evaluation. Iran J Pharm Res 2021; 20:47-58. [PMID: 35194427 PMCID: PMC8842605 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2021.115549.15429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZD) are among the main classes of tranquilizing drugs, bearing much less toxicity compared to other drugs acting on the CNS. Considering the pharmacophore model of BZD binding to GABA-A receptor, novel diphenyl 1,3,4-oxadiazole compounds as BZD ligands were designed. The compounds were synthesized and structurally confirmed using LCMS, IR and NMR techniques. We investigated the affinity of the compounds to BZD receptors using radioligand [3H]-flumazenil by in-vitro studies. In addition, sedative-hypnotic, anxiety, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, memory impairment, and motor coordination activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated using in-vivo studies. Based on in-vitro studies, compounds 7i and 7j were the most potent with IC50 values of 1.54 and 1.66 nM respectively. In-vivo studies showed that compound 7i has the highest impact on increased sedation, muscle relaxation, and decreased anxiety and these observations were antagonized by flumazenil. Compounds 7e and 7i were the most potent anticonvulsant agents among synthesized compounds in both MES and PTZ induced seizure tests. All synthesized compounds significantly decreased latency to fall in the Rotarod test but none of them had a significant impact on the memory impairment test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Khoramjouy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,M. KH. and N. Z. contributed equally to this work.
| | - Naeime Zarepishe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Radiopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,M. KH. and N. Z. contributed equally to this work.
| | - Elham Rezaee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Radiopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Imani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Radiopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Seyedali Hashemi
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Moones Fallah
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Golnar Hasheminasab
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soraya Shahhosseini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Radiopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sayyed Abbas Tabatabai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Radiopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,Corresponding authors: E-mails: ;
| | - Mehrdad Faizi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,Corresponding authors: E-mails: ;
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Pieterse L, van der Walt MM, Terre'Blanche G. C2-substituted quinazolinone derivatives exhibit A 1 and/or A 2A adenosine receptor affinities in the low micromolar range. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127274. [PMID: 32631506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists of the adenosine receptors (A1 and A2A subtypes) are widely researched as potential drug candidates for their role in Parkinson's disease-related cognitive deficits (A1 subtype), motor dysfunction (A2A subtype) and to exhibit neuroprotective properties (A2A subtype). Previously the benzo-α-pyrone based derivative, 3-phenyl-1H-2-benzopyran-1-one, was found to display both A1 and A2A adenosine receptor affinity in the low micromolar range. Prompted by this, the α-pyrone core was structurally modified to explore related benzoxazinone and quinazolinone homologues previously unknown as adenosine receptor antagonists. Overall, the C2-substituted quinazolinone analogues displayed superior A1 and A2A adenosine receptor affinity over their C2-substituted benzoxazinone homologues. The benzoxazinones were devoid of A2A adenosine receptor binding, with only two compounds displaying A1 adenosine receptor affinity. In turn, the quinazolinones displayed varying degrees of affinity (low micromolar range) towards the A1 and A2A adenosine receptor subtypes. The highest A1 adenosine receptor affinity and selectivity were favoured by methyl para-substitution of phenyl ring B (A1Ki = 2.50 μM). On the other hand, 3,4-dimethoxy substitution of phenyl ring B afforded the best A2A adenosine receptor binding (A2AKi = 2.81 μM) among the quinazolinones investigated. In conclusion, the quinazolinones are ideal lead compounds for further structural optimization to gain improved adenosine receptor affinity, which may find therapeutic relevance in Parkinson's disease-associated cognitive deficits and motor dysfunctions as well as exerting neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianie Pieterse
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Mietha M van der Walt
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa.
| | - Gisella Terre'Blanche
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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6
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Dvorácskó S, Tömböly C, Berkecz R, Keresztes A. Investigation of receptor binding and functional characteristics of hemopressin(1-7). Neuropeptides 2016; 58:15-22. [PMID: 26895730 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The orally active, α-hemoglobin derived hemopressin (PVNFKFLSH, Hp(1-9)) and its truncated (PVNFKFL, Hp(1-7) and PVNFKF, Hp(1-6)) and extended ((R)VDPVNFKFLSH, VD-Hp(1-9) and RVD-Hp(1-9)) derivatives have been postulated to be the endogenous peptide ligands of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1). In an attempt to create a versatile peptidic research tool for the direct study of the CB1 receptor-peptide ligand interactions, Hp(1-7) was radiolabeled and in vitro characterized in rat and CB1 knockout mouse brain membrane homogenates. In saturation and competition radioligand binding studies, [(3)H]Hp(1-7) labeled membrane receptors with high densities and displayed specific binding to a receptor protein, but seemingly not to the cannabinoid type 1, in comparison the results with the prototypic JWH-018, AM251, rimonabant, Hp(1-9) and RVD-Hp(1-9) (pepcan 12) ligands in both rat brain and CB1 knockout mouse brain homogenates. Furthermore, functional [(35)S]GTP γS binding studies revealed that Hp(1-7) and Hp(1-9) only weakly activated G-proteins in both brain membrane homogenates. Based on our findings and the latest literature data, we assume that the Hp(1-7) peptide fragment may be an allosteric ligand or indirect regulator of the endocannabinoid system rather than an endogenous ligand of the CB1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Dvorácskó
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Tömböly
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Róbert Berkecz
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Keresztes
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.
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Yu Z, van Veldhoven JPD, 't Hart IME, Kopf AH, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of negative allosteric modulators of the Kv11.1(hERG) channel. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 106:50-9. [PMID: 26519929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized and evaluated a series of compounds for their allosteric modulation at the Kv11.1 (hERG) channel. Most compounds were negative allosteric modulators of [(3)H]dofetilide binding to the channel, in particular 7f, 7h-j and 7p. Compounds 7f and 7p were the most potent negative allosteric modulators amongst all ligands, significantly increasing the dissociation rate of dofetilide in the radioligand kinetic binding assay, while remarkably reducing the affinities of dofetilide and astemizole in a competitive displacement assay. Additionally, both 7f and 7p displayed peculiar displacement characteristics with Hill coefficients significantly distinct from unity as shown by e.g., dofetilide, further indicative of their allosteric effects on dofetilide binding. Our findings in this investigation yielded several promising negative allosteric modulators for future functional and clinical research with respect to their antiarrhythmic propensities, either alone or in combination with known Kv11.1 blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Yu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus P D van Veldhoven
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M E 't Hart
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian H Kopf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Claes K, Guerfal M, Callewaert N. Membrane protein expression and analysis in yeast. Methods Enzymol 2015; 556:123-40. [PMID: 25857780 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
This protocol describes the expression and analysis of membrane proteins produced in yeast, as illustrated with Yarrowia lipolytica and Pichia pastoris. Step by step, we explain how to generate a yeast strain expressing the membrane protein of interest, how to prepare a membrane protein sample from yeast, and how to analyze the expression levels using SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. In the final section, we describe how to perform a radioligand binding assay, which quantifies the amount of the protein folded in a ligand-binding competent state.
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Plech T, Kaproń B, Luszczki JJ, Paneth A, Siwek A, Kołaczkowski M, Żołnierek M, Nowak G. Studies on the anticonvulsant activity of 4-alkyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones and their effect on GABAergic system. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:690-9. [PMID: 25226229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-alkyl-5-(3-chlorobenzyl/2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones (1a-14a) were designed, synthesized and screened for their anticonvulsant properties. Moreover, the acute adverse-effect profile of the active compounds (1a-7a, 12a) with respect to impairment of motor performance was evaluated in the chimney test. Among 4-alkyl-5-(3-chlorobenzyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones, ethyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and heptyl derivatives administered intraperitoneally in a dose of 300 mg/kg protected 100% of the tested animals at four pretreatment times (i.e., 15, 30, 60, 120 min). Taking into account the median effective and toxic doses as well as the time-course profile of anticonvulsant activity, 5-(3-chlorobenzyl)-4-hexyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (4a) was proposed as the best tolerated and the most promising potential drug candidate. Finally, a radioligand binding assay was used to check whether the anticonvulsant activity of 4-alkyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones was a result of their interactions (direct or allosteric) with GABAA receptor complex and/or their affinity to benzodiazepine (BDZ) binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Plech
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Barbara Kaproń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarogniew J Luszczki
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Paneth
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Żołnierek
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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